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Shia clergy

January 01, 1970

In Shi'a Islam the guidance of clergy (collectively called the ulema) and keeping such a structure holds great importance. There are several branches of Shi'ism, of which Twelver Shi'ism is by far the largest, and each of the branches has different clergy structures. Individual clerics are referred to as mullā or ākhūnd, but since those terms have developed "a somewhat pejorative connotation" since at least the 1980s, the term rūḥānī has been "promoted" as an alternative, "especially by the clerical class itself".[1]

Twelver edit

Main article: Twelver

Usooli school edit

Among the different schools of Twelver Shi'i Islam are Usooli and Akhbari. In the late 18th and early 19th century the Usooli "triumphed" over the Akhbari Twelver.[2]

Usooli Shia argued that "since only someone who has expended the time and effort to become a mujtahid could possibly know all the details of religious observances and law", it was obligatory for "anyone who was not himself a mujtahid to follow the rulings" of one so as to avoid committing religious errors.[3] They believe the 12th Imam, ordered them to follow the scholars (Fuqaha) who: "...guard their soul, protect their religion, and follow the commandments of their master (Allah)..."[4] Consequently, the Usooli Shia community is divided into mujtahid (those who follow their own independent judgement in religious law) and muqallid (those who must follow the rulings of a mujtahid). The practice of following a mujtahid is called taqlid. Because of this, it can be said that clergy in the Usooli Twelver Shi'a have exerted much more authority in their religious community than the Sunni ulema (or Akhbari Shi'i ulema) in theirs.

Also as a consequence of the dominance of Usooli Shi'ism, mujtahid have risen in both importance and number. Up until the mid-19th century there were "three or four" mujtahid "anywhere at any one time"; by the end of the century there were several hundred.[3] Also during the 19th century, improvements in communication technology gave a higher profile to the most eminent mujtahids, as "important or controversial questions" no longer had to be left to local mujtahids. In "this way a small number of eminent mujtahids in Najaf became regarded as being the marja' at-taqlid for a particular area to be referred to "by both "ordinary Shi'is and local mujtahids".[5] As of 2014, there were over 60 recognized Marj in the Shia Muslim world.

In Iran (the largest majority-Twelver Shi'i country) and "to a lesser extent" in other Shi'i communities, "the clerical class [ ulema ] constitutes a fairly distinctive entity".[1]

Shia believe that the study of Islamic literature is a continual process, and is necessary for identifying all of God's laws.[citation needed] They believe that the process of finding God's laws from the available Islamic literature will facilitate dealing with any circumstance. They believe that they can interpret the Qur'an and the Twelver Shi'a traditions with the same authority as their predecessors.[citation needed] This process of ijtihad has provided a means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective.

Education edit

Traditionally (and as of 1985, at least in Iran) education of a member of the ulema (and many other people) began with primary school or maktab. After completing this, those who wanted to be members of the ulama attended madrasa (religious college, "collectively referred to as hawza", plural hawzat)[6] situated in big cities. The most prestigious of them were located in the holy cities of Qum, Mashhad and Najaf. The madrasa course of study has three level:[7]

  1. Muqaddamat (preliminary level) where they would develop a "good grasp" of Arabic language and their teachers would be "senior students and assistants of the principal mujtahids". This level may take ten years or so.[7]
  2. As-Sutuh (the externals) here the teachers are usually recently minted mujtahids "seeking to build up their reputations", students may pick and choose lectures and develop a special interest, but must obtain "a thorough grasp" of the "two principal subjects", fiqh and usul al-fiqh to advance to the next level.[7]
  3. Dars al-Kharij (graduation classes), the students in their mid-twenties, and the teaching done by the principal mujtahids, there are "no set books", and the style of teaching often "dialectical involvement of the audience".[7]

Tuition, room and board is provided for students from charitable contributions, if only at a very spartan level.[8]

Ijaza edit

Unlike in most Western higher education programs (where failure to graduate is usually considered a failure on the part of some combination of the student, school or society), "only a small percentage" of talib who start out in a madrasa complete these courses and receive a ijaza. Instead, the number of talib thins out at each level of promotion, with the drop-outs going on to less demanding and prestigious, but still respected religious roles. Most drop out at some point out of "financial or personal considerations", lack of intellect, and/or lack of perseverance.[1] To be considered for a ijaza (literally "permission, authorisation", i.e. authorisation to exercise ijtihad and thus can be called a mujtihad) a student (talib) must be

a. Maturity
b. Of the male sex
c. Legitimate birth
d. Faith
e. Intelligence
f. Justice (i.e. following Sharia in words and deeds, its obligations and prohibitions).[1]

They must write a treatise on fiqh or usul al-fiqh and be granted the ijaza from a "recognized mujtahid".[9] It is "uncommon" to obtain an ijaza before the age of 30, and "not uncommon" for 40 and 50-year-olds to still be students.

