Shengbao
The currency of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (traditional Chinese: 聖寶; simplified Chinese: 圣宝; pinyin: Shèngbǎo; lit. 'Holy treasure')[1] consisted of Chinese cash coins and paper money,[2] although the rarity of surviving Taiping paper money suggests that not much was produced. The first cash coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were issued in the year 1853 in the capital of Tianjing (present day Nanjing). The cash coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom should not be confused with the Taiping Tongbao (太平通寳) which was issued during the Northern Song dynasty between the years 976 and 997,[3] or with any other contemporary rebel coinage that also bear this inscription.[4]
Most cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were made from bronze with a smaller quantity being made from either iron or lead. Taiping rebellion cash coins made from either gold or silver are also known to exist but are extremely rare.[5][6] The reason why the Shengbao tend to be very diverse is because the central government of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had allowed local power-holders within their realm to produce their own cash coins within their jurisdiction.
History edit
In 1850 the Taiping Rebellion was started by the head of the God worshippers Hong Xiuquan who founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, this rebellion lasted until 1864.[7] Despite its brief existence the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is known to have cast a number of different cash coins and varieties of them the denominations of all Shengbao notably weren't written down on the cash coins and had to be deduced by weight which made it an inconvenience for the people, some varieties of Shengbao are extremely rare such as a variant of the Taiping Shengbao with the inscription written as "太平聖宝" (using the simplified Chinese character "宝") instead of the more conventional "太平聖寶". However, as Taiping rebellion era cash coins are very popular with coin collectors there are many fakes. There are also many "fantasy" cash coins (杜撰), fraudulent "copies" of coins that never actually existed.[8]
Although very little documentation exists about the coinage manufactured by the Taiping rebels, it is known that in June 1853 the occupying Taiping rebels ordered copper workers in Tianjing with the skills to cast coins to open new furnaces for the production of cash coins with the inscription Tianguo Shengbao that were reported to be "the size of foreign coins" (Mexican pesos), these coins were reported to be of very poor workmanship and their production was quickly discontinued and although no coins fitting this description are extant it is known that Taiping rebels in other areas and provinces did cast coinage.[9] The treasury of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was initially operated by village pawnbrokers, as was the custom in the rural areas of China at that time.
Cash coins with the inscription Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯) on the obverse and the Chinese characters Shengbao (聖寶) on the reverse are known to have been cast with inscriptions written in "Song period-style script" (方體宋子), regular script (楷書), and Yinqiwen (隱起文), the latter of which refers to a type of Chinese cash coin which de to their manufacturing process have characters that display an unevenness in the height of the strokes of the Hanzi characters which cause some strokes to rise a bit higher than others. Among the rares varieties of Shengbao cash coins include a Tianguo Taiping (天囯太平) cash coin which has its inscription written in "Song period-style script" with the Shengbao (聖寶) characters on the reverse side of the coin written in a vertical position which is referred to as zhí dú (直讀) or a "2 wén-sized" (折二) Tianguo Shengbao (天囯聖寶) cash coin with the characters Taiping (太平) written in a vertical manner on its reverse side.[8]
Among the more common types of Shengbao are three types of cash coins, one was a Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯) written in regular script which had the characters Shengbao (聖寶) on their reverse and were issued in the denominations 1 wén (which were known as "Xiaoping", 小平, and weighed 3 grams), 5 wén (5 grams), 10 wén (8 grams), 50 wén (12 grams), and 100 wén (31 grams). These coins typically have wide rims which were excellently polished and were based on the Xianfeng era coinage produced at the Suzhou mint. The second type of common Shengbao originate from Hengyang, Hunan and are heavier than the first type but generally have a lower amount of copper in their alloy, their inscriptions are written in Song period-style script, have less accurately polished rims, and were issued in denominations of 1 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, and 100 wén. The third type was also Hunanese in origin and bore the same inscription as the aforementioned coins written in regular script but the words Shengbao (聖寶) were written horizontally from right-to-left around the square center hole on the reverse, the Chinese characters of these cash coins were not protruding from the surface as high as those of the other types of Shengbao. These coins were issued in the denominations of 1 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, and 100 wén.[10]
List of cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom edit
The following cash coins are known to have been cast by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom:[11][8]
| Obverse inscription (Romanised) | Reverse inscription (Romanised) | Denomination | Years of production | Catalogue numbers | Obverse image | Reverse image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongbao (通寳) cash coins. | ||||||
| 天囯 (Tianguo) | 通寳 (Tongbao)[a] | 10 wén | 1853–1855 | Hartill #23.1 | ||
