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Sinjar

October 21, 2023

This article is about the Iraqi town. 'Sinjar' may also refer to its eponymous district, mountains, or nearby plain.

Sinjar (Arabic: سنجار, romanized: Sinjār;[2] Kurdish: شنگال, romanized: Şingal, Syriac: ܫܝܓܪ, romanized: Shingar[3]) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88,023,[4] and is predominantly Yazidi.[5]

Sinjar
شنگاڵ
Şingal
Town
Sinjar in 2019
Sinjar
Location within Iraq
Sinjar
Sinjar (Near East)
Coordinates: 36°19′21″N 41°51′51″E / 36.32250°N 41.86417°E / 36.32250; 41.86417
Country Iraq
GovernorateNineveh
DistrictSinjar District
Government
 • MayorFahad Hamid Omar[1]
Elevation
522 m (1,713 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total88,023
Time zoneUTC+3 (GMT)

History

Antiquity

 
A map of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) province in the early Islamic era

In the 2nd century AD, Sinjar became a military base called Singara and part of the Roman limes.[6] It remained part of the Roman Empire until it was sacked by the Sasanians in 360.[6] Starting in the late 5th century, the mountains around Sinjar became an abode of the Banu Taghlib, an Arab tribe.[7] At the beginning of 6th century, a tribe called Qadišaiē (Kαδίσηνοι), who were of either Kurdish or Arab origin, dwelt there. The Qadišaye practiced idolatry.[6] According to the early Islamic literary sources, Singara had long been a bone of contention between the Sasanian and Byzantine empires and several times switched hands between the two empires.[7] A 6th-century source describes the population of Singara as being composed of Pagans, Christians and Jews.[8] There are few visible traces of the ancient town of Singara.[7]

Islamic era

 
Coin of Qutb al-Din, the Zengid ruler of Sinjar in 1197–1219, with representation of Roman Emperor Caracalla, Sinjar mint 1199.

Sinjar was conquered in the 630s–640s by the Arab Muslims led by the commander Iyad ibn Ghanm and thereafter incorporated into the Diyar Rabi'a district of the Jazira province.[7] In 970, the city was conquered by the Hamdanid dynasty, a branch of the Banu Taghlib tribe.[7] Toward the end of the century, another Arab dynasty, the Uqaylids captured the city and erected a citadel there.[7] Beginning with the rule of the Turkmen atabeg Jikirmish in 1106/07, Sinjar entered its most prosperous historical period lasting through the mid-13th century. The Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din conquered the area in 1169 and 1171; in the latter year, a cadet branch of the Zengids was established in Sinjar under Zengi II (r. 1171–1197), whose court was noted for its high culture.[7] The scholar Ibn Shaddad (d. 1186) noted that Sinjar was protected by a double wall, the first being the original wall built by the Uqaylids and the newer wall built by the local Zengid ruler Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1197–1219).[7] Also noted by Ibn Shaddad were two mosques, six madrasas (schools of Islamic law) for the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, a mashhad (shrine) dedicated to Ali ibn Abi Talib and three khanqas (buildings for Sufi gatherings) and Ibn al-Adim (d. 1262) further notes a zawiya (Sufi lodge).[7] A surviving mosque minaret from this era, remarked on by the 19th-century epigraphist Max van Berchem, contains an inscription crediting Qutb ad-Din as the minaret's builder in 1201.[7]

 
Coin of Qutb al-Din Muhammad bin Zengi, Zengid Atabeg of Sinjar (1197-1219). Sinjar mint. Dated AH 607 (AD 1210-1).

