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Wikipedia

Social services

May 13, 2023

Social services are a range of public services intended to provide support and assistance towards particular groups, which commonly include the disadvantaged.[1] They may be provided by individuals, private and independent organisations, or administered by a government agency.[1] Social services are connected with the concept of welfare and the welfare state, as countries with large welfare programs often provide a wide range of social services.[2] Social services are employed to address the wide range of needs of a society.[2] Prior to industrialisation, the provision of social services was largely confined to private organisations and charities, with the extent of its coverage also limited.[3] Social services are now generally regarded globally as a 'necessary function' of society and a mechanism through which governments may address societal issues.[4]

The provision of education services is an example of a social service. For more, see public education.

The provision of social services by governments is linked to the belief of universal human rights, democratic principles, as well as religious and cultural values.[5] The availability and coverage of social services varies significantly within societies.[6][4] The main groups which social services is catered towards are: families, children, youths, elders, women, the sick and the disabled.[4] Social services consists of facilities and services such as: public education, welfare, infrastructure, mail, libraries, social work, food banks, universal health care, police, fire services, public transportation and public housing.[7][2]

Characteristics

 
Volunteers at Meals on Wheels preparing food. This is an example of an organisation which provides the social service of food assistance. This non-governmental charity provides the sourcing, preparation and delivery of food to disadvantaged peoples, such as the homeless.

The term ‘social services’ is often substituted with other terms such as social welfare, social protection, social assistance, social care and social work, with many of the terms overlapping in characteristics and features.[1][4] What is considered a ‘social service’ in a specific country is determined by its history, cultural norms, political system and economic status.[1][4] The most central aspects of social services include education, health services, housing programs and transport services.[7] Social services can be both communal and individually based.[1] This means that they may be implemented to provide assistance to the community broadly, such as economic support for unemployed citizens, or they may be administered specifically considering the need of an individual - such as foster homes.[1] Social services are provided through a variety of models.[1] Some of these models include:[1]

  • The Scandinavian model: based on the principles within 'universalism'. This model provides significant aid to disadvantaged groups such as people with disabilities and is administered through the local government with limited contributions from non-governmental organisations.[1]
  • The family care model: employed throughout the Mediterranean, this model relies on the aid of individuals and families which usually work with clergy, as well as that of NGO's such as the Red Cross.[1]
  • The means-tested model: employed in the UK and Australia, the government provides support but has stringent regulations and checks which it employs to determine who is entitled to receive social services or assistance.[1]

Recipients

Social services may be available to the entirety of the population, such as the police and fire services, or they may be available to only specific groups or sections of society.[1] Some examples of social service recipients include elderly people, children and families, people with disabilities, including both physical and mental disabilities.[1] These may extend to drug users, young offenders and refugees and asylum seekers depending on the country and its social service programs, as well as the presence of non-governmental organisations.[1]

History

Early developments

The development of social services increased significantly in the last two decades of the nineteenth century in Europe.[8] There are a number of factors that contributed to the development of social services in this period. These include: the impacts of industrialisation and urbanisation, the influence of Protestant thought regarding state responsibility for welfare, and the growing influence of trade unions and the labour movement.[8][3]

Europe (1833–1914)

 
Illustration of industrial-era child labour, depicting a girl pulling coal up a mineshaft. The Factory Laws and labor movements in the late nineteenth century aimed at limiting and ending child labour in Europe.

In the nineteenth century, as countries industrialised further, the extent of social services in the form of labour schemes and compensation expanded. The expansion of social services began following Britain's legislation of the 1833 Factory Act.[9] The legislation set limits on the minimum age of children working, preventing children younger than 9 years of age from working.[9] Additionally, the Act set a limit of 48 working hours per week for children aged 9 to 13, and for children aged 13 to 18 it was set at 12 hours per day.[9] The Act also was the first legislation requiring compulsory schooling within Britain.[9] Another central development for the existence of social services was Switzerland's legislation of the Factory Act in 1877.[10] The Factory Act introduced limitations on working hours, provided maternity benefits and provided workplace protections for children and young adults.[10] In Germany, Otto von Bismarck also introduced a large amount of social welfare legislation in this period.[10] Mandatory sickness insurance was introduced in 1883, with workplace accident insurance enacted in 1884 alongside old age and invalidity schemes in 1889.[10] Insurance laws of this kind were emulated in other European countries afterwards, with Sweden enacting voluntary sickness insurance in 1892, Denmark in 1892, Belgium in 1894, Switzerland in 1911, and Italy in 1886.[8] Additionally, Belgium, France and Italy enacted legislation subsidising voluntary old-age insurance in this period.[8] By the time the Netherlands introduced compulsory sickness insurance in 1913, all major European countries had introduced some form of insurance scheme.[8]

 
A photograph of a 10-year-old girl in 1912 employed in child labour. Through the passage Factory Acts, the severity and commonality of child labour decreased.