Hierarchy, types of ulama edit

The ulama is much larger than just "recognized" mujtahids (i.e. mujtahids who have a following of Muslims who are prepared to refer to them on matters of Islamic law). Below these are those who drop out of madrasa "consider themselves members of the ulama" although they make their livelihood in some non-religious occupation (merchant, craftsman, etc.). Others are talib who "obviously" did not have the ability to complete the course and become a mujtahid, in the eyes of their mujtihad and are asked by him to take up a position as a

  • teacher for a maktab
  • mullah for a village
  • pīshnamāz (prayer leader)
  • mutawallī (custodian) of a shrine or endowment

by a town that has asked the mujtihad to provide them with one.[1] Other occupations often filled by drop outs -- though they "need not have attended a madrasa" to be one are

  • wāʿiẓ (traveling preacher) or
  • rawḍa-khān (narrator of the tragedy of Hussein at Karbalā).[1]

In addition there are those who earned an ijaza but did not become "recognized", because they lacked the patronage of an eminent mujtahid, the prestige among other students, family connections, or talent for preaching and communicating. These are sometimes called mujtahid muḥtaṭ (mujtahid in abeyance).[1]

The hierarchy of Twelver Shi'i "has been described" as one of "deference", that is the lower ranking ulama will defer to a higher ranking one -- "a locally prominent mujtahid" -- who will defer to an "eminent mujtahid" (marja' al-taqlid) in Najaf, Qum or Mashhad.[3]

  • Ayatollah (sign of God) is a fairly recent term, originating in the 20th century as a title for marja' at-taqlid, but suffering from inflation such that following the 1979 Iranian Revolution it was used "for any established mujtahid".[10]
  • Hujjatu'l-Islam (proof of Islam) originated as a title for certain high-level mujtahids in the 19th century (Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Shafti, Mirza-yi Shirazi); following the 1979 Iranian Revolution it was used for "aspiring mujtahid".[10]

Devaluation trend edit

The title of Ayatollah (and other Iranian Shi'i titles) has been "cheapened" in recent decades.[11][12][13]

According to Michael M. J. Fischer, the Iranian revolution led to "rapid inflation of religious titles", and almost every senior cleric was called an Ayatollah.[14]

The same phenomenon happened to the title Hujjat al-Islam before, which is today a less prestigious title than Ayatollah. However, as of 19th century it was given to people who were not only Mujtahids, but also were the most distinguished clerics of that time.[12] Today there are "tens of thousands" called with that title,[13] who are just aspiring to become a Mujtahid.[12]

This trend led to the invention of a new title called Ayatollah al-Uzma (lit. 'Great Sign of God').[13] In the beginning, about half a dozen people were addressed with the latter title, but as of 2015, the number of people who claimed that title was reportedly over 50.[13]

Historical role in politics and society edit

Modern history edit

The Shia clerics in this period were closely tied with the bazaars that were in turn strongly linked with the artisans and farmers that together formed traditional socioeconomic communities and centers of associational life with Islamic occasions and functions tying them to clerics who interpreted Islamic laws to settle commercial disputes and taxed the well-to-do to provide welfare for devout poorer followers. A succession of prayer meetings and rituals were organized by both clergy and the laity. Bazaars also enjoyed ties with more modern sectors of Iranians society as many Iranian university students were from the merchant class. But since the 1970s, the Shah of Iran aroused the defense and oppositions of the bazaar by attempts at bring under control their autonomous councils and marginalizing the clergy by taking over their educational and welfare activities. This combined with the growing public and clerical dissatisfaction with Shah's secular policies and his reliance on foreign powers, particularly the United States, led to a nationwide revolution, that saw a high-ranking cleric Ayatollah Khomeini and his clerical disciples as its top leadership, that deposed the Pahlavi Shah and founded the Islamic Republic of Iran.[15]

Ismaili edit

The Imamate in Nizārī Ismā'īlī doctrine (Arabic: إمامة) is a concept in Nizari Isma'ilism which defines the political, religious and spiritual dimensions of authority concerning Islamic leadership over the nation of believers. The primary function of the Imamate is to establish an institution between an Imam who is present and living in the world and his following whereby each is granted rights and responsibilities. See also Imamate in Nizari doctrine for further information.

The term Dāʻī al-Mutlaq (Arabic: الداعي المطلق) literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary". In Ismā'īlī Islām, the term dāʻī has been used to refer to important religious leaders other than the hereditary Imāms and the Daʻwa or "Mission" is a clerical-style organization. "The Daʻwa" was a term for the Ismā'īlī faith itself from early on. The Dāʻīs are also called Syednas. See Musta'li and Taiyabi for further information. List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra

Main article: Da'i al-Mutlaq

Contemporary scholars edit

Afghanistan edit

Azerbaijan edit

Bahrain edit

India edit

Iran edit

Iraq edit

Kuwait edit

Lebanon edit

Nigeria edit

Pakistan edit

Saudi Arabia edit

Historical scholars edit

See also: List of Shia Islamic scholars

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.203
  2. ^ Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.127, 204
  3. ^ a b c Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.204
  4. ^ . Shah e Mardan. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  5. ^ Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.205
  6. ^ Qasim Zaman, Muhammad (2010). "11. Epilogue: Competing Conceptions of Religious Education". Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim. Princeton University Press. p. 242. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.200
  8. ^ Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.202-3
  9. ^ Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.202
  10. ^ a b Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, 1985, p.205-6
  11. ^ Algar 1987
  12. ^ a b c Momen 1985, p. 205–206
  13. ^ a b c d Momen 2015, p. 178
  14. ^ Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Harvard University Press]. p. 2016. ISBN 9780674466159.
  15. ^ Skocpol, Teda. "Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution (Chapter 10) - Social Revolutions in the Modern World". Cambridge Core. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

References edit

  • Algar, Hamid (18 August 2011) [15 December 1987]. "ĀyatallāH". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 2. Vol. III (Online ed.). New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 133.
  • Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Harvard University Press]. p. 2016. ISBN 9780674466159.
  • Religion and Politics in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism and Resistance, M. Ismail Marcinkowski (ISBN 9971-77-513-1).
  • Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. New Haven, CT; London, England: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300035314.
  • Momen, Moojan (2015), Shi'I Islam: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 9781780747880