The city came under Ayyubid rule during the reign of Saladin and was controlled by the Ayyubid ruler of the Diyar Bakr district of the Jazira, al-Ashraf Muzaffar al-Din (r. 1210–1220). It later was controlled by the ruler of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu'.[7] The Ilkhanid Mongols destroyed the double wall of Sinjar and the mashhad of Ali in 1262; the mashhad was rebuilt afterward by the Ilkhanid's Persian governor of the area Muhammad al-Yazdi.[7] Ibn al-Adim and al-Dhahabi (d. 1348) list several Islamic scholars who hailed from Sinjar, including the polymath Ibn al-Akfani (d. 1348). The geographer Zakariya al-Qazwini (d. 1283) referred to Sinjar as "little Damascus", noting in particular the similarities of Sinjar's ornate bathhouses with their mosaic-laced floors and walls and octagonal stone pools.[7] During his visit of the city, Ibn Battuta (d. 1369) mentioned that the inhabitants of the city were Kurds, whom he describes as "brave and generous".[9] He also remarked that Sinjar's congregational mosque was encircled by a perennial stream.[7]

The Timurid successors of the Ilkhanids captured Sinjar after a seven-month siege according to oral traditions cited by Evliya Çelebi (d. 1682).[7] The city was later conquered successively by the Turkmen tribes of Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu before being taken by the Safavid dynasty of Iran in 1507/08.[7] During the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555), Sinjar was captured by the Constantinople (Istanbul)-based Ottoman Empire in 1534.[7] The city became the center of its own sanjak (district) within Diyarbekir Eyalet (province of Diyarbakir).[7] It was later reduced to being the administrative center of its own nahiya (subdistrict) of the Mardin Sanjak.[7] Writing in the 17th century, Evliya Çelebi noted that the population of the city of Sinjar was composed of Kurds and Arabs from the Banu Tayy tribe, while the Sinjar Mountains were inhabited by 45,000 Yazidi and Baburi Kurds.[7]

After 1830, the nahiya of Sinjar became part of the Mosul Sanjak.[7] During the 19th century, the Yazidis of the Sinjar Mountains often posed a threat to travelers in the region. The governor Dawud Pasha of Baghdad (in office in 1816–1831) was unable to suppress the Yazidis and the Yazidi revolts of 1850–1864 were ended after the diplomatic efforts of the Ottoman statesman Midhat Pasha enabled the authorities to tax and impose customs in the area.[7]

Modern era

 
The important Chermera temple (meaning '40 Men') is found on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains.
 
Cathedral rising above ruined buildings in the old neighborhood of Sinjar.

In 1974–1975, five neighborhoods in the city of Sinjar were Arabized during a campaign by the Iraqi government of President Saddam Hussein dubbed as a "modernization drive"; the neighborhoods were Bar Barozh, Saraeye, Kalhey, Burj and Barshey, whose inhabitants were relocated to the new towns or elsewhere in Iraq and replaced by Arabs.[10] The majority of the Arabs resettled in the Sinjar Mountains have remained in the region as of 2010.[11]

On 13 August 2009, a suicide bombing killed 21 people and wounded 32 in a cafe in the Kalaa neighborhood of Sinjar.[12] On 14 August 2010, a series of truck bombings by al-Qaeda in Iraq in the towns of Qahtaniya and al-Jazira, both in the Sinjar District, killed 326 Yazidis and injured 530 more.[13]

According to statistical survey of the Sinjar District in 2013, the city of Sinjar had a population of 77,926. The ethnic composition of the city consisted of Kurds, Arabs, Turkmens, and Assyrians and the religious composition consisted of Yazidis, Sunni Muslims, and Christians. There were 23 primary schools, three intermediate schools and seven secondary schools, a hospital, two other health care facilities, three public parks and two sports fields.[14] The town had three churches, a Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Armenian Apostolic Church, all of which were destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[15][16]

Northern Iraq Offensive (2014)

 
Sinjar after the reconquest of the so-called "Islamic State", December 2015

In the course of their second Northern Iraq offensive in August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over large areas of Nineveh province. Following the withdrawal of the Kurdish Peshmerga they captured the city of Sinjar on 3 August. During the following days, IS militants perpetrated the Sinjar massacre, killing 2,000 Yazidi men and taking Yazidi women into slavery, leading to a mass exodus of Yazidi residents. According to a United Nations report, 5,000 Yazidi civilians were killed during ISIL's August offensive. It is also known as the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL. The genocide was enabled partly as a result of the Peshmerga flight from the ISIL offensive, which left the Yazidis defenseless.[17][18][19]