South America (1910-1960)

According to Carmelo Meso-Lago, social services and welfare systems within South America developed in three separate stages, with three groups of countries developing at different rates.[3] The first group, consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, developed social insurance schemes in the late 1910s and the 1920s.[3] The notable schemes, which had been implemented by 1950, consisted of work injury insurance, pensions, and sickness and maternity insurance.[3] The second group, consisting of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela, implemented these social services in the 1940s.[3] The extent to which these programs and laws were implemented were less extensive than the first group.[3] In the final group, consisting of the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, social services programmes were implemented in the 1950s and 1960s, with the least coverage out of each group.[3] With the exception of Nicaragua, social service programs are not available for unemployment insurance or family allowances.[3] Average expenditure on social services programs in as a percentage of GDP in these states is 5.3%, which is significantly lower than that of Europe and North America.[3]

Asia (1950-2000)

 
Japan's economic expenditure on core social services post WWII, sourced from the Japanese Government's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare[11]

Within Asia, the significant development of social services first began in Japan after the conclusion of World War II.[5] Due to rising levels of social inequality in the 1950s following the reformation of the Japanese economy, the incumbent Liberal Democratic Party legislated extensive health insurance laws in 1958 and pensions in 1959 to address societal upheaval.[5] In Singapore, a compulsory superannuation scheme was introduced in 1955.[5] Within Korea, voluntary health insurance was made available in 1963 and mandated in 1976.[5] Private insurance was only available to citizens employed by large corporate firms, whilst a separate insurance plans were provided to civil servants and military personnel.[5] In Taiwan, the Kuomintang government in 1953 propagated a healthcare inclusive workers insurance programme.[5] A separate insurance scheme for bureaucrats and the military was also provided in Korea in this time.[5] In 1968, Singapore increased its social services program to include public housing, and expanding this further in 1984 to include medical care.[5] Within both Korea and Taiwan, by the 1980s the amount of workers that were covered by labour insurance had not increased above 20%.[5]

Following domestic political upheaval within Asian countries in the 1980s, the availability social services considerably increased in the region.[5] In 1988 in Korea, health insurance was granted to self-employed rural workers, with coverage extended to urban-based self-employed workers in 1989. Additionally, a national pension program was initiated.[5] Within Taiwan, an extensive national health insurance system was enacted in 1994 and implemented in 1995.[5] During this period the Japanese government also expanded social services for children and the elderly, providing increased support services, increasing funding to care facilities and organisations, and legislating new insurance programs.[5] In the 1990s, Shanghai introduced a housing affordability program which was then later expanded to include all of China.[5] In 2000, Hong Kong introduced a superannuation scheme policy, with China implementing a similar policy soon after.[5]

Types

Impacts

Quality of life

There have been several findings which indicate that social services have a positive impact upon the quality of life of individuals. An OECD study in 2011 found that the countries with the highest ratings were Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland, whilst the lowest ratings were given by people from Estonia, Portugal and Hungary.[12] Another study recorded by the Global Barometer of Happiness in 2011 found similar results.[12] Both of these studies indicated that the most important aspects of quality of life to people were health, education, welfare and the cost of living.[12] Additionally, the countries with the perception of high-quality public services, specifically Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, scored the highest on levels of happiness.[12] Conversely, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania and Italy, who scored low on levels of satisfaction of social services, had low levels of happiness, with some sociologists arguing this indicates there is a strong correlation between happiness and social services.[12]

Poverty

Main article: Welfare's effect on poverty

Research indicates that welfare programs, which are included as a part of social services, have a considerable impact upon poverty rates in countries in which welfare expenditure accounts for over 20% of their GDP.[13][14]

However, the impact of social service programs on poverty varies depending on the service.[15] One paper conducted within China indicates that social services in the form of direct financial assistance does not have a positive impact on the reduction of poverty rates.[15] The paper also stated that the provision of public services in the form of medical insurance, health services and hygiene protection have a 'significantly positive' impact upon the reduction of poverty.[15]

 
The absolute poverty rates of various countries before and after their introduction of welfare[13]
 
The relative poverty rates before and after the introduction of welfare of various countries[14]
Poverty levels pre- and post-welfare
Country Absolute poverty rate (1960–1991)

(threshold set at 40% of United States median household income)[13]

 Relative poverty rate

(1970–1997)[14]

Pre-welfare Post-welfare Pre-welfare Post-welfare
  Sweden 23.7 5.8 14.8 4.8
  Norway 9.2 1.7 12.4 4.0
  Netherlands 22.1 7.3 18.5 11.5
  Finland 11.9 3.7 12.4 3.1
  Denmark 26.4 5.9 17.4 4.8
  Germany 15.2 4.3 9.7 5.1
  Switzerland 12.5 3.8 10.9 9.1
  Canada 22.5 6.5 17.1 11.9
  France 36.1 9.8 21.8 6.1
  Belgium 26.8 6.0 19.5 4.1
  Australia 23.3 11.9 16.2 9.2
  United Kingdom 16.8 8.7 16.4 8.2
  United States 21.0 11.7 17.2 15.1
  Italy 30.7 14.3 19.7 9.1