| 天囯 (Tianguo) | 通寳 (Tongbao)[b] | 10 wén | 1853–1855 | Hartill #23.2 | ||
| 天囯 (Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao)[c] | 10 wén | 1853–1855 | Hartill #23.3 | ||
| 天囯 (Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao)[d] | 10 wén | 1853–1855 | Hartill #23.4, FD #2685, Schjøth #1608 | ||
| 天囯 (Tianguo)[e] | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 10 wén | 1853–1855 | Hartill #23.5 | ||
| Written in Song style. "Guo" (囯) square. | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo)[f] | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.6 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo)[g] | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 5 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.7, FD #2673 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 10 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.8, FD #2676 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 50 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.9, FD #2689 | ||
| Written in Regular script. "Guo" (囯) oblong. | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo)[h] | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1860–1862 | Hartill #23.10, FD #2669, Schjøth #1605 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 5 wén | 1860–1862 | Hartill #23.11, FD #2672 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 10 wén | 1860–1862 | Hartill #23.12, FD #2674 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 50 wén | 1860–1862 | Hartill #23.13, FD #2688 | ||
| Faint characters, seven stroke bei (貝).[i] | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.14 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 5 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.15 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 10 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.16, FD #2675 | ||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 50 wén | 1856–1860 | Hartill #23.17 | ||
| Six stroke bei (貝), left foot of bei (貝) curved. | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.18 | ||
| Small characters | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.19, Schjøth #1606 | ||
| Large characters | ||||||
| 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) | 聖寳 (Shengbao) | 1 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.20, FD #2670 | ||
| Others | ||||||
| 天囯聖寳 (Tianguo Shengbao)[j] | 太平 (Taiping) | 1 wén | 1858–1864 | Hartill #23.21 | ||
| 天囯聖寳 (Tianguo Shengbao) | 太平 (Taiping) | 5 wén | 1850s | Hartill #23.22 | ||
| 天囯聖寳 (Tianguo Shengbao)[k] | 太平 (Taiping) | 1 wén | 1850s | Hartill #23.23 | ||
| 太平聖寳 (Taiping Shengbao)[l] | 天囯 (Tianguo) | 1 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.24, Schjøth #1604, FD #2668 | ||
| 太平聖寳 (Taiping Shengbao)[m] | 天囯 (Tianguo) | 1 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.25 | ||
| 太平聖寳 (Taiping Shengbao)[n] | 天囯 (Tianguo) | 5 wén | 1861–1864 | Hartill #23.26 | ||
| 太平 (Taiping) | 聖寶 (Shengbao) | 1860s | ||||
Vault protector coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom edit
During the later part of the Taiping Rebellion, the government of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom cast a small number of vault protector coins with the inscription Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯), these cash coins were notably 7.6 centimeters in diameter and were also very thick.[12][13] The reverse sides of these vault protector coins contained the characters Shengbao (聖寶, "holy treasure").[12] In his book "Coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" (太平天國錢幣), Chinese numismatist Ma Dingxiang (馬定祥) notes that the vault protector coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were manufactured in Hangzhou, Hunan, and Suzhou.[12] There are only 5 or 6 of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom-made vault protector coins known to exist and these coins all tend to display some very slight differences between them.[12]
A specimen that was previously in the collection of Ma Dingxiang and sold at auction held in the year 2011 for an amount of $111,286 (RMB 690,000).[12]
Surviving specimens edit
During the Great Leap Forward, Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong had encouraged every Chinese commune and urban neighbourhood to build their own backyard steel furnaces; this policy was proclaimed in the party's five-year plan in order to further accelerate China's economic and industrial development.[5] In the villages "scrap iron" was to be collected for building these furnaces; this "scrap iron" was often collected from usable iron utensils and other iron tools.[5] In one Chinese village a technician collecting the iron to build the local furnace received a string of between ten and twenty Taiping Heavenly Kingdom iron cash coins to be melted down to make the furnace; the technician thought that destroying these cash coins would be "a waste" and hid them in his pocket and secretly brought them to his house.[5] Later these iron cash coins passed down to his descendants.[5]
Numismatics and research edit
According to a 2009 article in the numismatic journal Anhui Numismatics (安徽钱币) by Wen Su (文甦), the second edition of the "Ancient Chinese Coin Catalogue" (中国近代货币史) edited by Hua Guangpu (华光普) contained information about the cash coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.[14] According to the catalogue, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom cast lead cash coins, iron cash coins, copper-alloy cash coins, silver cash coins, and gold cash coins.[14] Of the 12 types of lead cash coins reported to have been cast only a single type has survived.[14] The book only contains descriptions of the lead cash coins cast by the kingdom and doesn't contain any illustrations.[14]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Closed head tong (通).
