Significance of numbers in Judaism

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Various numbers play a significant role in Jewish texts or practice. Some such numbers were used as mnemonics to help remember concepts, while other numbers were considered to have intrinsic significance or allusive meaning.

The song Echad Mi Yodea ("who knows one?"), sung at the Passover Seder, is known for recounting a religious concept or practice associated with each of the first 13 numbers.

In Jewish mysticism

In Jewish mystical study, numbers were believed to be a means for understanding the divine. This marriage between the symbolic and the physical found its pinnacle in the creation of the Tabernacle. The numerical dimensions of the temple are a "microcosm of creation ... that God used to create the Olamot-Universes."^[1]

1

• One is our God, in heaven and on earth - אחד אלוהינו שבשמיים ובארץ

2

• Two are the tablets of the covenant - שני לוחות הברית
• There are two inclinations - good (yetzer hatov) and bad (yetzer hara)

3

• Three are the Fathers (Patriarchs - שלושה אבות (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob)
• The three sons of Noah (Ham, Shem and Japheth)
• Number of aliyot on a non-Yom Tov Monday and Thursday Torah reading and number of aliyot in Shabbat Mincha
• The Holy of Holies occupied one-third of the area of the Temple (and previously, Tabernacle)
• The angels declared that God was "Holy, holy, holy" for a total of three times^[2]
• The Priestly Blessing contains three sections

4

• Four are the Mothers (Matriarchs) - ארבע אימהות (Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah)
• The number of aliyot on Rosh Chodesh
• At the Passover Seder four cups of wine are drunk, and four expressions of redemption are recited
• Both the heavens^[3] and earth^[4] were described as having four sides or corners, similar to the cardinal directions.

5

• Five are the books of the Torah - חמישה חומשי תורה
• Of the Ten Commandments, five were written on each of the two tablets.^[5]
• The sections of the book of Psalms
• The number of knots in the tzitzit
• Number of aliyot on Yom Tov that does not coincide with Shabbat
• Five species of grain

6

• Six are the books of the Mishnah - שישה סידרי משנה
• The six working days of the week
• The six days of Creation

7

• According to a midrash, "All sevens are beloved": There are seven terms for the heavens and seven terms for the earth; Enoch was the seventh generation from Adam; Moses was the seventh generation from Abraham; David was the seventh son in his family; Asa (who called out to God) was the seventh generation of Israelite kings; the seventh day (Shabbat), month (Tishrei), year (shmita) and shmita (jubilee) all have special religious status.^[6]
• The Seven Laws of Noah
• The counting of the Omer consists of seven weeks, each of seven days
• Number of blessings in the Sheva Brachot^[7]
• A woman in niddah following menstruation must count seven "clean days" prior to immersion in the mikvah
• Acts of atonement and purification were accompanied by a sevenfold sprinkling
• The menorah in the Temple had seven lamps
• The shiva mourning period is seven days
• Number of days of Sukkot^[7] and Pesach (Israel)^[7]
• Number of blessings in the Amidah of Shabbat, Yom Tov, and all Musaf prayers (except Rosh Hashanah)
• Number of aliyot on Shabbat^[7]
• There were seven of every pure animal in Noah's Ark
• The number seven is said to symbolize completion, association with God, or the covenant of holiness and sanctification.

8

• Eight are the days of the circumcision - שמונה ימי מילה
• Total number of days of Yom Tov in a year in Israel
• Number of days of Chanukah
• 8 days of sukkos
• Number of days of Pesach (Diaspora)
• According to the Zohar, the number eight signifies new beginnings because the eighth day was the first day after creation when God returned to work; the week began again.^{[citation needed]}

10

• The tenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is the yud (yodh) and linked to the tetragrammaton (YHWH) and to Jews as YHW-dim
• The Ten Commandments
• The ten Plagues of Egypt
• Ten Jewish people form a minyan
• There are ten Sefirot (human and Godly characteristics) depicted in Kabbalah
• According to the Mishna, the world was created by ten divine utterances; ten generations passed between Adam and Noah and between Noah and Abraham; Abraham received ten trials from God; the Israelites received ten trials in the desert; there were ten plagues in Egypt; ten miracles occurred in the Temple; ten apparently supernatural phenomena were created during twilight in the sixth day of creation.^[8] The number ten in this Mishna indicates a large number (e.g. the Mishna declares that Abraham's willingness to undergo ten trials "indicates his love for God").