Expenditure on social welfare programs

Main article: List of countries by social welfare spending

The table below displays the welfare spending of countries as a percentage of their total GDP. The statistics are sourced from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[6]

Welfare spending of countries as percentage of total GDP
Rank Country 2019 2016 2010 2005 2000
1   France 31.2 31.5 30.7 28.7 27.5
2   Belgium 28.9 29.0 28.3 25.3 23.5
3   Finland 28.7 30.8 27.4 23.9 22.6
4   Denmark 28.0 28.7 28.9 25.2 23.8
5   Italy 15.9 28.9 27.6 24.1 22.6
6   Austria 26.6 27.8 27.6 25.9 25.5
7   Sweden 26.1 27.1 26.3 27.4 26.8
8   Germany 25.1 25.3 25.9 26.3 25.4
9   Norway 25.0 25.1 21.9 20.7 20.4
10   Spain 23.7 24.6 25.8 20.4 19.5
11   Greece 23.5 27.0 23.8 20.4 18.4
12   Portugal 22.6 24.1 24.5 22.3 18.5
13   Luxembourg 22.4 21.8 22.9 22.4 18.6
14   South Africa[16][17] 30 20.7 20.0 19.4
15   Japan 21.9
16   Slovenia 21.2 22.8 23.4 21.4 22.4
17   Poland 21.1 20.2 20.6 20.9 20.2
18   United Kingdom 20.6 21.5 22.8 19.4 17.7
19   Hungary 19.4 20.6 23.0 21.9 20.1
20   New Zealand 18.9
21   Czech Republic 18.7 19.4 19.8 18.1 18.0
22   United States 18.7 19.3 19.3 15.6 14.3
23   Estonia 18.4 17.4 18.3 13.0 13.8
24   Australia 17.8 19.1 16.7 16.7 18.2
25   Canada 17.3
26   Slovakia 17.0 18.6 18.1 15.8 17.6
27   Netherlands 16.7 22.0 22.1 20.5 18.4
28   Latvia 16.2 14.5 18.7 12.2 14.8
29   Lithuania 16.2
30   Israel 16.0 16.1 16.0 16.3 17.0
31   Switzerland 16.0 19.7 18.4 18.4 16.3
32   Iceland 16.0 15.2 17.0 15.9 14.6
33   Ireland 14.4 16.1 22.4 14.9 12.6
34   Turkey 12.5
35   South Korea 11.1 10.4 8.3 6.1 4.5
36   Chile 10.9
 
 
The above graph displays social spending as a percentage of yearly GDP in OECD countries in 2015.
The topmost graph displays spending on social services as a percentage of yearly GDP in OECD countries from the period between 1880 and 2016.

Health services

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the provision of health services is a significant factor in ensuring that individuals are able to maintain their health and wellbeing.[18] The WHO identifies 16 health services that must be provided by countries in order to ensure that universal health coverage is achieved.[18] These are classified under four categories: reproductive, maternal and children health services, infectious diseases, 'noncommunicable' diseases, and basic access to medical services.[18] OECD data reveals that the provision of universal health coverage leads to significantly positive outcomes on society.[19] This includes a positive correlation between life expectancy and the provision of health services and a negative relationship between life expectancy and countries which's social service programs do not provide universal healthcare coverage.[19] Additionally, the density of the provision of healthcare services by the government is positively associated with increases in life expectancy.[19]

Children

 
This graph displays, adjusted for inflation and PPP price differences between countries, the relationship between life expectancy and healthcare expenditure.[20] The US does not provide a universal health care program, but introduced the Affordable Care Act in 2010. For more, see Healthcare in the United States.

Within the area of child welfare, social services aim to provide help to children and their families, whilst providing mechanisms to ensure they are able to live safe, stable lives with a permanent home.[21] In the United States, 3 million children are maltreated each year, with the overall economic costs of child maltreatment totalling up to US$80 billion annually.[21] Social service programs cost the US$29 billion USD on child maltreatment prevention and child welfare services.[21] According to researchers, social service programs are effective in reducing maltreatment and reducing overall economic costs to society, however the effectiveness of these programs are significantly reduced when they are not correctly implemented, or when these programs are not implemented together.[21] The issues in which social services attempt at preventing for children include substance abuse, underemployment and unemployment, homelessness and criminal convictions.[21] Social service programs within this area include family preservation, kinship care, foster and residential care.[21]

Women

Empirical evidence suggests that social service programs have had a significant impact upon the employment of single mothers.[22] Following 1996 welfare reform in the US, employment rates among single mothers have increased considerably from 60% in 1994 to 72% in 1999.[22] Social services, particularly education, are considered by UNICEF as an effective method through which to combat gender inequality.[23] Social services such as education may be employed to overcome discrimination and challenge gender norms.[23] Social services, notably educational programs and aid provided by organisations such as UNICEF, are also essential in providing women strategies and tools to prevent and respond to domestic and family violence.[24] Other examples of social services which may help address this issue include the police, welfare services, counselling, legal aid and healthcare.[25]

 
A photograph of a doctor in 2020 in the midst of the coronavirus outbreak. Social services and social workers played a central role in the response to the pandemic.

