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Musta'li Ismailism

January 17, 2024

The Musta‘lī (Arabic: مستعلي) are a branch of Isma'ilism named for their acceptance of al-Musta'li as the legitimate nineteenth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir Billah. In contrast, the Nizari—the other living branch of Ismailism, presently led by Aga Khan IV—believe the nineteenth caliph was al-Musta'li's elder brother, Nizar. Isma'ilism is a branch of Shia Islam.

The Musta'li originated in Fatimid-ruled Egypt, later moved its religious center to Yemen, and gained a foothold in 11th-century Western India through missionaries.

The Tayyibi and the Hafizi edit

Historically, there was a distinction between the Tayyibi and the Hafizi Musta'lis, the former recognizing at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim as the legitimate heir of the Imamate after al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah and the latter following al-Hafiz, who was enthroned as caliph. The Hafizi view lost all support following the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate: current-day Musta'lis are all Tayyibi.

Most Musta'li are Bohras, and the largest Bohra group is the Dawoodi Bohra, who are primarily found in India. The name Bohra is a reinterpretation of the Gujarati word vahaurau "to trade". The Bohra comprise two principal groups: a chiefly merchant class Shi'i majority and a Sunni Bohra minority who are mainly peasant farmers.

Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community. After his passing in 2014, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin succeeded him and serves as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of The Dawoodi Bohra community.

History edit

According to Musta'lī tradition, after the death of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, his infant son, At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, about two years old, was protected by Arwa al-Sulayhi who died in 1138, wife of the chief Fatimid Da'i of Yemen. She had been promoted to the post of Hujjat al-Islam long before by al-Mustansir Billah when her husband died and ran the Fatimid dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim. During her leadership At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into occultation so she instituted the office of Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office and the line of Tayyibi Da'is that began in 1132 has passed from one Da'i to another up to the present day. Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam Al-Mustansir Billah. She appointed the Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Isma'ili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH))[1][2] were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan, India.[3][4]

Branches edit

  • There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India. In the fifteenth century, there was schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Musta'li Isma'ili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of the Mughal governor of Gujarat.
  • In 1592, a leadership struggle caused the Ṭayyibi Ismailis to split. Following the death of the 26th Dai in 1591 CE, Sulayman bin Hassan, the grandson of the 24th Dai, was wali in Yemen and claimed the succession, supported by a few Bohras from Yemen and India. However, most Bohras denied his claim of nass, declaring that the supporting document evidence was forged. The two factions separated, with the followers of Suleman Bin Hasan becoming the Sulaymanis named after Sulayman ibn Hassan and mainly located in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and the followers of Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah becoming the Dawoodi Bohra. Dawoodi Bohra, found mostly in the Indian subcontinent.
  • A split in 1637 from the Dawoodi Bohra resulted in the Alavi Bohra.
  • The Hebtiahs Bohra are a branch of Musta'li Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754.
  • The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Musta'ali Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches:
  • The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Musta'li Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic and social issues.
  • Taher Fakhruddin is a claimant to the title of Dai al-Mutlaq since 2016. In 2014 following the death of Mohammed Burhanuddin, there was a succession dispute over who became the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq. This dispute has not been resolved and Dr. Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin has been claimed as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq.


 
Note: Kaysani's Imam Hanafiyyah is descendant of Ali from Ali's wife Khawlah

Musta'li Imams edit

According to Musta'li belief, the line of Imams, descendants of Ali and hereditary successors to Muhammad in his role of legitimate leader of the community of Muslim believers, follows:

  1. Hasan ibn Ali 625–670 (imam 660–670)
  2. Husayn ibn Ali 626–680 (imam 670–680 )
  3. Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidinm 659–712 (imam 680–712)
  4. Muhammad al-Baqir 676–743 (imam 712–743)
  5. Ja'far al-Sadiq 702–765 (imam 743–765)
  6. Isma'il ibn Ja'far 719/722–775 (imam 765–775)
  7. Muhammad ibn Isma'il 740–813 (imam 775–813)
  8. Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi) 766–829 (imam 813–829)
  9. Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi) 790–840 (imam 829–840)
  10. Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah) (imam 840–909)
  11. Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (909–934)
  12. al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah (934–946)
  13. al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (946–953)
  14. al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (953–975)
  15. al-Aziz Billah (975–996)
  16. al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021)
  17. al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1036)
  18. al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1094)
  19. al-Musta'li Billah (1094–1101)
  20. al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (1101–1130)
  21. at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130–1132)

Imams one through five are well-known historical figures in the early history of Islam who are also revered by Twelvers. The Imams numbered 11–21 are the Imam-Caliphs that ruled the Fatimid Caliphate.

The imams from Muhammad ibn Isma'il onward were occulted by the Musta'li; their names as listed by Dawoodi Bohra religious books are listed above.[5]

Followers of the Musta'li Imams also recite the names of these imams in Dua-e Taqarrub[clarification needed] after Salah daily. This tradition is reported to have come from the imams of the Ahl al-Bayt The prayer is as follows in English:

O Allah send blessings upon Muhammad and his progeny. O Allah I seek nearness to you not only with your help but also with the good wishes of Prophet Muhammad, the chosen one, Ali al Murtadha, the source of Imamah and the successor of the prophet, and lady Fatimah az-Zahra, the daughter of the prophet, and Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain, the grandsons the Prophet and the masters of the youth of paradise, and the descendants of Imam Hussain from Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin, Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja'far al-Sadiq,..(so on as listed above).., al-Amir and Imam At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim.

O Allah indeed I seek nearness to you by my reference to all of them since I love them and keep away from their enemies. O Allah make me steadfast in following their examples and include me in their company on the day of judgement. Bestown honour upon me and success in this world and the hereafter since I am their follower.

I bear witness and sincerely believe that they will undoubtedly lead me unto you. May your blessings be upon them all.[citation needed]

The Musta'li consider their imam and Dais as infallible and sinless, and divinely chosen perpetuators of the true form of Islam. Their Dais are keeping the tradition which was instituted by Arwa al-Sulayhi, wife of the Fatimid Da'i of Yemen, who was instructed and prepared by al-Mustansir and the subsequent Imams for the second period of Occultation. However, in the Musta'li branch, the Dai came to have a similar but more important task. The term Da'i al-Mutlaq (Arabic: الداعي المطلق) literally means "the absolute or unrestricted missionary". This da'i was the only source of the Imām's knowledge after the occultation of al-Qasim in Musta'li thought.[citation needed]

Their ancestors and descendants according to Ismā'īlī-Mustā'lī Imāmah doctrine edit

See also: Imāmah and Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)

Da'is edit

See also: List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra

Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah from the time of Imam Mustansir. She appointed Dai in Yemen to run religious affair. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH))[1][2] were sent to India in that time. According to Fatimid tradition, after the death of Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah, Arwa al-Sulayhi instituted the Da'i al-Mutlaq in place of Dai to run the independent dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam Taiyab. The Dais are appointed one after other in the same philosophy of nass (nomination by predecessor) as done by earlier imams. It is believed that God's representative cannot die before appointing his true successor. This is being followed from the time of 3rd Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the strong army of Yazid also could not think of killing him, although they did not spare even a child of six months, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn.

On the similar belief, the Musta'li think and their Da'i claim, that one day their Imam Tayyib's heir will again reappear as Imam (as happened with the eleventh Imam, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, who appeared after period of 150 years since the sixth Imam).