On the night of 20 December 2014, in the course of a first offensive to retake Sinjar from ISIL militants, Kurdish forces pushed into the city.[20] However, the Kurdish advance into Sinjar was stalled, as they faced stiff resistance from ISIL militants inside the southern half of the city.[21]

On 13 November 2015, a day after launching a major second offensive, Kurdish forces and Yazidi militias backed by US airstrikes, entered the city and fully regained its control from ISIL.[22] Following the recapture, in the nearby hamlet of Solagh, east of Sinjar city, Kurdish forces found a mass grave with the remains of at least 78 Yazidi women from Kocho village believed to be executed by ISIL militants.[23][24] Following the recapture of Sinjar, Yazidi groups engaged in revenge looting and burnings targeting Sunni Muslims, as well as reprisal killings.[25][26]

Declaration of autonomy

In August 2017, the Yazidis of Sinjar declared their government autonomous at a press conference.[27] Peshmerga forces withdrew from Sinjar on 17 October 2017, allowing the Iraqi Army and the Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) to enter the town. The control of the town was handed over to the PMU-backed Yazidi group called "Lalesh Brigades" after Peshmerga's withdrawal.[28][29][30][31]

In June 2020, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom accused Turkey that during the Operations Claw-Eagle and Claw-Tiger, Turkey threatened Yazidi families who attempted to return to their homes in the town. Turkey rejected the claims.[32]

In 2021 the Iraqi government called for the local Yazidi protection forces (who had fought ISIS), in Sinjar to withdraw, which was rejected by the Yazidi administration. This has led to international calls for the Iraqi army to de-escalate and withdraw from the region.[33][34][35]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ "PKK Forms New Party in Sinjar". basnews.com. 25 June 2016.
  2. ^ "SINCAR IN THE LAST PERIOD OF OTTOMANS (SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL SITUATION)".
  3. ^ Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Sinjar – ܫܝܓܪ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified 30 June 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/184.
  4. ^ "Iraq: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  5. ^ "Iraq's Yazidis still haunted by Sinjar massacres". France24. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Alexander 1985, p. 27.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Haase 1997, p. 643.
  8. ^ Peeters, Paul (1 January 1926). "La Passion arabe de S. 'Abd al-Masih". Analecta Bollandiana. 44: 270–341. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02188. ISSN 0003-2468.
  9. ^ H.A.R. Gibb (1929). Ibn Battuta Travels In Asia And Africa 1325 To 1354. Public Resource. George Routledge & Sons.
  10. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, pp. 103–104.
  11. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, p. 111.
  12. ^ "On Vulnerable Ground: Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2009. pp. 30, 43. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  13. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, pp. 107–108.
  14. ^ "Emerging Land Tenure Issues among Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar, Iraq: How Chances of Return may be Further Undermined by a Discrimination Policy Dating Back 40 Years" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq. November 2015. p. 34. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Giving Thanks in Front of a Broken Altar in Iraq". Preemptive Love. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  16. ^ Mogelson, Luke. "The Fight for Mosul". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  17. ^ Phillips, David L. (29 November 2018). The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786735768.
  18. ^ Murad, Nadia (7 November 2017). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9781524760458.
  19. ^ "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". The Daily Telegraph. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  20. ^ . DPA International. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Iraqi Kurds Advance Against Islamic State in Sinjar". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  22. ^ "Battle for Sinjar: IS-held town in Iraq 'liberated'". BBC News. 13 November 2015.
  23. ^ Isabel Coles (14 November 2015). "Mass Yazidi grave discovered after Iraq's Sinjar taken from Islamic State". Reuters. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  24. ^ "Mass grave of 'Yazidi women executed by ISIS' found in Iraq". AFP. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  25. ^ "Yazidis burn Muslim homes in Iraq's Sinjar: witnesses". Yahoo News. 15 November 2015.
  26. ^ "Yazidis Get Revenge on ISIS in Sinjar". The Daily Beast. 3 December 2015.
  27. ^ Emo, Salim; Seyid, Mehabad (August 22, 2017). "Êzidî women: Autonomy will bring freedom". ANF News. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  28. ^ Szlanko, Balint (17 October 2017). "Iraq: After losing Kirkuk, Kurdish forces pull out of Sinjar". CTVNews.
  29. ^ Martin Chulov. "Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar". Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  30. ^ Iraqi-backed Yazidi group takes over Sinjar after Kurdish pullout Middle East Eye
  31. ^ Yazidis caught in 'political football' between Baghdad, Iraqi Kurds Reuters
  32. ^ "Turkey rejects US body's accusations on anti-terror ops - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News.
  33. ^ "Once ravaged by IS, Iraq's Sinjar caught in new tug-of-war". www.msn.com.
  34. ^ "Shengal people demonstrate against the elimination campaign". ANF News.
  35. ^ "Iraq's Yazidis warn of ongoing threats from extremists | DW | 26.03.2021". DW.COM.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Mironova, Vera; Hussein, Mohammed (June 5, 2017). "The Struggle Over Sinjar". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.

