South Los Angeles

South Los Angeles, also known as South Central Los Angeles or simply South Central, is a region in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles, south of downtown. It is "defined on Los Angeles city maps as a 16-square-mile rectangle with two prongs at the south end.” In 2003, the Los Angeles City Council renamed this area "South Los Angeles".^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

South Los Angeles
Region of Los Angeles County
The junction of the 110 and the 105 freeways
South Los Angeles Location in the Los Angeles Mtropolitan Area
Coordinates: 33°58′50″N 118°17′10″W / 33.98056°N 118.28611°W / 33.98056; -118.28611
Country	United States
State	California
County	Los Angeles
Cities	Los Angeles Compton Inglewood
Unincorporated areas	View Park–Windsor Hills West Athens Westmont Florence-Graham Willowbrook

The name South Los Angeles can also refer to a larger 51-square mile region that includes areas within the city limits of Los Angeles as well as five unincorporated areas in the southern portion of Los Angeles County.^[6]

Geography

City of Los Angeles

The City of Los Angeles delineates the South Los Angeles Community Plan area as an area of 15.5 square miles.^[7] Adjacent communities include West Adams, Baldwin Hills, and Leimert Park to the west, and Southeast Los Angeles (the 26-neighborhood area east of the Harbor Freeway) on the east.^[8]

Los Angeles Times Mapping Project

According to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project, the South Los Angeles region comprises 51 square miles, consisting of 25 neighborhoods within the City of Los Angeles as well as three unincorporated neighborhoods in the County of Los Angeles.^[6]

Google Maps

Google Maps delineates a similar area to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project with notable differences on the western border. On the northwest, it omits a section of Los Angeles west of La Brea Avenue. On the southwest, it includes a section of the City of Inglewood north of Century Boulevard.^[4][a]

Districts and neighborhoods

According to the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times, the South Los Angeles region consists of the following neighborhoods:^[9]

 

The South Los Angeles region as mapped by the Los Angeles Times

City of Los Angeles

• Adams-Normandie
• Baldwin Hills/Crenshaw
• Broadway-Manchester
• Central-Alameda
• Chesterfield Square
• Exposition Park
• Florence
• Gramercy Park
• Green Meadows
• Harvard Park
• Historic South Central
• Hyde Park
• Jefferson Park
• Leimert Park
• Manchester Square
• Nevin
• South Park
• University Park
• Vermont Knolls
• Vermont Square
• Vermont Vista
• Vermont-Slauson
• Watts
• West Adams

Unincorporated County of Los Angeles Neighborhoods

• Athens
• Florence-Firestone-Graham
• Westmont
• Willowbrook
• View Park-Windsor Hills

History

The roots of South Los Angeles traces back to the beginning of the 20th Century.^[10]

Pre-1948

 

The historic 28th Street YMCA.

In 1880, the University of Southern California, and in 1920, the Doheny Campus of Mount St. Mary's University, were founded in South Los Angeles. The 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games took place near the USC campus at neighboring Exposition Park, where the Los Angeles Coliseum is located.^{[citation needed]}

Until the 1920s, the South Los Angeles neighborhood of West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the City. As the wealthy were building stately mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park, the White working class was establishing itself in Crenshaw and Hyde Park. Affluent blacks gradually moved into West Adams and Jefferson Park.^[11] As construction along the Wilshire Boulevard corridor gradually increased in the 1920s, the development of the city was drawn west of downtown and away from South Los Angeles.

 

The historic Spanish Colonial Revival style Golden State Mutual Insurance Building, built 1928.

In the eastern side of South Los Angeles (which the city calls the "Southeastern CPA") roughly east of the Harbor Freeway, the area grew southward in the late 1800s along the ever longer streetcar routes. Areas north of Slauson Boulevard were mostly built out by the late 1910s, while south of Slauson land was mostly undeveloped, much used by Chinese and Japanese Americans growing produce. In 1903, the farmers were bought out and Ascot Park racetrack was built, which turned into a "den of gambling and drinking". In the late 1910s the park was razed and freed up land for quick build-up of residential and industrial buildings in the 1920s.^[12]

"By 1940, approximately 70 percent of the black population of Los Angeles was confined to the Central Avenue corridor"; the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California.^[2] Originally, the city's black community was concentrated around what is now Little Tokyo, but began moving south after 1900.^[12] It had one of the first jazz scenes in the western U.S., with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident.^[13] Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were allowed to own property only within the "Slauson Box" (the area bounded by Main, Slauson, Alameda, and Washington) and in Watts, as well as in small enclaves elsewhere in the city.^[11] The working- and middle-class blacks who poured into Los Angeles during the Great Depression and in search of jobs during World War II found themselves penned into what was becoming a severely overcrowded neighborhood. During the war, blacks faced such dire housing shortages that the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles built the virtually all-black and Latino Pueblo Del Rio project, designed by Richard Neutra.^[14]