Social services and COVID-19

Social services have played a central role in the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[26] Healthcare workers, public officials, teachers, social welfare officers and other public servants have provided critical services in containing the pandemic and ensuring society functions.[26] The impact of the pandemic was compounded by the shortage of social services globally, with the world requiring six million more nurses and midwives to achieve the goals set within the Sustainable Development Goals at the time of the outbreak.[26] Social services, such as education, have been required to adapt to changing social conditions whilst still providing essential services.[26] Social services have expanded worldwide through the introduction of economic stimulus packages, with governments globally committing US$130 Billion as of June 2020 to manage the pandemic.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "EUROPEAN SOCIAL SERVICES". scholar.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  2. ^ a b c Seekings, Jeremy; Nattrass, Nicoli (2015), "The Welfare State, Public Services and the 'Social Wage'", Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 162–184, doi:10.1057/9781137452696_7, ISBN 978-1-349-56904-5, retrieved 2021-06-02
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pierson, Chris (2004), "'Late Industrializers' and the Development of the Welfare State", Social Policy in a Development Context, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 215–245, doi:10.1057/9780230523975_10, ISBN 978-1-4039-3661-5, retrieved 2021-06-01
  4. ^ a b c d e "Social service". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Peng, Ito; Wong, Joseph (2010-07-15). "East Asia". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579396.003.0045.
  6. ^ a b OECD. "Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)". Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b JULIAN., LE GRAND (2020). STRATEGY OF EQUALITY : redistribution and the social services. ROUTLEDGE. ISBN 978-1-138-59765-5. OCLC 1124357973.
  8. ^ a b c d e Flora, Peter (2017-07-28). Flora, Peter; Heidenheimer, Arnold J (eds.). The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America. doi:10.4324/9781351304924. ISBN 9781351304924.
  9. ^ a b c d "The 1833 Factory Act". www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  10. ^ a b c d Grandner, Margarete (January 1996). "Conservative Social Politics in Austria, 1880–1890". Austrian History Yearbook. 27: 77–107. doi:10.1017/s006723780000583x. ISSN 0067-2378. S2CID 143805293.
  11. ^ "Welcome to Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare". www.mhlw.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  12. ^ a b c d e Dimian, Gina (2012). "PUBLIC SERVICES - KEY FACTOR TO QUALITY OF LIFE". Management & Marketing Challenges for the Knowledge Society. 7: 151–164 – via ProQuest Central.
  13. ^ a b c Kenworthy, L. (1999-03-01). "Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment". Social Forces. 77 (3): 1119–1139. doi:10.1093/sf/77.3.1119. ISSN 0037-7732.
  14. ^ a b c Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, Francois (February 2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies". American Sociological Review. 68 (1): 22. doi:10.2307/3088901. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 3088901.
  15. ^ a b c Chen, Sixia; Li, Jianjun; Lu, Shengfeng; Xiong, Bo (2017-06-05). "Escaping from poverty trap: a choice between government transfer payments and public services". Global Health Research and Policy. 2 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s41256-017-0035-x. ISSN 2397-0642. PMC 5683608. PMID 29202083.
  16. ^ Woolard, Ingrid; Klasen, Stephan (2010). "The evolution and impact of social security in South Africa". Retrieved 2020-11-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ "Government spending climbs to R1,71 trillion". Retrieved 2020-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ a b c "Universal health coverage (UHC)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  19. ^ a b c "Universal Health Coverage and Health Outcomes" (PDF). 22 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier. May 26, 2017. By Max Roser at Our World in Data. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart here.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Ringel, Jeanne S.; Schultz, Dana; Mendelsohn, Joshua; Holliday, Stephanie Brooks; Sieck, Katharine; Edochie, Ifeanyi; Davis, Lauren (2018-03-30). "Improving Child Welfare Outcomes". Rand Health Quarterly. 7 (4): 4. ISSN 2162-8254. PMC 6075810. PMID 30083416.
  22. ^ a b Moffitt, Robert A. (2 January 2002). "From Welfare to Work: What the Evidence Shows". Brookings. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  23. ^ a b "Gender equality". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  24. ^ "Turning domestic violence into triumph". 80. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  25. ^ "Police, legal help, and the law". Family & Community Services. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  26. ^ a b c d e "The role of public service and public servants during the COVID-19 pandemic | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". www.un.org. 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2021-06-02.