October 21, 2023
sinjar, this, article, about, iraqi, town, also, refer, eponymous, district, mountains, nearby, plain, arabic, سنجار, romanized, sinjār, kurdish, شنگال, romanized, şingal, syriac, ܫܝܓܪ, romanized, shingar, town, district, nineveh, governorate, northern, iraq, . This article is about the Iraqi town Sinjar may also refer to its eponymous district mountains or nearby plain Sinjar Arabic سنجار romanized Sinjar 2 Kurdish شنگال romanized Singal Syriac ܫܝܓܪ romanized Shingar 3 is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88 023 4 and is predominantly Yazidi 5 Sinjar شنگاڵSingalTownSinjar in 2019SinjarLocation within IraqShow map of IraqSinjarSinjar Near East Show map of Near EastCoordinates 36 19 21 N 41 51 51 E 36 32250 N 41 86417 E 36 32250 41 86417Country IraqGovernorateNinevehDistrictSinjar DistrictGovernment MayorFahad Hamid Omar 1 Elevation522 m 1 713 ft Population 2013 Total88 023Time zoneUTC 3 GMT Contents 1 History 1 1 Antiquity 1 2 Islamic era 2 Modern era 2 1 Northern Iraq Offensive 2014 2 2 Declaration of autonomy 3 Notable people 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further readingHistoryAntiquity nbsp A map of the Jazira Upper Mesopotamia province in the early Islamic eraIn the 2nd century AD Sinjar became a military base called Singara and part of the Roman limes 6 It remained part of the Roman Empire until it was sacked by the Sasanians in 360 6 Starting in the late 5th century the mountains around Sinjar became an abode of the Banu Taghlib an Arab tribe 7 At the beginning of 6th century a tribe called Qadisaie Kadishnoi who were of either Kurdish or Arab origin dwelt there The Qadisaye practiced idolatry 6 According to the early Islamic literary sources Singara had long been a bone of contention between the Sasanian and Byzantine empires and several times switched hands between the two empires 7 A 6th century source describes the population of Singara as being composed of Pagans Christians and Jews 8 There are few visible traces of the ancient town of Singara 7 Islamic era nbsp Coin of Qutb al Din the Zengid ruler of Sinjar in 1197 1219 with representation of Roman Emperor Caracalla Sinjar mint 1199 Sinjar was conquered in the 630s 640s by the Arab Muslims led by the commander Iyad ibn Ghanm and thereafter incorporated into the Diyar Rabi a district of the Jazira province 7 In 970 the city was conquered by the Hamdanid dynasty a branch of the Banu Taghlib tribe 7 Toward the end of the century another Arab dynasty the Uqaylids captured the city and erected a citadel there 7 Beginning with the rule of the Turkmen atabeg Jikirmish in 1106 07 Sinjar entered its most prosperous historical period lasting through the mid 13th century The Zengid ruler Nur ad Din conquered the area in 1169 and 1171 in the latter year a cadet branch of the Zengids was established in Sinjar under Zengi II r 1171 1197 whose court was noted for its high culture 7 The scholar Ibn Shaddad d 1186 noted that Sinjar was protected by a double wall the first being the original wall built by the Uqaylids and the newer wall built by the local Zengid ruler Qutb ad Din Muhammad r 1197 1219 7 Also noted by Ibn Shaddad were two mosques six madrasas schools of Islamic law for the Hanafi and Shafi i schools of jurisprudence a mashhad shrine dedicated to Ali ibn Abi Talib and three khanqas buildings for Sufi gatherings and Ibn al Adim d 1262 further notes a zawiya Sufi lodge 7 A surviving mosque minaret from this era remarked on by the 19th century epigraphist Max van Berchem contains an inscription crediting Qutb ad Din as the minaret s builder in 1201 7 nbsp Coin of Qutb al Din Muhammad bin Zengi Zengid Atabeg of Sinjar 1197 1219 Sinjar mint Dated AH 607 AD 1210 1 The city came under Ayyubid rule during the