Under the fifteenth Imam, Al-Aziz Billah, the fifth Fatimid caliph, religious tolerance was given great importance. As a small Shi'i group ruling over a majority Sunni population with a Christian minority also, the Fatimid caliphs were careful to respect the sentiments of people. One of the viziers of Imam Aziz was Christian, and high offices were held by both Shia and Sunnis. Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than on heredity.[6]

Al-Aziz Billah rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo near Fustat and encouraged public theological debate between the chief Fatimid qadi and the bishops of Oriental Orthodoxy in the interest of ecumenism.[6]

Profession of faith edit

As is the case with the majority of the Shia, Ismailis conclude the Shahada with ʿAliyun waliyu l-Lah ("Ali is the successor of God"). Musta'lis recite the following shahada:

ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā l-Lāh,
waʾašhadu ʾan Muḥammadun ʿabduhun warasūlu l-Lāh;
ʾanna mawlāna ʿAliyun waṣiyuhu wawazīruhu;
I bear witness that there is no god but God,
and I bear witness that Mohammad is God's servant and His Messenger
and Ali is his successor and minister.[citation needed]

The first part of this shahada is common to all Muslims and is the fundamental declaration of tawhid. The wording of the last phrase is specific to the Musta'li.

The second phrase describes the principle of Prophecy in Shia Islam.

The third phrase describes the Musta'li theological position of the role of Ali.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Enthoven, R. E. (1922). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. ISBN 81-206-0630-2.
  2. ^ a b The Bohras, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, p.109,101
  3. ^ [1], Mullahs on the Mainframe.., By Jonah Blank, p.139
  4. ^ The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines By Farhad Daftary; p.299
  5. ^ http://www.ismaili.net/Source/0910.ht[permanent dead link] Quarterly Journal of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Vol. XXI. Nos. 1 2 Edited by MAHMUD GHUL HIDDEN IMAMS OF THE ISMAILIS
  6. ^ a b Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, page 29, By Jonah Blank

Further reading edit

  • The Dawoodi Bohras: an anthropological perspective, by Shibani Roy. Published by B. R. Publishing, 1984.
  • Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, by Jonah Blank. University of Chicago Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-226-05676-0.Excerpts
  • A Short History of the Ismailis, by Farhad Daftary
  • The Ismaili, Their History and Doctrine, by Farhad Daftary
  • Medieval Islamic Civilisation, by Joseph W. Meri, Jere l. Bacharach
  • Sayyida Hurra: The Isma‘ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen, by Dr Farhad Daftary
  • Cosmology and authority in medieval Ismailism, by Simonetta Calderini
  • Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period, by M. J. L. Young, John Derek Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant

External links edit

  • Dawoodi Bohras (operated by Mufaddal Saifuddin faction)
  • Dawoodi Bohras (operated by Khuzaima Qutbuddin/Taher Fakhruddin faction)
  • History of Ismailis
  • The post-Fatimid period