- ^ Square head tong (通).
- ^ The bottom of the sheng (聖) is written with a long middle stroke, like "壬".
- ^ The bottom of the sheng (聖) is written with a short middle stroke, like "王".
- ^ "Tian" (天) written in a compressed style. Often found in Nanjing.
- ^ There are degenerate examples of this type.
- ^ Narrow rims.
- ^ Found in the Jiangsu area.
- ^ Ma and Ma attribute this type to the Hengyang Mint in southern Hunan.
- ^ Associated with the Hangzhou area.
- ^ Different style "Bao" (寳).
- ^ Seven stroke bei (貝).
- ^ Six stroke bei (貝).
- ^ Seven stroke bei (貝).
Catalogue numbers edit
- Hartill = Cast Chinese Coins by David Hartill. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. September 22, 2005. ISBN 978-1412054669.
- FD = Fisher's Ding (丁), George A. Fisher's copy of Ding Fubao's (丁福保) original work catalogue, 1980, 251 pages.
- Schjøth = "Chinese Currency, Currency of the Far East – A Comprehensive Text Chou Dynasty, 1122 B.C.–255 B.C. Through Ch'ing Dynasty 1644 A.D.–1911 A.D." by Fredrik Schjøth and Virgil Hancock, Oslow, Norway, 1929.
- Hartill-Qing = Qing Cash (清代貨幣) by David Hartill, Royal Numismatic Society (2003).
- Krause = C.L. Krause and C. Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, Krause Publications, 1979.
References edit
- ^ TaipingRebellion.com 太平天囯 Tai Ping Tian Guo - Coins of the Taiping. Retrieved: 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace". The Currency Collector. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - THE CH'ING DYNASTY § Tai Ping Rebels". by Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery - Chinese Cast Coins). 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ Hartill 2005, p. 429.
- ^ a b c d e "Taiping Rebellion Coins Saved from Furnace". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 1 June 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- ^ The “Chutian City News” (楚天都市报). - Grandfather Saved Iron Coins from the Taiping Rebellion. Published: 5 May 2011. Retrieved: 1 June 2011. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
- ^ Chinese Numismatics in Research - Taiping Tien Kuo - The Peasant Insurrectionary army Coinage by Y.K. Leung. Retrieved: 30 August 2018.
- ^ a b c "Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ Hartill 2005, p. 425.
- ^ "Qing Period Money". By Ulrich Theobald (Chinaknowledge - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ Hartill 2005, p. 425-428.
- ^ a b c d e "Vault Protector Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ 徐州旅行社 (7 May 2014). "瞻园（太平天国历史博物馆）" (in Chinese (China)). 0516tx News. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d Wen Su (文甦) - Lead Taiping Heavenly Kingdom cash coins (铅质太平天国钱) - "Anhui Numismatics" 2009 No. 2 (《安徽钱币》2009年 第2期: 37-37页 共2页).
Sources edit
- Hartill, David (2005). Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5466-9.