reign of Saladin and was controlled by the Ayyubid ruler of the Diyar Bakr district of the Jazira al Ashraf Muzaffar al Din r 1210 1220 It later was controlled by the ruler of Mosul Badr al Din Lu lu 7 The Ilkhanid Mongols destroyed the double wall of Sinjar and the mashhad of Ali in 1262 the mashhad was rebuilt afterward by the Ilkhanid s Persian governor of the area Muhammad al Yazdi 7 Ibn al Adim and al Dhahabi d 1348 list several Islamic scholars who hailed from Sinjar including the polymath Ibn al Akfani d 1348 The geographer Zakariya al Qazwini d 1283 referred to Sinjar as little Damascus noting in particular the similarities of Sinjar s ornate bathhouses with their mosaic laced floors and walls and octagonal stone pools 7 During his visit of the city Ibn Battuta d 1369 mentioned that the inhabitants of the city were Kurds whom he describes as brave and generous 9 He also remarked that Sinjar s congregational mosque was encircled by a perennial stream 7 The Timurid successors of the Ilkhanids captured Sinjar after a seven month siege according to oral traditions cited by Evliya Celebi d 1682 7 The city was later conquered successively by the Turkmen tribes of Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu before being taken by the Safavid dynasty of Iran in 1507 08 7 During the Ottoman Safavid War 1532 1555 Sinjar was captured by the Constantinople Istanbul based Ottoman Empire in 1534 7 The city became the center of its own sanjak district within Diyarbekir Eyalet province of Diyarbakir 7 It was later reduced to being the administrative center of its own nahiya subdistrict of the Mardin Sanjak 7 Writing in the 17th century Evliya Celebi noted that the population of the city of Sinjar was composed of Kurds and Arabs from the Banu Tayy tribe while the Sinjar Mountains were inhabited by 45 000 Yazidi and Baburi Kurds 7 After 1830 the nahiya of Sinjar became part of the Mosul Sanjak 7 During the 19th century the Yazidis of the Sinjar Mountains often posed a threat to travelers in the region The governor Dawud Pasha of Baghdad in office in 1816 1831 was unable to suppress the Yazidis and the Yazidi revolts of 1850 1864 were ended after the diplomatic efforts of the Ottoman statesman Midhat Pasha enabled the authorities to tax and impose customs in the area 7 Modern era nbsp The important Chermera temple meaning 40 Men is found on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains nbsp Cathedral rising above ruined buildings in the old neighborhood of Sinjar In 1974 1975 five neighborhoods in the city of Sinjar were Arabized during a campaign by the Iraqi government of President Saddam Hussein dubbed as a modernization drive the neighborhoods were Bar Barozh Saraeye Kalhey Burj and Barshey whose inhabitants were relocated to the new towns or elsewhere in Iraq and replaced by Arabs 10 The majority of the Arabs resettled in the Sinjar Mountains have remained in the region as of 2010 11 On 13 August 2009 a suicide bombing killed 21 people and wounded 32 in a cafe in the Kalaa neighborhood of Sinjar 12 On 14 August 2010 a series of truck bombings by al Qaeda in Iraq in the towns of Qahtaniya and al Jazira both in the Sinjar District killed 326 Yazidis and injured 530 more 13 According to statistical survey of the Sinjar District in 2013 the city of Sinjar had a population of 77 926 The ethnic composition of the city consisted of Kurds Arabs Turkmens and Assyrians and the religious composition consisted of Yazidis Sunni Muslims and Christians There were 23 primary schools three intermediate schools and seven secondary schools a hospital two other health care facilities three public parks and two sports fields 14 The town had three churches a Syriac Orthodox Church Syriac Catholic Church and Armenian Apostolic