National anthem of Ukraine
The national and state anthem of Ukraine is known by: its official edition's first line "Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia", Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля,[9][2] Ukrainian pronunciation: [ʃt͡ʃɛ ne ˈwmɛrɫɑ ukrɑˈjinɪ i ˈsɫɑʋɑ i ˈʋɔlʲɐ], lit. 'Ukraine's glory and freedom/will[1] have not yet perished'; its original title "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina", Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла Україна,[10] Ukrainian pronunciation: [ʃt͡ʃɛ ne ˈwmɛrɫɑ ukrɑˈjinɑ], lit. 'Ukraine has not yet perished'; and its official designation of the State anthem of Ukraine,[11] Ukrainian: Державний гімн України, Derzhavnyi himn Ukrainy. It is one of the state symbols of the country.
| English: Ukraine's glory and freedom/will[1] have not yet perished | |
|---|---|
| Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля[2] | |
National anthem of Ukraine | |
| Also known as | Ukrainian: Ще не вмерла Україна[7] (English: Ukraine has not yet perished) |
| Lyrics | Pavlo Chubynskyi, 1862 |
| Music | Mykhailo Verbytskyi, 1863 |
| Adopted | 15 January 1992 (music)[8] 6 March 2003 (lyrics)[9] |
| Preceded by | Anthem of Ukrainian SSR |
| Audio sample | |
Performance by the United States Navy Band
| |
The lyrics constitute a slightly modified version of the first verse and chorus of the patriotic song "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina", written in 1862 by Pavlo Chubynskyi, a prominent ethnographer from Kyiv. In 1863, Mykhailo Verbytskyi, a Ukrainian composer and Greek Catholic priest, composed music to accompany Chubynskyi's lyrics. The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.[12]
In the first half of the 20th century, during unsuccessful attempts to gain independence and create a state from the territories of the Russian Empire, Poland, and Austria-Hungary, the song was the national anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, and Carpatho-Ukraine. A competition was held for a national anthem following Ukraine's secession from the Soviet Union, with one of the songs being "Za Ukrainu" (lit. 'For Ukraine') by the Ukrainian writer and actor Mykola Voronyi. "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was officially adopted by Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada (parliament) on 15 January 1992.[8] The official lyrics were adopted on 6 March 2003 by the Law on the State anthem of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Закон «Про Державний гімн України»).[9]
History edit
Background edit
The Ukrainian national anthem can be traced back to one of the parties of the Ukrainian ethnographer Pavlo Chubynskyi that occurred during the autumn of 1862. Scholars think that the Polish national song "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła" (lit. 'Poland is not yet lost'), which dates back to 1797 and later became the national anthem of Poland and the Polish Legions, also influenced Chubynskyi's lyrics.[14][15][16] "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła" was popular among the nations of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were at that time fighting for their independence; the January Uprising started a few months after Chubynskyi wrote his lyrics.[17] According to a memoirist who was present, Chubynskyi wrote the lyrics spontaneously after listening to Serbian students singing Svetozar Miletić's "Srpska pesma" (lit. 'Serbian song')[18] during a gathering of Serbian and Ukrainian students in a Kyiv apartment.[19]
Chubynskyi's words were rapidly taken up by the earliest Ukrainophiles. In 1862, the head gendarme, Prince Vasily Dolgorukov, exiled Chubynskyi to Arkhangelsk Governorate for the "dangerous influence on the minds of commoners".[20]
The poem was first officially published in 1863 when it appeared in the fourth issue of the Lviv journal Meta;[21][22] the journal mistakenly attributed the poem to Taras Shevchenko.[23] It became popular in the territories that now form part of Western Ukraine, and came to the attention of a member of the Ukrainian clergy, Mykhailo Verbytskyi of the Greek Catholic Church. Inspired by Chubynskyi's lyrics, Verbytskyi, then a prominent composer in Ukraine, decided to set it to music.[24] The lyrics were first published with Verbytskyi's sheet music in 1865.[25] The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.[12]
One of the first recordings of this anthem (then spelled "Szcze ne wmerła Ukrajiny ni sława, ni wola") in Ukrainian was released on a gramophone record by Columbia Phonograph Company during World War I in 1916.[26] As a folk song it was performed by a Ukrainian emigrant from Lviv and New York resident Mykhailo Zazuliak in 1915.[27]
Early use edit
"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was not used as a state anthem until 1917 when it was adopted by the Ukrainian People's Republic.[28][29] Still, even between 1917 and 1921, the song was not legislatively adopted as an exclusive state anthem as other anthems were also used at the time.