External links

  • In Chelsea, coalition aims to save lives on verge of unraveling - article on "Hub model" of social service coordination

May 13, 2023
social, services, range, public, services, intended, provide, support, assistance, towards, particular, groups, which, commonly, include, disadvantaged, they, provided, individuals, private, independent, organisations, administered, government, agency, connect. Social services are a range of public services intended to provide support and assistance towards particular groups which commonly include the disadvantaged 1 They may be provided by individuals private and independent organisations or administered by a government agency 1 Social services are connected with the concept of welfare and the welfare state as countries with large welfare programs often provide a wide range of social services 2 Social services are employed to address the wide range of needs of a society 2 Prior to industrialisation the provision of social services was largely confined to private organisations and charities with the extent of its coverage also limited 3 Social services are now generally regarded globally as a necessary function of society and a mechanism through which governments may address societal issues 4 The provision of education services is an example of a social service For more see public education The provision of social services by governments is linked to the belief of universal human rights democratic principles as well as religious and cultural values 5 The availability and coverage of social services varies significantly within societies 6 4 The main groups which social services is catered towards are families children youths elders women the sick and the disabled 4 Social services consists of facilities and services such as public education welfare infrastructure mail libraries social work food banks universal health care police fire services public transportation and public housing 7 2 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Recipients 2 History 2 1 Early developments 2 1 1 Europe 1833 1914 2 1 2 South America 1910 1960 2 1 3 Asia 1950 2000 3 Types 4 Impacts 4 1 Quality of life 4 2 Poverty 4 3 Expenditure on social welfare programs 4 4 Health services 4 5 Children 4 6 Women 4 7 Social services and COVID 19 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksCharacteristics Edit Volunteers at Meals on Wheels preparing food This is an example of an organisation which provides the social service of food assistance This non governmental charity provides the sourcing preparation and delivery of food to disadvantaged peoples such as the homeless The term social services is often substituted with other terms such as social welfare social protection social assistance social care and social work with many of the terms overlapping in characteristics and features 1 4 What is considered a social service in a specific country is determined by its history cultural norms political system and economic status 1 4 The most central aspects of social services include education health services housing programs and transport services 7 Social services can be both communal and individually based 1 This means that they may be implemented to provide assistance to the community broadly such as economic support for unemployed citizens or they may be administered specifically considering the need of an individual such as foster homes 1 Social services are provided through a variety of models 1 Some of these models include 1 The Scandinavian model based on the principles within universalism This model provides significant aid to disadvantaged groups such as people with disabilities and is administered through the local government with limited contributions from non governmental organisations 1 The family care model employed throughout the Mediterranean this model relies on the aid of individuals and families which usually work with clergy as well as that of NGO s such as the Red Cross 1 The means tested model employed in the UK and Australia the government provides support but has stringent regulations and checks which it employs to determine who is entitled to receive social services or assistance 1 Recipients Edit Social services may be available to the entirety of the population such as the police and fire services or they may be available to only specific groups or sections of society 1 Some examples of social service recipients include elderly people children and families people with disabilities including both physical and mental disabilities 1 These may extend to drug users young offenders and refugees and asylum seekers depending on the country and its social service programs as well as the presence of non governmental organisations 1 History EditEarly developments Edit The development of social services increased significantly in the last two decades of the nineteenth century in Europe 8 There are a number of factors that contributed to the development of social services in this period These include the impacts of industrialisation and urbanisation the influence of Protestant thought regarding state responsibility for welfare and the growing influence of trade unions and the labour movement 8 3 Europe 1833 1914 Edit Illustration of industrial era child labour depicting a girl pulling coal up a mineshaft The Factory Laws and labor movements in the late nineteenth century aimed at limiting and ending child labour in Europe In the nineteenth century as countries industrialised further the extent of social services in the form of labour schemes and compensation expanded The expansion of social services began following Britain s legislation of the 1833 Factory Act 9 The legislation set limits on the minimum age of children working preventing children younger than 9 years of age from working 9 Additionally the Act set a limit of 48 working hours per week for children aged 9 to 13 and for children aged 13 to 18 it was set at 12 hours per day 9 The Act also was the first legislation requiring compulsory schooling within Britain 9 Another central development for the existence of social