January 01, 1970
shia, clergy, islam, guidance, clergy, collectively, called, ulema, keeping, such, structure, holds, great, importance, there, several, branches, which, twelver, largest, each, branches, different, clergy, structures, individual, clerics, referred, mullā, ākhū. In Shi a Islam the guidance of clergy collectively called the ulema and keeping such a structure holds great importance There are several branches of Shi ism of which Twelver Shi ism is by far the largest and each of the branches has different clergy structures Individual clerics are referred to as mulla or akhund but since those terms have developed a somewhat pejorative connotation since at least the 1980s the term ruḥani has been promoted as an alternative especially by the clerical class itself 1 Contents 1 Twelver 1 1 Usooli school 1 2 Education 1 2 1 Ijaza 1 3 Hierarchy types of ulama 1 4 Devaluation trend 2 Historical role in politics and society 2 1 Modern history 3 Ismaili 4 Contemporary scholars 4 1 Afghanistan 4 2 Azerbaijan 4 3 Bahrain 4 4 India 4 5 Iran 4 6 Iraq 4 7 Kuwait 4 8 Lebanon 4 9 Nigeria 4 10 Pakistan 4 11 Saudi Arabia 4 12 Historical scholars 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesTwelver editMain article Twelver Usooli school edit Among the different schools of Twelver Shi i Islam are Usooli and Akhbari In the late 18th and early 19th century the Usooli triumphed over the Akhbari Twelver 2 Usooli Shia argued that since only someone who has expended the time and effort to become a mujtahid could possibly know all the details of religious observances and law it was obligatory for anyone who was not himself a mujtahid to follow the rulings of one so as to avoid committing religious errors 3 They believe the 12th Imam ordered them to follow the scholars Fuqaha who guard their soul protect their religion and follow the commandments of their master Allah 4 Consequently the Usooli Shia community is divided into mujtahid those who follow their own independent judgement in religious law and muqallid those who must follow the rulings of a mujtahid The practice of following a mujtahid is called taqlid Because of this it can be said that clergy in the Usooli Twelver Shi a have exerted much more authority in their religious community than the Sunni ulema or Akhbari Shi i ulema in theirs Also as a consequence of the dominance of Usooli Shi ism mujtahid have risen in both importance and number Up until the mid 19th century there were three or four mujtahid anywhere at any one time by the end of the century there were several hundred 3 Also during the 19th century improvements in communication technology gave a higher profile to the most eminent mujtahids as important or controversial questions no longer had to be left to local mujtahids In this way a small number of eminent mujtahids in Najaf became regarded as being the marja at taqlidfor a particular area to be referred to by both ordinary Shi is and local mujtahids 5 As of 2014 there were over 60 recognized Marj in the Shia Muslim world In Iran the largest majority Twelver Shi i country and to a lesser extent in other Shi i communities the clerical class ulema constitutes a fairly distinctive entity 1 Shia believe that the study of Islamic literature is a continual process and is necessary for identifying all of God s laws citation needed They believe that the process of finding God s laws from the available Islamic literature will facilitate dealing with any circumstance They believe that they can interpret the Qur an and the Twelver Shi a traditions with the same authority as their predecessors citation needed This process of ijtihad has provided a means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective Education edit Traditionally and as of 1985 at least in Iran education of a member of the ulema and many other people began with primary school or maktab After completing this those who wanted to be members of the ulama attended madrasa religious college collectively referred to as hawza plural hawzat 6 situated in big cities The most prestigious of them were located in the holy cities of Qum Mashhad and Najaf The madrasa course of study has three level 7 Muqaddamat preliminary level where they would develop a good grasp of Arabic language and their teachers would be senior students and assistants of the principal mujtahids This level may take ten years or so 7 As Sutuh the externals here the teachers are usually recently minted mujtahids seeking to build up their reputations students may pick and choose lectures and develop a special interest but must obtain a thorough grasp of the two principal subjects fiqh and usul al fiqh to advance to the next level 7 Dars al Kharij graduation classes the students in their mid twenties and the teaching done by the principal mujtahids there are no set