During this time, African Americans remained a minority alongside whites, Asians, and Hispanics; but by the 1930s those groups moved out of the area, African Americans continued to move in, and eastern South LA became majority black. Whites in previously established communities south of Slauson, east of Alameda and west of San Pedro streets persecuted blacks moving beyond established "lines", and thus blacks became effectively restricted to the area in between.^[12]

1948–1960s

See also: Watts riots

When the Supreme Court banned the legal enforcement of race-oriented restrictive covenants in 1948's Shelley v. Kraemer, blacks began to move into areas outside the increasingly overcrowded Slauson-Alameda-Washington-Main settlement area. For a time in the early 1950s, southern Los Angeles became the site of significant racial violence, with whites bombing, firing into, and burning crosses on the lawns of homes purchased by black families south of Slauson. In an escalation of behavior that began in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park routinely accosted blacks who traveled through white areas.^{[citation needed]} The black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults became the basis of the region's street gangs.^[15]

As in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles. Freeway routes tended to reinforce traditional segregation lines.^[16]

1970s–mid 2000s

See also: 1992 Los Angeles riots

Beginning in the 1970s, the rapid decline of the area's manufacturing base resulted in a loss of the jobs that had allowed skilled union workers to enjoy a middle-class lifestyle.^[17] Downtown Los Angeles' service sector, which had long been dominated by unionized African Americans earning relatively fair wages, replaced most black workers with newly arrived Mexican and Central American immigrants.^[11]

Widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime contributed to the rise of street gangs in South Central, such as the Crips and the Bloods. The gangs became even more powerful with money coming in from drugs, especially the crack cocaine trade that was dominated by gangs in the 1980s.^[15]

Paul Feldman of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1989:

Leaders of the black community regret the branding of a large, predominantly black sector of the city as South-Central, saying it amounts to a subtle form of racial stereotyping.^[18]

He added that they believed such "distinctive neighborhoods" as Leimert Park, Lafayette Square and the Crenshaw District were "well-removed" from South Central.^[18]

2010s

By the early 2010s, the crime rate of South Los Angeles had declined significantly. Redevelopment, improved police patrol, community-based peace programs, gang intervention work, and youth development organizations lowered the murder and crime rates to levels that had not been seen since the 1940s and 1950s. Nevertheless, South Los Angeles was still known for its gangs at the time.^[19] After leading the nation in homicides again in 2002, the City Council of Los Angeles voted to change the name South Central Los Angeles to South Los Angeles on all city documents in 2003, a move supporters said would "help erase a stigma that has dogged the southern part of the city."^[20][21]

On August 11, 2014, just two days after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, a resident of South L.A., Ezell Ford, described as "a mentally ill 25-year-old man," was fatally shot by two Los Angeles police officers (see Shooting of Ezell Ford).^[22] Since then, a number of protests focused on events in Ferguson have taken place in South Los Angeles.^[23][24]

After the 2008 economic recession, housing prices in South Los Angeles recovered significantly, and by 2018, many had come to see South Los Angeles as a prime target for gentrification amid rising real estate values.^[25] Residents and activists are against market-rate housing as they have concerns that these projects will encourage landlords to sell, redevelop their properties or jack up rents. Under California law, cities can't reject residential projects based on these criticisms if the project complies with applicable planning and zoning rules.^[26] The construction of the K Line light rail through the neighborhood has stimulated the building of denser multistory projects, especially around the new stations. The NFL Stadium in Inglewood also encourages gentrification according to activists.^[27]

Real estate values in South Los Angeles were further bolstered by news that Los Angeles will host the 2028 Olympics, with many of the games to be hosted on or near the USC campus.^[28]

Early 2020s-Present

Crime in South Los Angeles has increased significantly, as the COVID-19 crisis made poverty stricken areas jobless and sick. This sparked gang warfare back to an all time high, with homicides numbers resembling the same amount of violence as the late 90s-early-to-mid 2000s.^[29][30]

Demographics

By the end of the 1980s, South Los Angeles had an increasing number of Hispanics and Latinos, mostly in the northeastern section of the region.^[31]