services was Switzerland s legislation of the Factory Act in 1877 10 The Factory Act introduced limitations on working hours provided maternity benefits and provided workplace protections for children and young adults 10 In Germany Otto von Bismarck also introduced a large amount of social welfare legislation in this period 10 Mandatory sickness insurance was introduced in 1883 with workplace accident insurance enacted in 1884 alongside old age and invalidity schemes in 1889 10 Insurance laws of this kind were emulated in other European countries afterwards with Sweden enacting voluntary sickness insurance in 1892 Denmark in 1892 Belgium in 1894 Switzerland in 1911 and Italy in 1886 8 Additionally Belgium France and Italy enacted legislation subsidising voluntary old age insurance in this period 8 By the time the Netherlands introduced compulsory sickness insurance in 1913 all major European countries had introduced some form of insurance scheme 8 A photograph of a 10 year old girl in 1912 employed in child labour Through the passage Factory Acts the severity and commonality of child labour decreased South America 1910 1960 Edit According to Carmelo Meso Lago social services and welfare systems within South America developed in three separate stages with three groups of countries developing at different rates 3 The first group consisting of Argentina Brazil Chile Costa Rica and Uruguay developed social insurance schemes in the late 1910s and the 1920s 3 The notable schemes which had been implemented by 1950 consisted of work injury insurance pensions and sickness and maternity insurance 3 The second group consisting of Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru and Venezuela implemented these social services in the 1940s 3 The extent to which these programs and laws were implemented were less extensive than the first group 3 In the final group consisting of the Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras and Nicaragua social services programmes were implemented in the 1950s and 1960s with the least coverage out of each group 3 With the exception of Nicaragua social service programs are not available for unemployment insurance or family allowances 3 Average expenditure on social services programs in as a percentage of GDP in these states is 5 3 which is significantly lower than that of Europe and North America 3 Asia 1950 2000 Edit Japan s economic expenditure on core social services post WWII sourced from the Japanese Government s Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare 11 Within Asia the significant development of social services first began in Japan after the conclusion of World War II 5 Due to rising levels of social inequality in the 1950s following the reformation of the Japanese economy the incumbent Liberal Democratic Party legislated extensive health insurance laws in 1958 and pensions in 1959 to address societal upheaval 5 In Singapore a compulsory superannuation scheme was introduced in 1955 5 Within Korea voluntary health insurance was made available in 1963 and mandated in 1976 5 Private insurance was only available to citizens employed by large corporate firms whilst a separate insurance plans were provided to civil servants and military personnel 5 In Taiwan the Kuomintang government in 1953 propagated a healthcare inclusive workers insurance programme 5 A separate insurance scheme for bureaucrats and the military was also provided in Korea in this time 5 In 1968 Singapore increased its social services program to include public housing and expanding this further in 1984 to include medical care 5 Within both Korea and Taiwan by the 1980s the amount of workers that were covered by labour insurance had not increased above 20 5 Following domestic political upheaval within Asian countries in the 1980s the availability social services considerably increased in the region 5 In 1988 in Korea health insurance was granted to self employed rural workers with coverage extended to urban based self employed workers in 1989 Additionally a national pension program was initiated 5 Within Taiwan an extensive national health insurance system was enacted in 1994 and implemented in 1995 5 During this period the Japanese government also expanded social services for children and the elderly providing increased support services increasing funding to care facilities and organisations and legislating new insurance programs 5 In the 1990s Shanghai introduced a housing affordability program which was then later expanded to include all of China 5 In 2000 Hong Kong introduced a superannuation scheme policy with China implementing a similar policy soon after 5 Types EditHealthcare Education Police Labour Laws Fire Services Insurance Laws Food Banks Charitable Organisations Public Housing Aged Care Disability Services Legal Aid Youth Services Crisis Support Services Emergency Relief Public TransportationImpacts EditQuality of life Edit There have been several findings which indicate that social services have a positive impact upon the quality of life of individuals An OECD study in 2011 found that the countries with the highest ratings were Denmark Norway Sweden and Finland whilst the lowest ratings were given by people from Estonia Portugal and Hungary 12 Another study recorded by the Global Barometer of Happiness in 2011 found similar results 12 Both of these studies indicated that the most important aspects of quality of life to people were health education welfare and the cost of living 12 Additionally the countries with the perception of high quality public services specifically Finland Sweden Denmark and the Netherlands scored the highest on levels of happiness 12 Conversely Bulgaria Romania Lithuania and Italy who scored low on levels of satisfaction of social services had low levels of happiness with some sociologists arguing this indicates there is a strong correlation between happiness and social services 12 Poverty Edit Main article Welfare s effect on poverty Research indicates that welfare programs which are included as a part of social services have a considerable impact upon poverty