Church all of which were destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 15 16 Northern Iraq Offensive 2014 nbsp Sinjar after the reconquest of the so called Islamic State December 2015In the course of their second Northern Iraq offensive in August 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL took over large areas of Nineveh province Following the withdrawal of the Kurdish Peshmerga they captured the city of Sinjar on 3 August During the following days IS militants perpetrated the Sinjar massacre killing 2 000 Yazidi men and taking Yazidi women into slavery leading to a mass exodus of Yazidi residents According to a United Nations report 5 000 Yazidi civilians were killed during ISIL s August offensive It is also known as the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL The genocide was enabled partly as a result of the Peshmerga flight from the ISIL offensive which left the Yazidis defenseless 17 18 19 On the night of 20 December 2014 in the course of a first offensive to retake Sinjar from ISIL militants Kurdish forces pushed into the city 20 However the Kurdish advance into Sinjar was stalled as they faced stiff resistance from ISIL militants inside the southern half of the city 21 On 13 November 2015 a day after launching a major second offensive Kurdish forces and Yazidi militias backed by US airstrikes entered the city and fully regained its control from ISIL 22 Following the recapture in the nearby hamlet of Solagh east of Sinjar city Kurdish forces found a mass grave with the remains of at least 78 Yazidi women from Kocho village believed to be executed by ISIL militants 23 24 Following the recapture of Sinjar Yazidi groups engaged in revenge looting and burnings targeting Sunni Muslims as well as reprisal killings 25 26 Declaration of autonomy In August 2017 the Yazidis of Sinjar declared their government autonomous at a press conference 27 Peshmerga forces withdrew from Sinjar on 17 October 2017 allowing the Iraqi Army and the Popular Mobilisation Units PMU to enter the town The control of the town was handed over to the PMU backed Yazidi group called Lalesh Brigades after Peshmerga s withdrawal 28 29 30 31 In June 2020 the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom accused Turkey that during the Operations Claw Eagle and Claw Tiger Turkey threatened Yazidi families who attempted to return to their homes in the town Turkey rejected the claims 32 In 2021 the Iraqi government called for the local Yazidi protection forces who had fought ISIS in Sinjar to withdraw which was rejected by the Yazidi administration This has led to international calls for the Iraqi army to de escalate and withdraw from the region 33 34 35 Notable peopleThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2019 Ahmad Sanjar Sultan of the Seljuk EmpireSee alsoDisputed territories of Northern Iraq Yazidi genocide Military intervention against ISIL American led intervention in Iraq 2014 present List of Yazidi holy places List of Yazidi settlements Assyrians in Iraq Yazidis in IraqReferences PKK Forms New Party in Sinjar basnews com 25 June 2016 SINCAR IN THE LAST PERIOD OF OTTOMANS SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL SITUATION Thomas A Carlson et al Sinjar ܫܝܓܪ in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified 30 June 2014 http syriaca org place 184 Iraq largest cities and towns and statistics of their population World Gazetteer Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 Retrieved 20 June 2014 Iraq s Yazidis still haunted by Sinjar massacres France24 28 June 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2020 a b c Alexander 1985 p 27 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Haase 1997 p 643 Peeters Paul 1 January 1926 La Passion arabe de