books and the style of teaching often dialectical involvement of the audience 7 Tuition room and board is provided for students from charitable contributions if only at a very spartan level 8 Ijaza edit Unlike in most Western higher education programs where failure to graduate is usually considered a failure on the part of some combination of the student school or society only a small percentage of talib who start out in a madrasa complete these courses and receive a ijaza Instead the number of talib thins out at each level of promotion with the drop outs going on to less demanding and prestigious but still respected religious roles Most drop out at some point out of financial or personal considerations lack of intellect and or lack of perseverance 1 To be considered for a ijaza literally permission authorisation i e authorisation to exercise ijtihad and thus can be called a mujtihad a student talib must be a Maturity b Of the male sex c Legitimate birth d Faith e Intelligence f Justice i e following Sharia in words and deeds its obligations and prohibitions 1 They must write a treatise on fiqh or usul al fiqh and be granted the ijaza from a recognized mujtahid 9 It is uncommon to obtain an ijaza before the age of 30 and not uncommon for 40 and 50 year olds to still be students Hierarchy types of ulama edit The ulama is much larger than just recognized mujtahids i e mujtahids who have a following of Muslims who are prepared to refer to them on matters of Islamic law Below these are those who drop out of madrasa consider themselves members of the ulama although they make their livelihood in some non religious occupation merchant craftsman etc Others are talib who obviously did not have the ability to complete the course and become a mujtahid in the eyes of their mujtihad and are asked by him to take up a position as a teacher for a maktab mullah for a village pishnamaz prayer leader mutawalli custodian of a shrine or endowment by a town that has asked the mujtihad to provide them with one 1 Other occupations often filled by drop outs though they need not have attended a madrasa to be one are waʿiẓ traveling preacher or rawḍa khan narrator of the tragedy of Hussein at Karbala 1 In addition there are those who earned an ijaza but did not become recognized because they lacked the patronage of an eminent mujtahid the prestige among other students family connections or talent for preaching and communicating These are sometimes called mujtahid muḥtaṭ mujtahid in abeyance 1 The hierarchy of Twelver Shi i has been described as one of deference that is the lower ranking ulama will defer to a higher ranking one a locally prominent mujtahid who will defer to an eminent mujtahid marja al taqlid in Najaf Qum or Mashhad 3 Ayatollah sign of God is a fairly recent term originating in the 20th century as a title for marja at taqlid but suffering from inflation such that following the 1979 Iranian Revolution it was used for any established mujtahid 10 Hujjatu l Islam proof of Islam originated as a title for certain high level mujtahids in the 19th century Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Shafti Mirza yi Shirazi following the 1979 Iranian Revolution it was used for aspiring mujtahid 10 Devaluation trend edit The title of Ayatollah and other Iranian Shi i titles has been cheapened in recent decades 11 12 13 According to Michael M J Fischer the Iranian revolution led to rapid inflation of religious titles and almost every senior cleric was called an Ayatollah 14 The same phenomenon happened to the title Hujjat al Islam before which is today a less prestigious title than Ayatollah However as of 19th century it was given to people who were not only Mujtahids but also were the most distinguished clerics of that time 12 Today there are tens of thousands called with that title 13 who are just aspiring to become a Mujtahid 12 This trend led to the invention of a new title called Ayatollah al Uzma lit Great Sign of God 13 In the beginning about half a dozen people were addressed with the latter title but as of 2015 the number of people who claimed that title was reportedly over 50 13 Historical role in politics and society editModern history edit The Shia clerics in this period were closely tied with the bazaars that were in turn strongly linked with the artisans and farmers that together formed traditional socioeconomic communities and centers of associational life with Islamic occasions and functions tying them to clerics who interpreted Islamic laws to settle commercial disputes and taxed the well to do to provide welfare for devout poorer followers A succession of prayer meetings and rituals were organized by both clergy and the laity Bazaars also enjoyed ties with more modern sectors of Iranians society as many Iranian university students were from the merchant