rates in countries in which welfare expenditure accounts for over 20 of their GDP 13 14 However the impact of social service programs on poverty varies depending on the service 15 One paper conducted within China indicates that social services in the form of direct financial assistance does not have a positive impact on the reduction of poverty rates 15 The paper also stated that the provision of public services in the form of medical insurance health services and hygiene protection have a significantly positive impact upon the reduction of poverty 15 The absolute poverty rates of various countries before and after their introduction of welfare 13 The relative poverty rates before and after the introduction of welfare of various countries 14 Poverty levels pre and post welfare Country Absolute poverty rate 1960 1991 threshold set at 40 of United States median household income 13 Relative poverty rate 1970 1997 14 Pre welfare Post welfare Pre welfare Post welfare Sweden 23 7 5 8 14 8 4 8 Norway 9 2 1 7 12 4 4 0 Netherlands 22 1 7 3 18 5 11 5 Finland 11 9 3 7 12 4 3 1 Denmark 26 4 5 9 17 4 4 8 Germany 15 2 4 3 9 7 5 1 Switzerland 12 5 3 8 10 9 9 1 Canada 22 5 6 5 17 1 11 9 France 36 1 9 8 21 8 6 1 Belgium 26 8 6 0 19 5 4 1 Australia 23 3 11 9 16 2 9 2 United Kingdom 16 8 8 7 16 4 8 2 United States 21 0 11 7 17 2 15 1 Italy 30 7 14 3 19 7 9 1Expenditure on social welfare programs Edit Main article List of countries by social welfare spending The table below displays the welfare spending of countries as a percentage of their total GDP The statistics are sourced from the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 6 Welfare spending of countries as percentage of total GDP Rank Country 2019 2016 2010 2005 20001 France 31 2 31 5 30 7 28 7 27 52 Belgium 28 9 29 0 28 3 25 3 23 53 Finland 28 7 30 8 27 4 23 9 22 64 Denmark 28 0 28 7 28 9 25 2 23 85 Italy 15 9 28 9 27 6 24 1 22 66 Austria 26 6 27 8 27 6 25 9 25 57 Sweden 26 1 27 1 26 3 27 4 26 88 Germany 25 1 25 3 25 9 26 3 25 49 Norway 25 0 25 1 21 9 20 7 20 410 Spain 23 7 24 6 25 8 20 4 19 511 Greece 23 5 27 0 23 8 20 4 18 412 Portugal 22 6 24 1 24 5 22 3 18 513 Luxembourg 22 4 21 8 22 9 22 4 18 614 South Africa 16 17 30 20 7 20 0 19 415 Japan 21 916 Slovenia 21 2 22 8 23 4 21 4 22 417 Poland 21 1 20 2 20 6 20 9 20 218 United Kingdom 20 6 21 5 22 8 19 4 17 719 Hungary 19 4 20 6 23 0 21 9 20 120 New Zealand 18 921 Czech Republic 18 7 19 4 19 8 18 1 18 022 United States 18 7 19 3 19 3 15 6 14 323 Estonia 18 4 17 4 18 3 13 0 13 824 Australia 17 8 19 1 16 7 16 7 18 225 Canada 17 326 Slovakia 17 0 18 6 18 1 15 8 17 627 Netherlands 16 7 22 0 22 1 20 5 18 428 Latvia 16 2 14 5 18 7 12 2 14 829 Lithuania 16 230 Israel 16 0 16 1 16 0 16 3 17 031 Switzerland 16 0 19 7 18 4 18 4 16 332 Iceland 16 0 15 2 17 0 15 9 14 633 Ireland 14 4 16 1 22 4 14 9 12 634 Turkey 12 535 South Korea 11 1 10 4 8 3 6 1 4 536 Chile 10 9 The above graph displays social spending as a percentage of yearly GDP in OECD countries in 2015 The topmost graph displays spending on social services as a percentage of yearly GDP in OECD countries from the period between 1880 and 2016 Health services Edit According to the World Health Organisation WHO the provision of health services is a significant factor in ensuring that individuals are able to maintain their health and wellbeing 18 The WHO identifies 16 health services that must be provided by countries in order to ensure that universal health coverage is achieved 18 These are classified under four categories reproductive maternal and children health services infectious diseases noncommunicable diseases and basic access to medical services 18 OECD data reveals that the provision of universal health coverage leads to significantly positive outcomes on society 19 This includes a positive correlation between life expectancy and the provision of health services and a negative relationship between life expectancy and countries which s social service programs do not provide universal healthcare coverage 19 Additionally the density of the provision of healthcare services by the government is positively associated with increases in life expectancy 19 Children Edit This graph displays adjusted for inflation and PPP price differences between countries the relationship between life expectancy and healthcare expenditure 20 The US does not provide a universal health care program but introduced the Affordable Care Act in 2010 For more see Healthcare in the United States Within the area of child welfare social services aim to provide help to children and their families whilst providing mechanisms to ensure they are able to live safe stable lives with a permanent home 21 In the United States 3 million children are maltreated each year with the overall economic costs of child maltreatment totalling up to US 80 billion annually 21 Social service programs cost the US 29 billion USD on child maltreatment prevention and child welfare services 21 According to researchers social service programs are effective in reducing maltreatment and reducing overall economic costs to society however the effectiveness of these programs are significantly reduced when they are not correctly implemented or when these programs are not implemented together 21 The issues in which social services attempt at preventing for children include substance abuse underemployment and unemployment homelessness and criminal convictions 21 Social service programs within this area include family preservation kinship care foster and residential care 21 Women EditEmpirical evidence suggests that social service programs have had a significant impact upon the employment of single mothers 22 Following 1996 welfare reform in the US employment rates among single mothers have increased considerably from 60 in 1994 to 72 in 1999 22 Social services particularly education are considered by UNICEF as an effective method through which to combat gender inequality 23 Social services such as education may be employed to overcome discrimination and challenge gender norms 23 Social services notably educational programs and aid provided by