According to scholars, "Between 1970 and 1990 the South LA area went from 80% African American and 9% Latino to 50.3% African American and 44% Latino."^[32]

Many African Americans from South Los Angeles have moved to Palmdale and Lancaster in the Antelope Valley.^[33] South Los Angeles has received immigrants from Mexico and Central America.^[34]

According to the city's "2014 South Los Angeles Community Plan Area Demographic Profile",^[7] South Los Angeles had a population of 271,040 residents with the following racial and ethnic balance: Race: Asian - 4.9%, White - 21.4%, African-American - 28.7%, Other Race - 39.4%. Ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race): Not Hispanic or Latino - 39%, Hispanic or Latino - 61%. According to the census, for the category of "race", respondents self-identified as one of the following: White, African-American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Some Other Race, or Two or More Races. For the category of "ethnicity", they self-identified as either "Hispanic or Latino" or "Not Hispanic or Latino".

According to the 2000 United States census, Mexican and Unspecified African were the most common ancestries. Mexico and El Salvador are the most common foreign places of birth.^[35]

Education

South Los Angeles is home to the University of Southern California, a private research university in the University Park neighborhood. It is California's oldest private research university.^[36]

Los Angeles Unified School District

The following LAUSD schools fall within the boundaries of South Los Angeles.

LAUSD Elementary Schools^[37] Coliseum Street Elementary Graham Elementary Grape Street Elementary Lovelia P. Flournoy Elementary Manchester Avenue Elementary Raymond Avenue Elementary Normandie Avenue Elementary Russell Elementary Foshay Learning Center 20th Street Elementary 28th Street Elementary 68th Street Elementary 75th Street Elementary 107th Street Elementary 109th Street Elementary 112th Street Elementary 116th Street Elementary 118th Street Elementary Hooper Ave Elementary

LAUSD Middle Schools^[37] Audubon Middle School Carver Middle School Charles Drew Middle School Clinton Middle School Edwin Markham Middle School John Adams Middle School Mary McLeod Bethune Middle School Samuel Gompers Middle School Thomas Edison Middle School Los Angeles Academy Middle School Foshay Learning Center

LAUSD High Schools^[37] Crenshaw High School Susan Miller Dorsey High School Locke High School John C Fremont High School Washington Preparatory High School Thomas Jefferson High School David Starr Jordan High School Diego Rivera Learning Complex King-Drew Senior High Medicine and Science Magnet Mervyn M Dymally Senior High Nathaniel Narbonne Senior High Santee Education Complex High School Foshay Learning Center Orthopaedic Hospital Medical Magnet High School

LAUSD 6-12 schools: Boys Academic Leadership Academy

Colleges and Universities

Community Colleges Los Angeles Southwest College Los Angeles Trade Tech College

Universities University of Southern California Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles)

Landmarks

 

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

 

The BMO Stadium

 

The California Science Center

• BMO Stadium
• California African American Museum
• California Science Center
• Central Avenue
• Clark Library
• Coca-Cola Building
• Dunbar Hotel
• Exposition Park
• Fire Station No. 30
• Leimert Park
• Lincoln Theater
• Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
• Los Angeles Sports Arena (demolished)
• Lucas Museum of Narrative Art (under construction)
• King/Drew Medical Center
• Second Baptist Church
• 28th Street YMCA
• University of Southern California
• Watts Towers

Notable people

Music and entertainment

A-K

• Ahmad Jones
• Barry White
• Brownside
• Blxst
• Charles Mingus
• Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band
• CJ Mac
• Coolio
• Cozz
• Da Lench Mob
• Dom Kennedy
• Dr. Dre
• Eazy E
• Eric Dolphy
• Glasses Malone
• Hakeem Khaaliq
• Hampton Hawes
• Ice Cube
• Issa Rae
• Jay Rock
• Jhené Aiko
• John Cage, musician^[38]
• Johnny "J"
• Kam
• K-Dee
• Kausion
• Keb' Mo'
• Kevin McCall^{[citation needed]}
• Kurupt
• Kendrick Lamar

L-Z

• L.V.
• Eva Marcille
• Meghan Markle
• Montell Jordan
• Murs
• Nipsey Hussle
• O.F.T.B.
• Patrice Rushen
• Ras Kass
• Robin Russell, drummer, member of New Birth/Nite-Liters (band)
• Schoolboy Q
• Scott Shaw
• Shawn Fonteno
• Sir Jinx
• Skee-Lo
• South Central Cartel
• Spider Loc
• Tiffany Haddish
• Tone Lōc
• Tyrese Gibson
• WC
• Young Maylay
• Etta James
• Ty Dolla $ign
• Terrace Martin