class But since the 1970s the Shah of Iran aroused the defense and oppositions of the bazaar by attempts at bring under control their autonomous councils and marginalizing the clergy by taking over their educational and welfare activities This combined with the growing public and clerical dissatisfaction with Shah s secular policies and his reliance on foreign powers particularly the United States led to a nationwide revolution that saw a high ranking cleric Ayatollah Khomeini and his clerical disciples as its top leadership that deposed the Pahlavi Shah and founded the Islamic Republic of Iran 15 Ismaili editThe Imamate in Nizari Isma ili doctrine Arabic إمامة is a concept in Nizari Isma ilism which defines the political religious and spiritual dimensions of authority concerning Islamic leadership over the nation of believers The primary function of the Imamate is to establish an institution between an Imam who is present and living in the world and his following whereby each is granted rights and responsibilities See also Imamate in Nizari doctrine for further information The term Daʻi al Mutlaq Arabic الداعي المطلق literally means the absolute or unrestricted missionary In Isma ili Islam the term daʻi has been used to refer to important religious leaders other than the hereditary Imams and the Daʻwa or Mission is a clerical style organization The Daʻwa was a term for the Isma ili faith itself from early on The Daʻis are also called Syednas See Musta li and Taiyabi for further information List of Dai of Dawoodi BohraMain article Da i al MutlaqContemporary scholars editAfghanistan edit Ali Mohaqiq Nasab Asif Mohseni Muhammad al Fayadh Mohaqiq Kabuli Azerbaijan edit Allahshukur Pashazadeh Bahrain edit Abdul Amir al Jamri Ali Salman Isa Qassim Mohammad al Sannad fa India edit Ali Naqi Naqvi Syed Ali Nasir Saeed Abaqati Aga Syed Yusuf Al Moosavi Al Safavi Syed Aqeel ul Gharavi Ghulam Rasool Noori Syed Hamidul Hasan Hasan Naqvi Syed Kalbe Hussain Kalbe Jawad Mirza Mohammed Athar Aga Syed Mohammad Fazlullah Sheikh Mussa Shariefi Aga Syed Mustafa Moosavi Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi Syed Saif Abbas Naqvi Zeeshan Haider Jawadi Iran edit Abbas Ali Akhtari Abbas Ali Amid Zanjani Abbas Ali Karamatlu fa Abbas Ali Rostami Sani fa Abbas Ali Soleimani Abbas Amirifar Abbas Hosseini Kashani Abbas Ka bi Abbas Mahfouzi Abbas Matin fa Abbas Almohri Mohammad Montazeri Abbas Mousaviyan fa Abbas Tabrizian Abbas Vaez Tabasi Abdul Fattah Nawab Abdul Hadi Hussayni Shahroudi fa Abdul Hamid Khodri fa Abdol Hamid Masoumi Tehrani Abdol Hossein Dastgheib Abdul Hussein Mo ezzi Abdol Javad Alamolhoda Abdul Karim Abidini fa Abdul Karim Farhani Abdolkarim Hasheminejad Abdul Karim Haghshenas Abdul Karim Mousavi Ardebili Seyyed Abdollah Fateminia Abdullah Haji Sadiqi fa Abdullah Hajiani fa Abdullah Hussayni fa Abd al A la al Sabziwari Abdollah Javadi Amoli Abdullah Musawi Shirazi Abdollah Nouri Abdul Mahmoud Abdullahi fa Abdul Majid al Khoei Abdul Mohammad Rastad fa Abdolmoghim Nasehi Abdul Nabi Mousavi Fard Abdul Nabi Namazi Abd al Rahim Aqiqi Bakhshayishi Ayatollah Abdul Rahman Heidari Ilami Abdul Rasoul Mousavi fa Abdul Reza Pourzahabi fa Abdolvahed Mousavi Lari Abu al Fazl Mir Mohammedi fa Seyed Abolfazl Mousavi Tabrizi Abu al Fazl Razavi Ardakani fa Abulhassan Navab Abolghasem Khazali Abu al Qasem ar Abu al Qasim al Khoei Abolghasem Wafi Yazdi Abu al Qasim Yaqoubi fa Ahad Azadikhah fa Ahmad Alamolhoda Ahmad Azari Qomi Ahmad Beheshti Ahmad Hemmati Meshgini fa Ahmad Hussayn Fallahi fa Ahmad Hosseini Khorasani Ahmad Jannati Ahmad Khatami Ahmad Khomeini Ahmad Khonsari Ahmad Marvi Ahmad Mazani Ahmad Moballeghi Ahmad Mohseni Garakani Ahmad Mojtahedi Tehrani Sayyid Ahmad Mousavi fa Ahmad Parvai i Rik fa Ahmad Ghabel Mir Ahmad Reza Hajati Seyyed Ahmad Reza Shahrokhi Ahmad Sabiri Hamedani fa Ahmad Salek Ahmad Vaezi Akbar Ahmadpour fa Akbar Ghaffari Qarabagh fa Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Allah Nour Karimi Tabar fa Ali Ahmadi Mianji fa Ali Akbar al Modarresi Ali Meshkini Ali Akbar Hosseini Ali Akbar Masoudi Khomeini Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur Ali Akbar Kalantari fa Ali Akbar Ghoreishi Ali Akbar Hamidzadeh fa Ali Akbar Mousavi Hussayni fa Ali Akbar Nasseri fa Ali Akbar Nategh Nouri Ali Akbar Rashad Ali al Sabziwari Ali Asghar Baghani fa Seyed Ali Asghar Dastgheib Ali Asghar Hussayni fa Ali Asghar Masoumi Shahroudi fa Ali Asghar Rahimi Azad Ali Asghar Rahmani Khalili Ali Banaei Ali Fallahian Ali Davani Ali Gharavi ar Ali Ghiouri fa Ali Golzadeh Ghafouri Ali Hussayni Ashkevari fa Ali al Sistani Ali Islami fa Ali al Kazemi Momendi fa Ali Khamenei Ali Khatami Zanjan fa Ali Mirkhalili fa Ali Mo alemi fa Ali Mohammad Bozorgvari fa Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi Ali Momenpour fa Ali Nazari Monfard fa