January 17, 2024
musta, ismailism, musta, arabic, مستعلي, branch, isma, ilism, named, their, acceptance, musta, legitimate, nineteenth, fatimid, caliph, legitimate, successor, father, mustansir, billah, contrast, nizari, other, living, branch, ismailism, presently, khan, belie. The Musta li Arabic مستعلي are a branch of Isma ilism named for their acceptance of al Musta li as the legitimate nineteenth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father al Mustansir Billah In contrast the Nizari the other living branch of Ismailism presently led by Aga Khan IV believe the nineteenth caliph was al Musta li s elder brother Nizar Isma ilism is a branch of Shia Islam The Musta li originated in Fatimid ruled Egypt later moved its religious center to Yemen and gained a foothold in 11th century Western India through missionaries Contents 1 The Tayyibi and the Hafizi 2 History 2 1 Branches 3 Musta li Imams 3 1 Their ancestors and descendants according to Isma ili Musta li Imamah doctrine 3 2 Da is 3 3 Profession of faith 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksThe Tayyibi and the Hafizi editHistorically there was a distinction between the Tayyibi and the Hafizi Musta lis the former recognizing at Tayyib Abu l Qasim as the legitimate heir of the Imamate after al Amir bi Ahkam Allah and the latter following al Hafiz who was enthroned as caliph The Hafizi view lost all support following the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate current day Musta lis are all Tayyibi Most Musta li are Bohras and the largest Bohra group is the Dawoodi Bohra who are primarily found in India The name Bohra is a reinterpretation of the Gujarati word vahaurau to trade The Bohra comprise two principal groups a chiefly merchant class Shi i majority and a Sunni Bohra minority who are mainly peasant farmers Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was the 52nd Da i al Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community After his passing in 2014 Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin succeeded him and serves as the 53rd Da i al Mutlaq of The Dawoodi Bohra community vteThe Musta li Nizari and Hafizi Tayyibi schisms in the lines of succession of the Isma ili imamateal Mustansir bi llah r 1036 1094 Abu l Qasim Muhammadal Musta li bi llah r 1094 1101 Abu Mansur Nizaral Hafiz li Din Allah r 1132 1149 al Amir bi Ahkam Allah r 1101 1130 al TayyibHafizi imam caliphsTayyibi hidden imamsNizari imams denotes ruling Fatimid caliphs with regnal dates Source Daftary Farhad 2007 The Ismaʿi li s Their History and Doctrines Second ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 508 ISBN 978 0 521 61636 2 History editAccording to Musta li tradition after the death of al Amir bi Ahkam Allah his infant son At Tayyib Abu l Qasim about two years old was protected by Arwa al Sulayhi who died in 1138 wife of the chief Fatimid Da i of Yemen She had been promoted to the post of Hujjat al Islam long before by al Mustansir Billah when her husband died and ran the Fatimid dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam At Tayyib Abu l Qasim During her leadership At Tayyib Abu l Qasim went into occultation so she instituted the office of Da i al Mutlaq Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office and the line of Tayyibi Da is that began in 1132 has passed from one Da i to another up to the present day Arwa al Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam Al Mustansir Billah She appointed the Da i in Yemen to run religious affairs Isma ili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah in about 1067 AD 460 AH 1 2 were also sent to India in that time They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan India 3 4 Branches edit There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India In the fifteenth century there was schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Musta li Isma ili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of the Mughal governor of Gujarat In 1592 a leadership struggle caused the Ṭayyibi Ismailis to split Following the death of the 26th Dai in 1591 CE Sulayman bin Hassan the grandson of the 24th Dai was wali in Yemen and claimed the succession supported by a few Bohras from Yemen and India However most Bohras denied his claim of nass declaring that the supporting document evidence was forged The two factions separated with the followers of Suleman Bin Hasan becoming the Sulaymanis named after Sulayman ibn Hassan and mainly located in Yemen and Saudi Arabia and the followers of Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah becoming the Dawoodi Bohra Dawoodi Bohra found mostly in the Indian subcontinent A split in 1637 from the Dawoodi Bohra resulted in the Alavi Bohra The Hebtiahs Bohra are a branch of Musta li Isma ili Shi