Sports and athletes

• Andre Miller
• Baron Davis
• Darryl Strawberry
• Eddie Murray
• Eric Davis
• Florence Griffith-Joyner
• Ozzie Smith
• Russell Westbrook
• Steve Smith Sr.
• Trayvon Robinson
• Willie Mack
• DeSean Jackson

• Vontaze Burfict

Politicians

A-K

• Karen Bass, Mayor of Los Angeles 2022-present, State Assembly 2004–2010, U.S. House of Representatives, 2011–2022
• Tom Bradley (South Central, Los Angeles City Council, 1963–73; Mayor of the City of Los Angeles, 1973–93
• Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, State Assembly, 1967–73; U.S. House of Representatives, 1973–79; Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 1979–80 and 1992–2008
• Julian C. Dixon, State Assembly, 1973–78; U.S. House of Representatives, 1979–2000
• Mervyn M. Dymally, State Assembly, 1962–68 and 2002–08; California State Senate, 1969–74; Lieutenant Governor of California, 1975–79; U.S. House of Representatives, 1981–93
• Robert C. Farrell (born 1936), journalist and member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1974–1991, prepared report on unemployment in Watts
• Augustus Hawkins, State Assembly, 1932–62; U.S. House of Representatives, 1962–1991
• Marqueece Harris-Dawson City Council, 2015–present)
• Horace Hiller (1844–1898), member of the Los Angeles Common Council
• Nate Holden, State Senator, 1974–78; Los Angeles City Council, 1987–2002

L-Z

• Gilbert Lindsey, Los Angeles City Council, 1962–91
• James G. McAllister, president of the South Los Angeles Property Owners' Protective League and City Council member
• Billy G. Mills, Los Angeles City Council, 1963–1974; Los Angeles Superior Court, 1974–??
• Holly Mitchell, State Assembly, 2010–present
• Kevin Murray, State Assembly, 1994–98; State Senate, 1998–2006
• Jan Perry, Los Angeles City Council, 2002–present
• Curren Price, City Council, 1993–97 and 2001–2006; State Assembly, 2006–2009; State Senate, 2009–present
• Mark Ridley-Thomas, Los Angeles City Council, 1991–2002; State Assembly; 2002–06; State Senate 2006–2008; Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 2008–present
• Frederick Madison Roberts, State Assembly, 1918–32
• Rita Walters, Los Angeles Unified School District Board, 1979–91; Los Angeles City Council, 1991–2001
• Maxine Waters, State Assembly, 1976–1991; U.S. House of Representatives, 1991–present
• Diane Watson, Los Angeles Unified School District Board, 1975–73; State Senate, 1978–98; United States Ambassador to Micronesia, 1999–2000; U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2011
• Herb Wesson, State Assembly, 1998–2004; Los Angeles City Council, 2005–present)
• Roderick Wright, State Assembly, 1996–2002; State Senate, 2008–present)

Artists, filmmakers and writers

• Ron Finley (South LA)
• Mark Bradford (Leimert Park)
• Kody Scott (South LA)
• Catherine Opie (South LA)
• David Ayer (South LA)
• Charles Burnett (Watts)
• Wanda Coleman (Watts)
• John Singleton (South L.A.)
• Ava DuVernay (South L.A.)
• Issa Rae (South L.A.)
• Kehinde Wiley (South L.A.)

Education

• Rosemarie Allen (born 1950), American academic specialized in diversity, equity, and inclusion

Clergy

• Frederick K. C. Price (South Los Angeles)—founder and pastor of Crenshaw Christian Center

Government and infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts, Los Angeles, serving South Los Angeles.^[39]

See also

•  Los Angeles portal
•  Greater Los Angeles portal
•  California portal
•  United States portal

• History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
• Cholo (subculture)