Ali Orumian Ali Qazi Askar Ali Qoddusi Ali Razini fa Ali Reza Afqahi fa Alireza Arafi Ali Reza Ebadi fa Ali Reza Islamian fa Alireza Panahian Alireza Qaeminia Alireza Salimi politician Ali Safi Golpaygani Seyyed Ali Shafiei Sheikh Ali Shahrokhi fa Ali Shirazi Ali Tahiri Gorgani fa Ali Zadsar Jirofti fa Amanallah Alimoradi fa Aman Narimani fa Amir Qoli Jafari Borujeni fa Asadollah Bayat Zanjani Assad Allah Imani Asadallah Kian Arasi fa Mir Asadollah Madani Asgar Dirbaz Ataollah Ashrafi Esfahani Azizollah Khoshvaght Dakhil Abbas Zarazadeh Mehrizi fa Davoud Samadi Amoli fa Fakhraddin Hashemi fa Fakhreddin Mousavi Fakhraddin Sabiri fa Fathallah Omid Najafabadi fa Ghiyasaddin Taha Mohammedi fa Gholam Ali Naim Abadi fa Gholam Ali Safai Bushehri Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Gholam Hossein Mohseni Eje i Gholam Hussayn Nadi fa Gholam Reza Fayazi fa Gholamreza Hassani Gholamreza Mesbahi Moghaddam Gholamreza Rezvani Gholam Reza Sultani fa Habibollah Ashouri Habiballah Mehman Navaz fa Habiballah Sha bani Movasaqi fa Habib Boromand Dashghapu Hadi al Modarresi Hadi Barikbin fa Hadi Doust Mohammadi fa Hadi Ghaffari Hadi Khamenei Hadi Khosroshahi Hadi Ghabel Hadi Rohani Hamid Rasai Hamid Shahriari Mirza Hashem Amoli Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani Hashem Hamidi fa Hashem Hashemzadeh Herisi Hashem Hejazifar fa Hashem Hosseini Bushehri Hashem Niazi fa Hassan Abtahi fa Hassan Alemi fa Hassan Alidadi Sulaymani fa Hasanali Morvarid Hasan Ali Nejabat Shirazi Hassan Ameli Hassan Aqa Hussayni Tabataba i fa Hassan Emami Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli Hassan Eslami Ardakani Hassan Khomeini Hassan Malek Mohammadi fa Hassan Mamduhi fa Hassan Namazi Hassan Nowrouzi fa Hassan Rouhani Hassan Sanei Hassan Shariati Niyasar Hassan Shahcheraghi fa Hassan Shuja i Aliabadi fa Hassan Shuja i Kiyasari fa Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi Hassan Taheri Khorramabadi fa Heydar Moslehi Hussein Ali Montazeri Hussayn Ali Sa adi fa Hossein Borujerdi Hossein Ansarian Hussayn Ansari Rad fa Hossein Ayatollahi Hussayn Hashemian fa Hussayn Irani fa Hussayn Jalali fa Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi Hossein Lankarani Hossein Mazaheri Hussayn Mirza i fa Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi Hossein Noori Hamedani Hussayn Rasti Kashani fa Hussayn Sobhani Nia fa Hossein Taeb Hossein Wahid Khorasani Ebrahim Amini Mir Ebrahim Seyyed Hatami Ebrahim Raisi Isa Tarafi fa Ismail Ferdowsipour fa Esmaeil Khatib Seyed Esmaeil Mousavi Zanjani Jafar Karimi Divkola i fa Jafar Sobhani Jafar Shojouni Jalaleddin Taheri Jalal Yahyazadeh Firouzabadi fa Javad Alavi Boroujerdi fa Javad Gharavi Aliari Javad Hussayni Kia fa Javad Khamenei Jawad Tabrizi Javad Mojtahed Shabestari Javad Nikbin fa Kamel Khairkhah fa Karamatallah Emadi fa Karamatollah Malek Hosseini Khalil Boyukzadeh Khalil Mobasher Kashani Seyed Kazem Seyed Bagheri Kazem Mousavi fa Kazem Nourmofidi Kazem Seddiqi Lotfollah Dezhkam Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani Mahmoud Taleghani Mahmoud Alavi Mahmoud Da ai fa Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi Mahmoud Hussayni Dowlatabadi fa Mahmoud Madani Bajestani fa Mahmoud Mar ashi Najafi Mahmoud Mohammedi Araqi fa Mahmoud Nabavian Mahmoud Nourizadeh fa Mahmoud Salavati Mahdi al Modarresi Mahdi Baqiri fa Mahdi Hosseini Rohani Mehdi Karroubi Mahdi Mousavinejad fa Seyed Mehdi Ghoreishi Mehdi Shabzendedar Jahromi Mahdi Sheikh fa Mahdi Yasrebi Kashani fa Majdaddin Ghazi Dezfuli fa Majid Ansari Majid Nasserinejhad fa Majid Nasira i fa Majid Talkhabi fa Mansour Leghaei Masoud Khamenei Ali Younesi Mohammad Aba i Khorasani fa Mohammad Ali Abtahi Mohammad Ali Ale Hashem Mohammad Ali Mokhtar Aminian fa Mohammad Ali Angaji Mohammad Ali Araki Mohammad Ali Ayazi fa Mohammad Ali Faiz Lahijani Gilani fa Mohammad Ali Gerami Qomi Mohammad Ali Hadi Najafabadi fa Mohammad Alavi Gorgani Mohammad Ali Esmaeelpoor Ghomsheie Mohammad Ali Naseri fa Mohammad Ali Nekounam fa Mohammad Ali Mousavi fa Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri Mohammad Ali Movahed Abtahi fa Ali Movahedi Kermani Mohammad Ali Qazi Tabatabaei Mohammad Ali Rahmani Mohammad Ali Reza i fa Mohammad Ali Sadouqi fa Mohammad Ali Shahidi Mohammad Ali Shar ai fa Mohammad Ali Shomali Mohammad Ali Taskhiri Mohammad Amin Khorasani fa Mirza Mohammad Anvari fa Mohammad Ashrafi Isfahani Khozani fa Mohammed Bahrami Khoshkar fa Mohammad Bagher Bagheri Mohammad Baqir Ebadi fa Mohammad Bagher Kharazi Mohammad Baqir Mohammadi La ini fa Mohammad Baqir Movahed Abtahi fa Mohammad Ebadizadeh fa Mohammed Emami Kashani Mohammad Faqih fa Mohammad Fazel Lankarani Mohammad Feyz Sarabi Mohammad Hadi Abdekhodai fa Mohammad Hadi Ghazanfari Khansari Mohammad Hadi Mofatteh Mohammad Hadi Rabbani fa Mohammad Haji Abu al Qasem Doulabi