a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da i al Mutlaq in 1754 The Atba e Malak community are a branch of Musta ali Isma ili Shi a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da i al Mutlaq under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840 They have further split into two more branches Atba e Malak Badar The current leader is Maulana Muhammad Amiruddin Malak Saheb Atba e Malak Vakil Their current leader is Tayyebhai Razzak The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Musta li Ismai li Shi a Islam that broke off circa 1977 They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra as led by the Da i al Mutlaq on doctrinal economic and social issues Taher Fakhruddin is a claimant to the title of Dai al Mutlaq since 2016 In 2014 following the death of Mohammed Burhanuddin there was a succession dispute over who became the 53rd Da i al Mutlaq This dispute has not been resolved and Dr Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin has been claimed as the 53rd Da i al Mutlaq nbsp Note Kaysani s Imam Hanafiyyah is descendant of Ali from Ali s wife KhawlahMusta li Imams editAccording to Musta li belief the line of Imams descendants of Ali and hereditary successors to Muhammad in his role of legitimate leader of the community of Muslim believers follows Hasan ibn Ali 625 670 imam 660 670 Husayn ibn Ali 626 680 imam 670 680 Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al Abidinm 659 712 imam 680 712 Muhammad al Baqir 676 743 imam 712 743 Ja far al Sadiq 702 765 imam 743 765 Isma il ibn Ja far 719 722 775 imam 765 775 Muhammad ibn Isma il 740 813 imam 775 813 Abadullah ibn Muhammad Ahmad al Wafi 766 829 imam 813 829 Ahmad ibn Abadullah Muhammad at Taqi 790 840 imam 829 840 Husayn ibn Ahmad Radi Abdullah imam 840 909 Abdallah al Mahdi Billah 909 934 al Qa im bi Amr Allah 934 946 al Mansur bi Nasr Allah 946 953 al Mu izz li Din Allah 953 975 al Aziz Billah 975 996 al Hakim bi Amr Allah 996 1021 al Zahir li i zaz Din Allah 1021 1036 al Mustansir Billah 1036 1094 al Musta li Billah 1094 1101 al Amir bi Ahkam Allah 1101 1130 at Tayyib Abu l Qasim 1130 1132 Imams one through five are well known historical figures in the early history of Islam who are also revered by Twelvers The Imams numbered 11 21 are the Imam Caliphs that ruled the Fatimid Caliphate The imams from Muhammad ibn Isma il onward were occulted by the Musta li their names as listed by Dawoodi Bohra religious books are listed above 5 Followers of the Musta li Imams also recite the names of these imams in Dua e Taqarrub clarification needed after Salah daily This tradition is reported to have come from the imams of the Ahl al Bayt The prayer is as follows in English O Allah send blessings upon Muhammad and his progeny O Allah I seek nearness to you not only with your help but also with the good wishes of Prophet Muhammad the chosen one Ali al Murtadha the source of Imamah and the successor of the prophet and lady Fatimah az Zahra the daughter of the prophet and Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain the grandsons the Prophet and the masters of the youth of paradise and the descendants of Imam Hussain from Imam Ali Zayn al Abidin Muhammad al Baqir Ja far al Sadiq so on as listed above al Amir and Imam At Tayyib Abi l Qasim O Allah indeed I seek nearness to you by my reference to all of them since I love them and keep away from their enemies O Allah make me steadfast in following their examples and include me in their company on the day of judgement Bestown honour upon me and success in this world and the hereafter since I am their follower I bear witness and sincerely believe that they will undoubtedly lead me unto you May your blessings be upon them all citation needed The Musta li consider their imam and Dais as infallible and sinless and divinely chosen perpetuators of the true form of Islam Their Dais are keeping the tradition which was instituted by Arwa al Sulayhi wife of the Fatimid Da i of Yemen who was instructed and prepared by al Mustansir and the subsequent Imams for the second period of Occultation However in the Musta li branch the Dai came to have a similar but more important task The term Da i al Mutlaq Arabic الداعي المطلق literally means the absolute or unrestricted missionary This da i was the only source of the Imam s knowledge after the occultation of al Qasim in Musta li thought citation needed Their ancestors and descendants according to Isma ili Musta li Imamah doctrine edit See also Imamah and Imamah Ismaili doctrine Jaʿfar al Sadiq Imamah Shi a Fatima bint al Hussain l Athrambin al Ḥasan bin AliAl Aftah Aftahiyyah Isma il Isma il iyyah MuhammadMuhammedAl WafiAt TaqiAr RaḍiMahdi BillahFatimids Ismailism Al Qa imAl MansurAl Mu izzAl AzizAl HakimAl ZahirAl MustansirNizar al Muṣṭafa Nizariyyah