Theme (computing)

In computing, a theme is a preset package containing graphical appearance and functionality details. A theme usually comprises a set of shapes and colors for the graphical control elements, the window decoration and the window. Themes are used to customize the look and feel of a piece of computer software or of an operating system.

The same GUI (using Qt) with three different themes

Also known as a skin (or visual style in Windows XP)^[1] it is a custom graphical appearance preset package achieved by the use of a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be applied to specific computer software, operating system, and websites to suit the purpose, topic, or tastes of different users. As such, a skin can completely change the look and feel and navigation interface of a piece of application software or operating system.

Software that is capable of having a skin applied is referred to as being skinnable, and the process of writing or applying such a skin is known as skinning. Applying a skin changes a piece of software's look and feel—some skins merely make the program more aesthetically pleasing, but others can rearrange elements of the interface, potentially making the program easier to use.

Use

Themes are often used to change the look and feel of a wide range of things at once, which makes them much less granular than allowing the user to set each option individually. For example, users might want the window-borders from a particular theme, but installing it would also alter the desktop background.

One method for dealing with this is to allow the user to select which parts of the theme they want to load; for example in Windows 98, users could load the background and screensaver from a theme, but leave the icons and sounds untouched.

Video gaming

In video games, the term "skin" is similarly used to refer to an in-game character or cosmetic options for a player's character and other in-game items, which can range from different color schemes, to more elaborate designs and costumes. Skins are often awarded as unlockable content for completing specific in-game goals or milestones. Skins can sometimes include historical incarnations of the player character (such as Insomniac Games' Spider-Man, which includes unlockable skins based on Spider-Man's past comic book and film appearances),^[2] as well as crossovers with other video games (such as Final Fantasy XIII-2 offering a costume based on Ezio Auditore from the Assassin's Creed franchise, and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate offering costume items based on other video game characters for its customizable Mii Fighter characters).^[3][4] Fortnite Battle Royale has similarly featured extensive uses of licensed properties as the basis for skins, also including non-gaming properties such as comic book characters,^[5][6] the National Football League,^[7] and musicians.^[8]

Skins are sometimes distributed as part of downloadable content, and as pre-order incentives for newly-released games. In the 2010s, skins were increasingly deemed a virtual good as part of monetization strategies, especially within free-to-play games and those otherwise treated as a service. Via microtransactions commonly known as "loot boxes", a player can earn a random selection of in-game items, which may include skins and other cosmetic items of varying rarity. While often defended as being similar in practice to booster packs for collectible card games, researchers have deemed loot boxes to be "psychologically akin to gambling",^[9] and their inclusion in full-priced games have faced criticism from players for being an anti-consumer practice.^[10][11] They have largely been supplanted by "battle passes", which are collections of in-game challenges and goals that unlock reward tiers over a short- or long-term period.^[12]

Via the Steam platform, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and Team Fortress 2 also allow players to trade these items, which has led to communities devoted to bartering them for real-world money, as well as gambling.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Themed systems

Operating systems

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows first supported themes in Windows 95 as a separate application package called Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95. Themes were later supported in Windows 98 and was built-in there. These operating systems, as well as its successor, Windows Me, came with themes that customized desktop backgrounds, icons, user interface colors, Windows sounds and mouse cursors.^[17] Windows XP expanded Windows theming support by adding visual styles and allowing each theme to specify one. This feature was carried over to Windows Vista which added Windows Aero, but was removed with Windows 8. Third-party apps such as WindowBlinds, TuneUp Utilities and Desktop Architect enhance theme capabilities. Support for custom themes can also be added by patching system files, which is not endorsed by Microsoft.

Linux

Linux operating systems may support themes depending on their window managers and desktop environments. IceWM uses themes to customize its taskbar, window borders, and time format. Window Maker can store colors for icons, menus, and window-borders in a theme, but this is independent of the wallpaper settings. GNOME and KDE use two independent sets of themes: one to alter the appearance of user interface elements (such as buttons, scroll bars or list elements), and another theme to customize the appearance of windows (such as, window borders and title bars).

macOS

macOS does not natively support themes. Third-party apps such as Kaleidoscope and ShapeShifter may add this.