11

• Eleven are the stars of the Joseph's dream - אחד עשר כוכביא

12

• Twelve are the tribes of Israel - שנים עשר שיבטיא
• Ritual items frequently came in twelves to represent the role of each tribe. The high priest's breastplate (hoshen) had twelve precious stones embedded within them, representing the 12 tribes. Elijah built his altar with 12 stones to represent the tribes,^[9] Moses built 12 pillars at Sinai representing the tribes,^[10] and Joshua erected twelve memorial stones at the Jordan River representing the tribes.^[11]
• "All of God's creations are equal in number to the 12 tribes: 12 astrological signs, 12 months, 12 hours of the day, 12 hours of the night, 12 stones that Aaron [the high priest] would wear."^[12]
• The Temple Mount could be accessed through twelve gates
• Twelve is the age at which a Jewish female becomes bat Mitzvah and is obligated to follow Jewish law (Orthodox tradition)
• There were twelve loaves of show-bread on the shulchan (table) in the Beit Hamikdash
• Sons of Jacob
• Number of springs of water Elim

13

• Thirteen are the attributes of Hashem - שלושה עשר מידיא
• 13 is the numerical value of the word אחד (one) - to be understood as oneness and unity of creation
• 13 is the age at which a Jewish male becomes obligated to follow Jewish law, the age at which a Bar Mitzvah is attained
• Thirteen Attributes of Mercy
• Jewish principles of faith according to Maimonides
• Number of days of Yom Tov in a year (Diaspora)
• Months in a leap year on the Hebrew calendar

14

• The number of steps in the Passover Seder
• The number of books in the Mishnah Torah, also entitled Yad Hahazaka in which the word Yad has gematria 14

15

• One of two numbers that is written differently from the conventions of writing numbers in Hebrew in order to avoid writing the name of God.^[13] The other is 16.
• The number of words in the Priestly Blessing

16

• One of two numbers that is written differently from the conventions of writing numbers in Hebrew in order to avoid writing the name of God. The other is 15.

18

• Gematria of "chai", the Hebrew word for life. Multiples of this number are considered good luck and are often used in gift giving.
• The Amidah is also known as "Shemoneh Esreh" ("Eighteen"), due to originally having 18 blessings, though a 19th blessing was later added

19

• The number of years in a cycle of the Hebrew calendar, after which the date on the lunar calendar matches the date on the solar calendar
• Blessings in the weekday Amidah

20

• Minimum age to join the Israelite army
• In halakhah, the death penalty was only carried out if the offender was at least 20 years old

22

• The number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet
• The number of the almond blossoms on the menorah

24

• Total number of books in the Tanakh
• twenty-four kohanic gifts
• 24,000 people that died in the plague that Pinchas stops^[14]
• 24,000 students of R Akiva that died
• 24 questions that Reish Lakish would ask Rabbi Yochanan^[15]
• 24 blessings recited in the Amidah on fast days

26

• Gematria of the Tetragrammaton

30

• The number of days in some months of the Hebrew calendar

36

• The world is said to be sustained by the merit of 36 hidden righteous individuals

40

• The number of days the spies were in the land of Canaan
• Years in the desert—a generation^[16]
• Days and nights of rain during the flood that occurred at the time of Noah
• Isaac's age at marriage to Rebecca
• Esau's age at marriage to his first two wives
• Number of days Jonah prophesies will pass before Nineveh is destroyed. (They repent)
• A mikveh must contain at least 40 se'ah (volume measurement) of water
• Number of years of the reign of David, Solomon, and the most righteous judges in the book of Judges
• Number of lashes for one who transgresses a commandment
• Number of days which the Torah was given
• Number of weeks a person is formed in their mother's womb
• Number of curses on Adam
• Minimum age at which a man could join the Sanhedrin