MuhammadAl Musta li Musta liyyah Al AmirAlamut Castle Hassasin Al Hafiz Ḥafiziyyah Aṭ Ṭayyib Ṭayyibiyyah Al ZafirYussufNizari ImamahAl Fa izTayyibi Da ĩsAl AḍidNizari IsmailismDawoodi Da ĩsDa is edit See also List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra Arwa al Sulayhi was the Hujjah from the time of Imam Mustansir She appointed Dai in Yemen to run religious affair Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah in about 1067 AD 460 AH 1 2 were sent to India in that time According to Fatimid tradition after the death of Al Amir bi Ahkami l Lah Arwa al Sulayhi instituted the Da i al Mutlaq in place of Dai to run the independent dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam Taiyab The Dais are appointed one after other in the same philosophy of nass nomination by predecessor as done by earlier imams It is believed that God s representative cannot die before appointing his true successor This is being followed from the time of 3rd Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al Abidin the strong army of Yazid also could not think of killing him although they did not spare even a child of six months Ali al Asghar ibn Husayn On the similar belief the Musta li think and their Da i claim that one day their Imam Tayyib s heir will again reappear as Imam as happened with the eleventh Imam Abdallah al Mahdi Billah who appeared after period of 150 years since the sixth Imam Under the fifteenth Imam Al Aziz Billah the fifth Fatimid caliph religious tolerance was given great importance As a small Shi i group ruling over a majority Sunni population with a Christian minority also the Fatimid caliphs were careful to respect the sentiments of people One of the viziers of Imam Aziz was Christian and high offices were held by both Shia and Sunnis Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than on heredity 6 Al Aziz Billah rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo near Fustat and encouraged public theological debate between the chief Fatimid qadi and the bishops of Oriental Orthodoxy in the interest of ecumenism 6 Profession of faith edit As is the case with the majority of the Shia Ismailis conclude the Shahada with ʿAliyun waliyu l Lah Ali is the successor of God Musta lis recite the following shahada ʾashadu ʾan la ʾilaha ʾilla l Lah waʾashadu ʾan Muḥammadun ʿabduhun warasulu l Lah ʾanna mawlana ʿAliyun waṣiyuhu wawaziruhu I bear witness that there is no god but God and I bear witness that Mohammad is God s servant and His Messengerand Ali is his successor and minister citation needed The first part of this shahada is common to all Muslims and is the fundamental declaration of tawhid The wording of the last phrase is specific to the Musta li The second phrase describes the principle of Prophecy in Shia Islam The third phrase describes the Musta li theological position of the role of Ali nbsp Photo of the qibla of al Mustansir Billah in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo showing the Shahada nbsp Photo of the Shahada at Bab al Futuh Fatimid CairoReferences edit a b Enthoven R E 1922 The Tribes and Castes of Bombay Vol 1 Asian Educational Services p 199 ISBN 81 206 0630 2 a b The Bohras By Asgharali Engineer Vikas Pub House p 109 101 1 Mullahs on the Mainframe By Jonah Blank p 139 The Isma ilis Their History and Doctrines By Farhad Daftary p 299 http www ismaili net Source 0910 ht permanent dead link Quarterly Journal of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Vol XXI Nos 1 2 Edited by MAHMUD GHUL HIDDEN IMAMS OF THE ISMAILIS a b Mullahs on the mainframe Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras page 29 By Jonah BlankFurther reading editThe Dawoodi Bohras an anthropological perspective by Shibani Roy Published by B R Publishing 1984 Mullahs on the mainframe Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras by Jonah Blank University of Chicago Press 2001 ISBN 978 0 226 05676 0 Excerpts A Short History of the Ismailis by Farhad Daftary The Ismaili Their History and Doctrine by Farhad Daftary Medieval Islamic Civilisation by Joseph W Meri Jere l Bacharach Sayyida Hurra The Isma ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen by Dr Farhad Daftary Cosmology and authority in medieval Ismailism by Simonetta Calderini Religion learning and science in the ʻAbbasid period by M J L Young John Derek Latham Robert Bertram SerjeantExternal links editDawoodi Bohras operated by Mufaddal Saifuddin faction Official website of Alavi Bohras Dawoodi Bohras operated by Khuzaima Qutbuddin Taher Fakhruddin faction History of Ismailis The post Fatimid period Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Musta 27li Ismailism amp oldid 1189142082, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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