References

1. "The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification". KCET. September 13, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
2. Mike Sonksen (June 20, 2018). "Inglewood Today: The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification". USC Lusk Center of Real Estate. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
3. Smith, Laurajane; Waterton, Emma; Watson, Steve (2012). The Cultural Moment in Tourism. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 9780415611152. The City of Los Angeles officially changed the area's name from South Central to South Los Angeles in 2003 in an effort to change the perception of the area as one plagued by urban decay and violence, but residents still largely refer to it as South Central.
4. "Map of South Los Angeles". Google Maps. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
5. Sims, Calvin (April 10, 2003). "In Los Angeles, It's South-Central No More". The New York Times.
6. "South L.A.", Mapping L.A. website of the Los Angeles Times
7. (PDF). 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2018.
8. . planning.lacity.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
9. Grant, et al. (1996), "African Americans"
10. "Inglewood Today:The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification".
11. Darnell Hunt and Ana-Christina Ramon (eds.). Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities. New York: New York University. ISBN 978-0814737354.
12. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2016.
13. Clora Bryant; William Green; Buddy Collette; Steven Isoardi; Marl Young (1999). Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-520-22098-0.
14. Ehrhard Bahr (2008). Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-520-93380-4.
15. Dunn, William. 2007 The Gangs of Los Angeles. ISBN 978-0-595-44357-4
16. John Buntin (2009). L.A. Noir. ISBN 978-0307352088.
17. Masunaga, Samantha; Luna, Jackeline; Greene, Sean (April 29, 2022). "South L.A. was promised a resurrection after 1992. The new boom could leave many behind". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
18. Feldman, Paul (June 18, 1989). "The Name's the Thing in Los Angeles Neighborhoods". The Los Angeles Times. Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
19. "Gangs of Los Angeles (map)". Google Maps. May 7, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
20. Matea Gold; Greg Braxton (April 10, 2003). "Considering South-Central by Another Name". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
21. RE: DISCONTINUING THE USE. OF THE TERM "SOUTH CENTRAL LOS ANGELES" ON ALL CITY DOCUMENTS
22. Mather, Kate; et al. (November 25, 2014). "Michael Brown protester handcuffed outside LAPD headquarters". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
23. Nash, Jim (August 14, 2014). "Protesters in Leimert Park Join Nationwide 'Day of Rage' Over Ferguson Killing". KTLA 5. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
24. Mather, Kate, and Richard Winton (December 9, 2014). "LAPD investigating officer's use of baton during protest". capitalgazette.com. Retrieved December 14, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. "Beyond the "Black Beverly Hills": South L.A. Real Estate Heats Up With a New Hollywood Generation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
26. Zahniser, David (November 13, 2020). "L.A.'s rejection of a 577-unit housing project violated state law, judge finds". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
27. Chiotakis, Steve (March 2, 2020). "Destination Crenshaw breaks ground. LA residents are excited but fear gentrification". KCRW. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
28. "Mapped: the future sites of LA's 2028 Olympic games". Curbed LA. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
29. Rector, Kevin (May 3, 2022). "Killings in L.A. are on pace to top last year's high". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
30. Cain, Josh (January 13, 2022). "LA had nearly 400 killings in 2021, most in last 15 years". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
31. ""Latinos Move to South-Central L.A.: Drawn by Low Rents, They Replace Blacks," ,". Los Angeles Times. May 3, 1990. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
32. Grant, David M., Melvin L. Oliver, and Angela D. James. 1996. "African Americans: Social and Economic Bifurcation," in Waldinger, Roger and Medhi Bozorgmehr. Ethnic Los Angeles, New York: Russell Sage Foundation
33. Lopez, Ricardo (April 28, 2012). "Blacks in South L.A. have a bleaker jobs picture than in 1992". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
34. "Takeaways from the transformation of South Los Angeles". USC News. December 6, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
35. "Historic South-Central Profile - Mapping L.A. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times.
36. "USC Graduate Admission". Gradadm.usc.edu. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
37. "School Directory". Schooldirectory.lausd.net. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
38. "John Cage's Los Angeles". Graphics.latimes.com. September 1, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
39. "." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.

Notes

1. Where other reliable sources are available for the boundaries of neighborhoods, they should be treated preferentially to Google Maps and Google Street View. It is difficult if not impossible to verify as they are subject to change and documentation and archives are not available.

Further reading

• Renwick, Lucille. "COVER STORY: THE MYTH OF South-Central: More a Stereotype Than a Place, It Is Defined By Ethnicity and Negative Media Images Rather Than Street Boundaries". Los Angeles Times. January 3, 1993.
• Kotkin, Joel (contributing editor of Opinion section) "COMMUNITY: Latinization of South Los Angeles" (Opinion). Los Angeles Times. May 28, 1995.

External links

•   South Los Angeles travel guide from Wikivoyage
•   Media related to South Los Angeles at Wikimedia Commons
• Image of the Vessels of Christ Ministry Choir in South Central Los Angeles, California, 1986. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
• Image of South Central residents demonstrating against crime, Los Angeles, California, 1983. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
• Black Experiences of Latinization and Loss in South Los Angeles