organisations such as UNICEF are also essential in providing women strategies and tools to prevent and respond to domestic and family violence 24 Other examples of social services which may help address this issue include the police welfare services counselling legal aid and healthcare 25 A photograph of a doctor in 2020 in the midst of the coronavirus outbreak Social services and social workers played a central role in the response to the pandemic Social services and COVID 19 Edit Social services have played a central role in the global response to the COVID 19 pandemic 26 Healthcare workers public officials teachers social welfare officers and other public servants have provided critical services in containing the pandemic and ensuring society functions 26 The impact of the pandemic was compounded by the shortage of social services globally with the world requiring six million more nurses and midwives to achieve the goals set within the Sustainable Development Goals at the time of the outbreak 26 Social services such as education have been required to adapt to changing social conditions whilst still providing essential services 26 Social services have expanded worldwide through the introduction of economic stimulus packages with governments globally committing US 130 Billion as of June 2020 to manage the pandemic 26 See also EditAustralian referendum 1946 Social Services Child Protective Services US Department of Social Services US Department for Communities and Local Government UK Emergency Social Services Human services International Social Services Ministry of Community and Social Services Ontario New York State Social Services Department Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government UK Social Welfare constituency References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n EUROPEAN SOCIAL SERVICES scholar googleusercontent com Retrieved 2021 06 01 a b c Seekings Jeremy Nattrass Nicoli 2015 The Welfare State Public Services and the Social Wage Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction London Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 162 184 doi 10 1057 9781137452696 7 ISBN 978 1 349 56904 5 retrieved 2021 06 02 a b c d e f g h i j Pierson Chris 2004 Late Industrializers and the Development of the Welfare State Social Policy in a Development Context London Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 215 245 doi 10 1057 9780230523975 10 ISBN 978 1 4039 3661 5 retrieved 2021 06 01 a b c d e Social service Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 06 01 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Peng Ito Wong Joseph 2010 07 15 East Asia Oxford Handbooks Online doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199579396 003 0045 a b OECD Social Expenditure Database SOCX Retrieved 15 February 2020 a b JULIAN LE GRAND 2020 STRATEGY OF EQUALITY redistribution and the social services ROUTLEDGE ISBN 978 1 138 59765 5 OCLC 1124357973 a b c d e Flora Peter 2017 07 28 Flora Peter Heidenheimer Arnold J eds The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America doi 10 4324 9781351304924 ISBN 9781351304924 a b c d The 1833 Factory Act www parliament uk Retrieved 2021 06 01 a b c d Grandner Margarete January 1996 Conservative Social Politics in Austria 1880 1890 Austrian History Yearbook 27 77 107 doi 10 1017 s006723780000583x ISSN 0067 2378 S2CID 143805293 Welcome to Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare www mhlw go jp Retrieved 2021 06 02 a b c d e Dimian Gina 2012 PUBLIC SERVICES KEY FACTOR TO QUALITY OF LIFE Management amp Marketing Challenges for the Knowledge Society 7 151 164 via ProQuest Central a b c Kenworthy L 1999 03 01 Do Social Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty A Cross National Assessment Social Forces 77 3 1119 1139 doi 10 1093 sf 77 3 1119 ISSN 0037 7732 a b c Moller Stephanie Huber Evelyne Stephens John D Bradley David Nielsen Francois February 2003 Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies American Sociological Review 68 1 22 doi 10 2307 3088901 ISSN 0003 1224 JSTOR 3088901 a b c Chen Sixia Li Jianjun Lu Shengfeng Xiong Bo 2017 06 05 Escaping from poverty trap a choice between government transfer payments and public services Global Health Research and Policy 2 1 15 doi 10 1186 s41256 017 0035 x ISSN 2397 0642 PMC 5683608 PMID 29202083 Woolard Ingrid Klasen Stephan 2010 The evolution and impact of social security in South Africa Retrieved 2020 11 13 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Government spending climbs to R1 71 trillion Retrieved 2020 11 13 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c Universal health coverage UHC www who int Retrieved 2021 06 02 a b c Universal Health Coverage and Health Outcomes PDF 22 July 2016 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Link between health spending and life expectancy US is an outlier May 26 2017 By Max Roser at Our World in Data Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries healthcare expenditures and data sources See the later version of the chart here a b c d e f Ringel Jeanne S Schultz Dana Mendelsohn Joshua Holliday Stephanie Brooks Sieck Katharine Edochie Ifeanyi Davis Lauren 2018 03 30 Improving Child Welfare Outcomes Rand Health Quarterly 7 4 4 ISSN 2162 8254 PMC 6075810 PMID 30083416 a b Moffitt Robert A 2 January 2002 From Welfare to Work What the Evidence Shows Brookings Retrieved 2021 06 02 a b Gender equality www unicef org Retrieved 2021 06 02 Turning domestic violence into triumph 80 Retrieved 2021 06 02 Police legal help and the law Family amp Community Services Retrieved 2021 06 02 a b c d e The role of public service and public servants during the COVID 19 pandemic Department of Economic and Social Affairs www un org 2020 06 11 Retrieved 2021 06 02 External links EditIn Chelsea coalition aims to save lives on verge of unraveling article on Hub model of social service coordination Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Social services amp oldid 1105292224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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