S Abd al Masih Analecta Bollandiana 44 270 341 doi 10 1484 J ABOL 4 02188 ISSN 0003 2468 H A R Gibb 1929 Ibn Battuta Travels In Asia And Africa 1325 To 1354 Public Resource George Routledge amp Sons Savelzberg Hajo amp Dulz 2010 pp 103 104 Savelzberg Hajo amp Dulz 2010 p 111 On Vulnerable Ground Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province s Disputed Territories PDF Human Rights Watch 2009 pp 30 43 Retrieved 19 December 2019 Savelzberg Hajo amp Dulz 2010 pp 107 108 Emerging Land Tenure Issues among Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar Iraq How Chances of Return may be Further Undermined by a Discrimination Policy Dating Back 40 Years PDF United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq November 2015 p 34 Retrieved 19 December 2019 Giving Thanks in Front of a Broken Altar in Iraq Preemptive Love 23 November 2016 Retrieved 9 June 2020 Mogelson Luke The Fight for Mosul The New Yorker Retrieved 9 June 2020 Phillips David L 29 November 2018 The Great Betrayal How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 9781786735768 Murad Nadia 7 November 2017 The Last Girl My Story of Captivity and My Fight Against the Islamic State Crown Archetype ISBN 9781524760458 Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis UN confirms The Daily Telegraph 14 October 2014 Retrieved 27 October 2015 Iraq s Kurds press offensive against Islamic State in Sinjar DPA International Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 Retrieved 21 December 2014 Iraqi Kurds Advance Against Islamic State in Sinjar The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 21 December 2014 Battle for Sinjar IS held town in Iraq liberated BBC News 13 November 2015 Isabel Coles 14 November 2015 Mass Yazidi grave discovered after Iraq s Sinjar taken from Islamic State Reuters Retrieved 14 November 2015 Mass grave of Yazidi women executed by ISIS found in Iraq AFP 14 November 2015 Retrieved 14 November 2015 Yazidis burn Muslim homes in Iraq s Sinjar witnesses Yahoo News 15 November 2015 Yazidis Get Revenge on ISIS in Sinjar The Daily Beast 3 December 2015 Emo Salim Seyid Mehabad August 22 2017 Ezidi women Autonomy will bring freedom ANF News Retrieved August 22 2017 Szlanko Balint 17 October 2017 Iraq After losing Kirkuk Kurdish forces pull out of Sinjar CTVNews Martin Chulov Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar Retrieved 18 November 2017 Iraqi backed Yazidi group takes over Sinjar after Kurdish pullout Middle East Eye Yazidis caught in political football between Baghdad Iraqi Kurds Reuters Turkey rejects US body s accusations on anti terror ops Turkey News Hurriyet Daily News Once ravaged by IS Iraq s Sinjar caught in new tug of war www msn com Shengal people demonstrate against the elimination campaign ANF News Iraq s Yazidis warn of ongoing threats from extremists DW 26 03 2021 DW COM BibliographyAlexander Paul J 1985 The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition University of California Press pp 27 ISBN 0520049985 Haase C P 1997 Sindjar In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P amp Lecomte G eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume IX San Sze 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill pp 643 644 ISBN 978 90 04 10422 8 Savelzberg Eva Hajo Siamend Dulz Irene July December 2010 Effectively Urbanized Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar Etudes rurales 186 101 116 doi 10 4000 etudesrurales 9253 JSTOR 41403604 Further readingMironova Vera Hussein Mohammed June 5 2017 The Struggle Over Sinjar Foreign Affairs ISSN 0015 7120 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sinjar amp oldid 1173542191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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