During the Soviet period edit
In 1922, the Ukrainian SSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR with the Russian SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, and Byelorussian SSR, which created the Soviet Union. Following the signing of the treaty, "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was banned by the Soviet regime.[citation needed] The authorities later decided that each separate Soviet republic could have its anthem, but "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was rejected in an attempt to help to suppress separatist sentiments held by Ukrainian Nationalists. In 1939, "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was adopted as the official state anthem of Carpatho-Ukraine.[30]
After Joseph Stalin ordered The Internationale to be replaced with a new Soviet anthem in 1944, the other republics of the union were expected to produce their own as well. The Ukrainian government established a commission on the anthem on 23 February 1944.[31] Soviet authorities, after a period of struggle, successfully persuaded public intellectuals to create an anthem with lyrics fitting their political interests and music sterile of any Ukrainian national elements.[32] On 23 February, the Ukrainian chairman Mykhailo Hrechukha started a meeting by reading a synopsis of the anthem-to-be in front of musicians and litterateurs: the Ukrainian nation's union with the Soviets were envisaged for the first stanza; the Ukrainian people, their struggles, and "freedom" under Lenin and Stalin were envisaged for the second stanza; Ukraine's economic and political "flourishing" in the union were envisaged for the third stanza. The refrain was conceived to be used after each stanza, which was considered as a paean to the union of the Soviet peoples and the reunited Ukraine following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.[33]
Composers worked on the score before the decision on the lyrics; by February 1945, 11 composers were selected as finalists.[34] Anton Lebedynets' score won with an overwhelming majority vote,[35] and the score was adopted as the music of the new Soviet anthem in November 1949.[36] Earlier in January 1948, the lyrics of Pavlo Tychyna and co-author Mykola Bazhan won; due to plagiarism of his text, Oleksa Novytskyi demanded to be listed as a co-author, but to no avail.[37] On 21 November 1949, the new anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted.[29] Borys Yarovynskyi edited and reorchestrated the anthem in 1979.[38]
Post-independence edit
On 15 January 1992, "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was adopted by Ukraine's parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, as the state anthem[12] and was later instituted in the Ukrainian constitution. However, the lyrics for the anthem were not officially adopted until 6 March 2003, when the Verkhovna Rada passed a law on the state anthem of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Закон «Про Державний гімн України»), proposed by then-president Leonid Kuchma. The law proposed Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music and Pavlo Chubynskyi's first stanza and refrain of his poem "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina". However, the first line of the lyrics was to be changed from "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina, i slava, i volia" to "Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia".[a] The law was passed with an overwhelming majority of 334 votes out of 450, with only 46 MPs opposing. Only the members of the Socialist Party of Ukraine and the Communist Party of Ukraine refrained from voting. The national anthem that up until then had only officially consisted of Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music, would henceforth also include the modified lyrics of Pavlo Chubynskyi.
The popularity of the Ukrainian anthem has become particularly high in the wake of the Orange Revolution protests of 2004 and Euromaidan of 2013. Ukrainian composer Valentyn Sylvestrov, who participated in Ukrainian protests in Kyiv, characterized the Ukrainian anthem thus:[40]
The Ukrainian anthem is amazing. At first it doesn't impress you at all, but that's only at first glance. Indeed, this anthem was created by Mykhailo Verbytskyi, a clerical composer of the mid-19th century. He lived under the Austrian monarchy and probably was fond of Schubert; he had a euphonic gift — it's clear from his liturgical compositions. He was a church composer. And this patriotic song, he created as a church composer. This chant is a Hallelujah. No other anthem has this! It's a unique piece: the anthem of Ukraine, which at the same time has all the characteristic features of a liturgy's beginning. Some memory of a liturgy, of an all-night vigil, has submerged in this anthem. It seems as if the wind blows in this simple chant, as if tree branches are singing.
Since Euromaidan edit
During the Euromaidan protests of 2013, the anthem became a revolutionary song for the protesters. In the early weeks of the protests, they sang the national anthem once an hour, led by singer Ruslana.[41] In World Affairs, Nadia Diuk argues that the national anthem was used as "the clarion call of the 'revolution'" during Euromaidan, which added weight to protests that previous ones, such as the Orange Revolution, lacked.[42] In a 2014 survey, after being asked "How has your attitude toward the following changed for the last year?", the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that the attitude towards the Ukrainian national anthem had "improved a lot" in 25.3% of Ukrainians.[43]
In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, many orchestras in Europe and North America performed the anthem in solidarity with Ukraine and its people.[44] Sporting events in Europe and North America have also performed the anthem to show solidarity as well.