fa Mohammad Hashemian fa Mohammad Hassan Aboutorabi Fard Mohammad Hassan Ahmadi Faqih Mohammad Hassan Jamshidi Ardeshiri fa Mohammad Hassan Mar ashi fa Mohammad Hassan Nabavi fa Mohammad Hassan Ghadrdan Gharamaleki Mohammad Hassan Rahimian Mohammad Hassan Zali fa Mohammad Hussayn Ahmadi Shahroudi fa Mohammad Beheshti Mohammad Hussayn Hussaynzadeh Bahraini fa Mohammad Hussayni Rouhani Qomi fa Mohammad Hussaini Shahroudi Mohammad Hussayni Shahroudi fa Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Zanjani Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai Mohammad Hussayn Zarandi fa Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati Mohammad Ibrahim Nekounam fa Mohammad Ismail Shushtri fa Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani Mohammad Jafari Gilani fa Mohammad Jafar Montazeri Muhammad Jafar Moravej Mohammad Jafar Sadat Mousavi fa Muhammad Javad Haj Ali Akbari Mohammad Javad Bahonar Mohammad Javad Pishvai Mohammad Karim Marouji fa Mohammed Kadhim al Modarresi Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari Mohammad Khamenei Mohammad Khatami Mohammad Mahdi Aftakhari fa Mohammad Mahdi Hussayni Hamedani fa Mohammad Mahdi Mir Baqeri fa Mohammad Mahdi Pourfatimi fa Mohammad Mahdi Rabbani Amlishi fa Mohammad Mahdi Shahrokhi fa Mehdi Tabatabaei Mohammad Mofatteh Mohammad Mo adebpour fa Mohammad Mohad fa Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani Mohammad Momen Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha Mohammad Mofti al shia Mousavi Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari Mohammad Naqi Lotfi fa Mohammad Naqi Shahrokhi Khorramabadi fa Nasser Biria Mohammad Qomi Mohammad Rahmati Sirjani Mohammad Rajaei Baghsiai fa Mohammad Reyshahri Mohammad Razavi Yazdi fa Mohammad Reza Abbasi Fard fa Mohammad Reza Amiri Kohnuj fa Mohammad Reza Ashtiani Araghi Mohammad Reza Baqiri Bonabi fa Mohammad Reza Dowlatabadi fa Mohammad Reza Faker fa Mohammad Reza Golpaygani Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani Mohammad Reza Meghari Moruji fa Mohammad Reza Mirtajodini Mohammad Reza Modarresi Yazdi Mohammad Reza Naseri Yazdi Mohammad Reza Nekoonam Mohammed Ridha al Sistani Mohammad Reza Tavassoli Mohammad Reza Za iri fa Mohammad Rouhani Qomi fa Mohammad Sabzi fa Mohammad Sadat Ibrahimi fa Mohammad Sa id Mahdavi Kani fa Mohammad Sadiq Mohiaddin Haeri Shirazi fa Sadegh Khalkhali Mohammad Sadeq Rouhani Mohammad Sadegh Salehimanesh Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani Mohammad Sadoughi Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi Mohammad Safari Molkmian fa Mohammad Shahcheraghi Mohammad Shahi Arablu fa Mohammad Taher Shubayr al Khaqani Mohammad Taqi al Modarresi Mohammad Taqi al Khoei Mohammad Taqi Bahjat Foumani Mohammad Taghi Falsafi Mohammad Taqi Ja fari Mohammad Taghi Khalaji Mohammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi Mohammad Taqi Mohassil Hamadani fa Mohammed Taqi Morvarid Mohammad Taqi Naqd Ali fa Mohammad Taghi Pourmohammadi Mohammad Taqi Rahbar fa Mohammad Taqi Shoushtari Mohammad Taghi Vaezi Mohammad Waezzadeh Khorasani fa Mohammad Vaez Mousavi Mohammad Yasrebi fa Mohammad Yazdi Seyyed Mohammad Ziaabadi Mohiaddin Fazl Harandi fa Mohsen Araki Mohsen Faqihi Mohsen Heidari Alekasir Mohsen Kazeroni fa Mohsen Kharazi Mohsen Koochebaghi Tabrizi Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari Mohsin Qara ati Mohsen Qomi Mohsen Rohami Mohsen Sa idi Golpaygani fa Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Mojtaba Mo adpour fa Mujtaba Musavi Lari Mojtaba Tehrani Mojtaba Zonnour Mokhtar Waziri fa Morteza Aghatehrani Morteza Fahim Kermani fa Morteza Mati ayi fa Morteza Moghtadai Morteza Motahhari Morteza Mousavi fa Morteza Razavi fa Morteza Sadouqi Mazandarani Morteza Salehi Khvansari fa Mousa Ahmadi fa Mousa Ghazanfarabadi fa Mousa Mousavi fa Mousa Qorbani Mousa Shubairi Zanjani Mostafa Boroujerdi Mustafa Fargh Dezfuli fa Mostafa Khamenei Mostafa Khomeini Mustafa Mohami fa Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad Mostafa Mousavi Faraz Mostafa Pourmohammadi Mustafa Tabataba inejhad fa Mustafa Ulama fa Mustafa Zu al Qadir fa Moslem Malakouti Motahar Kazimi fa Nasir Hosseini Nasrollah Pejmanfar Nasrallah Shah Abadi Naser Makarem Shirazi Seyed Naser Mousavi Largani Nasser Mousavi fa Nasser Qawami fa Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi Nourallah Tabresi fa Qasem Ravanbakhsh Mir Ghesmat Mosavi Asl Ghodratollah Alikhani Qodratallah Najafi fa Qodratallah Nazari Nia fa Ghorbanali Dorri Najafabadi Qorban Ali Qandahari fa Rahim Tavakol fa Rasoul Fallahati Gilani fa Rasul Jafarian Rasoul Montajabnia Reza Akrami fa Seyed Reza Bahaadini Reza Hosseini Nassab Reza Mohammadi Langroudi Reza Nouri Reza Ostadi Reza Ramezani Gilani Reza Taqvi fa Ruhollah Beigi Ruhollah Hosseinian Ruhollah Khatami Ruhollah Khomeini Ruhallah