42

• Letters in one of God's Divine Names
• 42 cities that refugees (See Cities of Refuge) can go to when they kill accidentally
• There were 42 journeys of the sons of Israel through the desert

50

• The 50th year of the sabbatical cycle was the Jubilee year

54

• The Torah is divided into 54 weekly Torah portions

60

• Is the "venerable / old age [of people]" as Rashi calls it in his comment on Leviticus 27:7

70

• The 70 nations of the world (Generations of Noah)
• Members of the Sanhedrin
• Lifespan of King David
• Years between the destruction of the first and construction of the Second Temple
• Number of date-palms at Elim
• Number of members of Jacob's family who descended to Egypt^[17]
• Number of the Jewish elders led by Moshe^[18]

86

• The gematria of Elohim (אלהים)

130

• The age of Jochebed when she gave birth to her youngest son Moses.^[19]
• The 130 shekels of silver was offered during the dedication of the altar. Jochebed

248

• Number of positive commandments
• Number of limbs (איברים) in man's body

314

• The gematria of the Hebrew word שדי (Shadai) once name of the G-d ^[19]

365

• Length of the solar calendar (which has significance in Judaism)
• Number of prohibitive commandments
• Number of arteries in the body

374

• Total number of years the First Temple stood

613

• The 613 commandments, the number of mitzvot in the Torah

318

• Amount of men Abraham took to battle against the 4 kings

• Gemmatria of Eliezer

400

• The amount of shekalim Abraham paid Ephron (Bereishit 23:15)

• The amount of men with Esav

• Years in Egypt

620

• The total number of mitzvot, including those of Torah and Rabbinic origin.

See also

• Bible code, a purported set of secret messages encoded within the Torah.
• Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
• Chronology of the Bible
• Gematria
• Hebrew calendar
• Hebrew numerals
• Jewish symbolism
• Notarikon, a method of deriving a word by using each of its initial letters.

Notes

1. Kaplan 1990: p. 57
2. Isaiah 6:3
3. Daniel 8:8
4. Isaiah 11:12, etc.
5. Rashi, Numbers 7.23
6. Leviticus Rabbah 29:11
7. Gabriella Samuel, The Kabbalah Handbook: A Concise Encyclopedia of Terms and Concepts in Jewish Mysticism, New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher, 2007. p. 242. ISBN 1-58542-560-5.
8. Pirkei Avot 5:1-6
9. 1 Kings 18:31
10. Exodus 24:4
11. Joshua 4:2–9
12. Midrash Tanhuma, Vayeshev 8
13. Dosick 1995: p. 155
14. Numbers 25:9
15. Talmud Bavli, Bava Metzia 84a
16. Numbers 14:18–35
17. Genesis 46:27
18. Numbers 11:16
19. Rashi (1999–2001). Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg (ed.). Perush Rashi ʻal ha-Torah [Rashi : the Torah with Rashi's commentary] (Student size ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. ISBN 1-57819-325-7. OCLC 50076178.

References

• Kaplan, Rabbi Aryeh (1990). Sutton, Abraham (ed.). Inner Space. Brooklyn, NY: Moznaim. p. 254. ISBN 0-940118-56-4. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
• Ganz, Yaffa (1981). Who Knows One?: A Book of Jewish Numbers. Nanuet, NY: Feldheim Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 0-87306-285-X. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
• Samuel, Gabriella (2007). The Kabbalah Handbook: A Concise Encyclopedia of Terms and Concepts in Jewish Mysticism. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-58542-560-0. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
• Dosick, Wayne (1995). Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition, and Practice. New York: HarperCollins. p. 155. ISBN 0-06-062179-6. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
• Kaplan, Aryeh (1997). Sefer Yetzirah. New York: Weiser Books. p. 424. ISBN 0-87728-855-0. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
• Coleman, Wade (2008). Sepher Sapphires, A Treatise On Gematria The Magical Language. Fraternity of the Hidden Light. ISBN 978-0981897707.
• Rashi, The Sapirstein edition (1999). Book of Shemos, Parashas Mishpatim. p.307. ISBN 978-1-57819-326-4.