Lyrics edit
"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" reminds Ukrainians about their struggle for national self-identity and independence.[45] It was sung as the de facto national anthem at the inauguration of the first President Leonid Kravchuk on 5 December 1991, but it was not until 6 March 2003 that Chubynskyi's lyrics officially became a part of Ukraine's national anthem. The Constitution of Ukraine designated Verbytskyi's music for the national anthem on 28 June 1996:[11]
The State Anthem of Ukraine is the national anthem set to the music of M. Verbytskyi, with words that are confirmed by the law adopted by no less than two-thirds of the constitutional composition of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.
— Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine
On 6 March 2003, the Verkhovna Rada officially adopted the anthem's lyrics,[9] opting to use only the first stanza and refrain from Chubynskyi's original poem, while slightly modifying the first stanza. Instead of stating "Ukraine has not yet died, as hasn't its glory and its freedom/will[1]", the opening line now states "Ukraine's glory and freedom/will have not yet died".
Official edition edit
| Ukrainian original[9] Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля, Душу й тіло ми положим за нашу свободу, | English translation Ukraine's glory and freedom/will[1] have not yet perished, Soul and body shall we lay down for our freedom,
|
| IPA transcription[b] ʃt͡ʃɛ ne ˈwmɛrɫɑ ukrɑˈjinɪ i sɫɑʋɑ i ˈʋɔlʲɐ ˈduʃu‿i̯ ˈtʲiɫɔ mɪ pɔˈɫɔʒɪm zɑ nɑʃu sʋɔˈbɔdu | Latin transcription[c] Šče ne vmerla Ukrajiny i slava, i volja, Dušu j tilo my položym za našu svobodu,
|
Full modern lyrics edit
The first verse and chorus of these lyrics constitute a more popular (commonly performed) version of the anthem. Differences from the official edition are italicized.
| Ukrainian original[46][47] Ще не вмерла України ні слава, ні воля, Приспів: Станем, браття, в бій кривавий від Сяну до Дону, А завзяття, праця щира[d] свого ще докаже, Приспів. | English translation Ukraine's freedom has not yet perished, nor freedom, nor glory Chorus: Brothers, stand together in a bloody fight, from the Sian to the Don Our persistence and our sincere toils will be rewarded, Chorus. |
Original lyrics edit
| Ukrainian original (modern orthography)[21] Ще не вмерла України, і слава, і воля! Приспів: Наливайко, Залізняк і Тарас Трясило Ой Богдане, Богдане, славний наш гетьмане! Наші браття слав’яне вже за зброю взялись; Приспів. | English translation Ukraine has not yet died, neither her glory nor her freedom. Chorus: Nalyvaiko, Zalizniak, and Taras Triasylo Oh Bohdan, Bohdan, our great hetman Our Slavic brothers already took up arms Chorus. |
Adaptations edit
The song "Slava Ukraini!", written as a "song of resistance" during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, is inspired by the opening motif of the Ukrainian national anthem.[48]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ There were attempts for attaining new lyrics through a commission sponsoring several contests as the Ukrainian government did not adopt Chubynskyi's lyrics due to them being considered outdated. The unsuccessful results have continued the association of the anthem with Chubynskyi's lyrics.[39]
- ^ See Help:IPA and Ukrainian phonology.
- ^ "Scientific" transliteration used.
- ^ As a variant: щира праця.
References edit
- ^ a b c d The original word has both the meanings.
- ^ a b УІНП (2018-02-22). "Знак твоєї свободи. Затвердження Тризуба гербом УНР. Державні символи й атрибути України". УІНП (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-06-25.
6 березня 2003 року парламент ухвалив Закон "Про Державний Гімн України", у якому затвердив Державним Гімном пісню "Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля" зі зміненою першою строфою.
- ^ a b c
- ^ a b c
- ^ a b c
- ^ a b c , , / [4], [5], [6], [7] / [8], [9], [10], [11]
- ^ [3] [4] [5] [6]
- ^ a b . June 13, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13.
- ^ a b c d e . April 10, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10.
- ^ [3] [4] [5] [6]
- ^ a b . Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Bristow 2006, p. 570.
- ^ [12], [13], [14]
- ^ Grinevich, Victor (22 January 2009). "Павло Чубинський писав вірші «під Шевченка»" [Pavlo Chubynskyi wrote poems "under Shevchenko"]. Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Hrytsak 2005, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Grabowska, Sabina (2016). "The Evolution of Polish National Symbols on the Example of the Flag and Anthem". Kultura I Edukacja. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek (4): 183. ISSN 1230-266X.