Android

Although Android does not support themes, the forked CyanogenMod and its successor LineageOS have native theme support. The CM theme engine is in turn used on many other forked Android ROMs, such as Paranoid Android.

Apps

Firefox and Google Chrome either support or supported a form of theme. Firefox (and its sibling Thunderbird) supports themes either through lightweight themes (formerly Personas) or complete themes.^[18] While lightweight themes are simply background images for toolbar Firefox toolbars, complete themes have more power to modify Firefox's appearance.^[18] Google Chrome version 3.0 or later allows themes to alter the appearance of the browser.^[19] Internet Explorer 5 and its immediate successor allowed the background picture of their toolbars to be customized.^[20]

The most popular skins are for instant messaging clients, media center, and media player software, such as Trillian and Winamp, due to the association with fun that such programs try to encourage.

Standard interface

Some platforms support changing the standard interface, including most using the X Window System. For those that do not, programs can add the functionality, like WindowBlinds for Microsoft Windows and ShapeShifter for macOS.

Websites

Many websites are skinnable, particularly those that provide social capabilities. Some sites provide skins that make primarily cosmetic changes, while some—such as H2G2—offer skins that make major changes to page layout. As with standalone software interfaces, this is facilitated by the underlying technology of the website—XML and XSLT, for instance, facilitate major changes of layout, while CSS can easily produce different visual styles.

See also

• Aqua (user interface)
• Computer wallpaper
• Industrial design
• Look and feel
• User interface design
• Windows Aero
• Windows XP visual styles

References

1. "Visual Styles (Windows)". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
2. Carter, Justin (2018-09-08). "A guide to Spider-Man PS4's many costumes, and their comic roots". Polygon. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
3. Phillips, Tom (2012-04-11). "Final Fantasy 13-2 Assassin's Creed costume DLC released". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
4. Lee, Julia (2019-09-04). "Sans from Undertale joins Smash Bros. Ultimate as a Mii Fighter costume". Polygon. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
5. Goslin, Austen (February 6, 2020). "Harley Quinn is officially coming to Fortnite". Polygon. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
6. Romano, Nick (May 7, 2018). "Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers: Infinity War crossover". Entertainment Weekly. from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
7. Hernandez, Patricia (2018-11-05). "Fortnite will start selling NFL skins this week". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
8. Webster, Andrew (2020-04-20). "Travis Scott is touring inside Fortnite this week". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
9. Drummond, Aaron; Sauer, James D. (June 18, 2018). "Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (8): 530–532. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0360-1. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 31209310. S2CID 205565143.
10. Schreier, Jason (October 10, 2017). "Fall Loot Box Glut Leads To Widespread Alarm". Kotaku. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
11. Machkovech, Sam (2017-09-29). "Loot boxes have reached a new low with Forza 7's "pay to earn" option". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
12. Davenport, James (2018-07-05). "Battle passes are replacing loot boxes, but they're not necessarily a better deal". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
13. "How Counter-Strike: Global Offensive is turning into the world's most exciting eSport". PCGamesN. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
14. Bowman, Mitch (May 22, 2014). . Polygon. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
15. Lahti, Evan (September 17, 2015). "How $400 virtual knives saved Counter-Strike". PC Gamer. Future plc. from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
16. Coe, Curtis (August 14, 2013). "CS: GO Arms Deal update adds more than 100 weapon skins, supports eSports". PC Gamer. from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
17. "Theme File Format (Windows)". Microsoft. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
18. "Use themes to change the look of Firefox". Mozilla Support. Mozilla Foundation. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
19. Glen Murphy (October 5, 2009). "A splash of color to your browser: Artist Themes for Google Chrome". Google Chrome Blog. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
20. "How to Restore the Background Bitmap on the Internet Explorer Toolbars". Support. Microsoft. 24 January 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2013.