Sadr al Sadati fa Sabir Jabbari fa Sadeq Larijani Sadiq Tabataba inejhad fa Saied Reza Ameli Seyed Sajjad Izdehi Salman Zakir fa Shahab al Din Ishraqi fa Shahab ud Din Mar ashi Najafi Shams al Din Mohammad Mujatahidi Najafi fa Sharaf al Din Malek Hussayni fa Sirajaddin Mousavi fa Taha Hashemi fa Taher Ahmadzadeh Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi Teymour Ali Asgari fa Wahid Ahmadi fa Yadollah Duzduzani Yahya Ansari Shirazi fa Yahya Nouri Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari Younis Mousavi Sarcheshmeh fa Yousef Madani Tabrizi Yousef Saanei Yousef Tabatabai Nejad Zakrallah Ahmadi fa Zaynolabideen Ghorbani Iraq edit Abbas Modaresi Yazdi Abdul Aziz al Hakim Abd al Hadi al Fadli Abdul Mahdi al Karbalai Abdul Satar al Bahadli Abu al Hassan al Gharifi ar Ahmed Al Waeli Ahmad Hassani Baghdadi Akram al Kaabi Al Sayyed Riyadh Al Hakeem Ali al Hakim Ali al Milani Ali Hassani Baghdadi Allaedin Ghoraifi Ammar al Hakim Baqir al Irawani Baqir Sharif al Qurashi ar Fadhil al Milani Fazel Maleki Hamid Rashid Ma aleh ar Hassan al Qazwini Hassan al Shirazi Husham Al Husainy Hussein Al Sadr Hussein al Shirazi Iyad Jamal Al Din Jafar al Hakim Jalal al Din Ali al Saghir Jawad al Khalesi ar Kamal al Haydari Kazem al Haeri Mohammad al Sadr Muhammad Ali al Hakim Mohammad Ali Shirazi Mohammad Ali Tabatabaei Hassani Mohammad Baqir al Hakim Mohammad Baqir al Sadr Mohammad Hadi al Milani Mohammad Ebrahim Ansari Mohammed Kadhim al Qazwini Muhammad Saeed al Hakim Mohammad al Shirazi Mohammad Taher Khaqani Mohammad Taqi al Mawla ar Mohammad Yaqoobi Muhsin al Hakim Mujtaba al Shirazi Murtadha al Qazwini Murtadha al Shirazi Moustafa Al Qazwini Qais Khazali Qasem Taei Sadiq al Shirazi Saleh Taei Shamsodin Vaezi Kuwait edit Muhammad Baqir al Muhri Yasser Al Habib Lebanon edit Abbas al Musawi Abdel Karim Obeid Ali Al Kourani Hashim Safi Al Din Hassan Nasrallah Hossein Korani Ameli Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine Mohammad Yazbek Musa al Sadr Naim Qassem Ragheb Harb Subhi al Tufayli Nigeria edit Ibrahim Zakzaky Qasim Umar Sokoto Pakistan edit Syed Ali Raza Rizvi Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi Qumi Arif Hussain Hussaini Allama Rasheed Turabi Allama Aqeel Turabi Bashir Hussain Najafi Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosavi Hafiz Riaz Hussain Najafi Hassan Raza Ghadeeri Allama Hassan Turabi Jawad Naqvi Muhammad Hussain Najafi Muhammad Latif Ansari Nasir al Din Nasir Hunzai Syed Safdar Hussain Najafi Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi Talib Jauhari Zeeshan Haider Jawadi Saudi Arabia edit Nimr al Nimr Historical scholars edit See also List of Shia Islamic scholarsSee also editAkhoond Hawza Imamzadeh Ulama List of ayatollahs Lists of marajiNotes edit a b c d e f g Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 203 Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 127 204 a b c Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 204 The Importance of Ijtihad and Taqlid Shah e Mardan Archived from the original on 17 December 2012 Retrieved 26 February 2014 Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 205 Qasim Zaman Muhammad 2010 11 Epilogue Competing Conceptions of Religious Education Schooling Islam The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Princeton University Press p 242 Retrieved 4 September 2023 a b c d Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 200 Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 202 3 Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 202 a b Momen An Introduction to Shi i Islam 1985 p 205 6 Algar 1987 a b c Momen 1985 p 205 206harvnb error no target CITEREFMomen1985 help a b c d Momen 2015 p 178 Fischer Michael M J 1980 Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution Harvard University Press p 2016 ISBN 9780674466159 Skocpol Teda Rentier state and Shi a Islam in the Iranian Revolution Chapter 10 Social Revolutions in the Modern World Cambridge Core Retrieved 2017 06 24 References editAlgar Hamid 18 August 2011 15 December 1987 AyatallaH In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Fasc 2 Vol III Online ed New York NY Bibliotheca Persica Press p 133 Fischer Michael M J 1980 Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution Harvard University Press p 2016 ISBN 9780674466159 Religion and Politics in Iraq Shiite Clerics between Quietism and Resistance M Ismail Marcinkowski ISBN 9971 77 513 1 Momen Moojan 1985 An Introduction to Shi i Islam New Haven CT London England Yale University Press ISBN 0300035314 Momen Moojan 2015 Shi I Islam A Beginner s Guide Oneworld Publications ISBN 9781780747880 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shia clergy amp oldid 1226890724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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