- ^ Trochimczyk, Maja (2000). . National Anthems of Poland. Los Angeles: Polish Music Center, USC Thornton School of Music. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2003-06-06.
- ^ Klid 2008, p. 268.
- ^ "Павло Платонович Чубинський. Андрусов Микола Іванович". geoknigi.com.
- ^ a b "Українська: Копія 1991 р. репринтного видання Львівського журналу "Мета" 1863 р., перша публікація вірша". August 24, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ "Pavlo Platonovich Chubynsky". National Technical University of Ukraine. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Kubijovyč 1963, p. 36.
- ^ Struk 1993, p. 581.
- ^ Magocsi 2010, p. 401.
- ^ "у інтернеті набирає популярність аудіозапис гімну україни 1916 року" [The audio recording of the anthem of Ukraine of 1916 is gaining popularity on the Internet]. Channel 5 News (in Ukrainian). 20 October 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Zhytkevych, Anatolii (7 November 2013). [Little-known pages of the life of Mykhailo Zazuliak]. MICT Online (in Ukrainian). Meest. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
- ^ Hang 2003, p. 645.
- ^ a b Kubijovyč 1963, p. 37.
- ^ "Карпатська Україна (1939)". YouTube.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 311.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 310, 323.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 312.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 316.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 317–318.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, p. 320.
- ^ Yekelchyk 2003, pp. 319, 325.
- ^ Struk 1993, p. 753.
- ^ Hang 2003, pp. 645–646.
- ^ Semenchenko, Maria (29 December 2013). "Валентин Сильвестров: «Читайте Шевченка, доки не пізно…»" [Valentyn Silvestrov: "Read Shevchenko before it's too late..."]. The Day (Kyiv) [День] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Tishchuk, Olga (2 December 2013). "Євромайдан уночі забарикадувався ялинкою і щогодини співав гімн із Русланою] fakty.ictv.ua" [Euromaidan barricaded itself with a Christmas tree at night and sang the anthem with Ruslana every hour]. Facts (in Ukrainian). ICTV (Ukraine). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Diuk 2014, p. 16.
- ^ Kulyk 2016, p. 599.
- ^ "Video of the Day: orchestras across Europe perform Ukrainian national anthem". Gramophone. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ Khrebtan-Hörhager 2016, p. 295.
- ^ "Ще не вмерла Україна — Павло Чубинський, повний текст твору". UkrLib. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ "Ще не вмерла Україна". НАШЕ (тексти пісень). Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ "Marcus Paus om sitt nye verk: – Jeg skrev «Slava Ukraini!» fordi jeg ikke kunne la være" [Marcus Paus on his new work: I wrote "Slava Ukraini!" because I had to]. Kulturplot. Norwegian News Agency. 4 March 2022.
Sources edit
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006). National Anthems of the World (11th ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-36826-6.
- Diuk, Nadia (2014). "EUROMAIDAN: Ukraine's Self-Organizing Revolution". World Affairs. 176 (6): 9–16. JSTOR 43555086.
- Hang, Xing (2003). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4847-4.
- Hrytsak, Yaroslav (2005). "On Sails and Gales, and Ships Driving in Various Directions: Post-Soviet Ukraine as a Test Case for the Meso-Area Concept". In Matsuzato, Kimitaka (ed.). Emerging Meso-areas in the Former Socialist Countries: histories revised or improvised?. Hokkaido University. ISBN 978-4-938637-35-4.
- Khrebtan-Hörhager, Julia (2016-07-03). "Collages of Memory: Remembering the Second World War Differently as the Epistemology of Crafting Cultural Conflicts between Russia and Ukraine". Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 45 (4): 282–303. doi:10.1080/17475759.2016.1184705. S2CID 147896427.
- Klid, Bohdan (2008). "Songwriting and Singing: Ukrainian Revolutionary and Not So Revolutionary Activities in the 1860s". Journal of Ukrainian Studies: 264–277.
- Kubijovyč, Volodymyr (1963). Ukraine: a concise encyclopedia. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3261-4.
- Kulyk, Volodymyr (2016-04-20). "National Identity in Ukraine: Impact of Euromaidan and the War". Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (4): 588–608. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1174980. S2CID 147826053.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-4085-6.
- Struk, Danylo Husar, ed. (1993). "Verbytsky, Mykhailo". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 5. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3010-8 – via Internet Archive.
- Yekelchyk, Serhy (2003). "When Stalin's Nations Sang: Writing the Soviet Ukrainian Anthem (1944–1949)". Nationalities Papers. 31 (3): 309–326. doi:10.1080/0090599032000115510. S2CID 162023479.