Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper, also known as American pepper, Peruvian peppertree, escobilla, false pepper, rosé pepper, molle del Peru, pepper tree,[4]peppercorn tree, California pepper tree, pirul,[5]Peruvian mastic,[6]Anacahuita o Aguaribay[7] and Pepperina[8]) is an evergreen tree that grows to 15 meters (50 feet). It is native to an area from the Peruvian Andes to southern Brazil. The bright pink fruits of Schinus molle are often sold as "pink peppercorns" although S. molle is unrelated to black pepper (Piper nigrum). The word molle in Schinus molle comes from mulli,[9] the Quechua word for the tree. The tree is host to the pepper-tree moth, Bombycomorpha bifascia.
Schinus molle is a quick growing evergreen tree that grows up to 15 meters (50 feet) tall and wide.[6] It is the largest of all Schinus species and potentially the longest lived.[10] The upper branches of the tree tend to droop.[6] The tree's pinnately compound leaves measure 8–25 cm long × 4–9 cm wide and are made up of 19-41 alternate leaflets.[6][10] Male and female flowers occur on separate plants (dioecious).[6]Flowers are small, white and borne profusely in panicles at the ends of the drooping branches.[10] The fruit are 5–7 mm diameter round drupes with woody seeds that turn from green to red, pink or purplish,[6] carried in dense clusters of hundreds of berries that can be present year round.[10] The rough grayish bark is twisted and drips sap.[6] The bark, leaves and berries are aromatic when crushed.[6]
Distribution
Schinus molle is native to the arid zone of northern South America and Peru's Andean deserts, extending to central Argentina and central Chile.[6] It has, however, become widely naturalized around the world. It is known for its strong wood used for saddles, and was one of the Spanish colonies' supply sources for saddles. It has also been used for spice production, but is mainly planted as an ornamental tree.[11]S. molle is a drought-tolerant, long-lived, hardy evergreen species that has become a serious invasive weed internationally.[11]
In South Africa, for example, S. molle has invaded savanna and grasslands and become naturalized along drainage lines and roadsides in semi-desert.[11] It is also invasive throughout much of Australia in a range of habitats from grasslands to dry open forest and coastal areas, as well as railway sidings and abandoned farms.[6]
Distinctive bark
Pink Peppercorns - Schinus molle
Uses
Culinary
Although not related to commercial pepper (Piper nigrum)[6] the pink/red berries are sold as pink peppercorns and often blended with commercial pepper.[6] The fruit and leaves are, however, potentially poisonous to poultry, pigs and possibly calves.[6] Records also exist of young children who have experienced vomiting and diarrhea after eating the fruit.[6] Presently Schinus molle lacks generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status with the United States Food and Drug Administration.[12]
Extracts of S. molle have been used as a flavor in drinks and syrups.[13]
Medicinal
In traditional medicine, S. molle was used in treating a variety of wounds and infections due to its antibacterial and antiseptic properties.[13] It has also been used as an antidepressant and diuretic, and for toothache, rheumatism and menstrual disorders,[13] with recent studies in mice providing possible support for its antidepressant effects.[14][15] It has also been speculated that S. molle's insecticidal properties make it a good candidate for use as an alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control.[13]
Fresh green leaves in bunches are used shamanically in Mesoamerican traditional ceremonies for cleansings and blessings.[16]
Other uses
The leaves are also used for the natural dyeing of textiles in the Andean region. This practice dates back to pre-Columbian times. The Incas used the oil from its leaves in early mummification practices to preserve and embalm their dead.[17]
Historical use
There is archaeological evidence that the Wari state of the Middle Horizon (600–1000 AD) used the drupes of S. molle extensively for producing chicha, a fermented alcoholic beverage.[10][18][19] Archaeological excavations at the Quilcapampa site in southern Peru, found evidence that the Wari used seeds from the vilca tree (Anadenanthera colubrina) and combined the hallucinogenic drug with the chicha.[20]
The Inca used the sweet outer part of ripe fruit to make a drink. Berries were rubbed carefully to avoid mixing with the bitter inner parts, the mix strained and then left for a few days to produce a drink. It was also boiled down for syrup or mixed with maize to make nourishing gruel.[21]
In the late 19th century, S. molle was planted abundantly in California and became known as the "California pepper tree" to many.[22] The tree had romantic associations with the state's Spanish missions - by the 1870s "the pepper tree had become as familiar a visual trope as the padres' sandals and staffs."[22] They were also valued for their shade and tolerance of semi-arid conditions, and thus were planted along new avenues in the cities of Southern California. In 1911, an editorial in the Los Angeles Times celebrated the pepper tree:
"One of the first features to grip the eastern tourist when visiting this favored winter resort is the wonderful feathery foliage and the gorgeous scarlet berries of this matchless shade tree, giving, as it does, a pleasant air of holiday making and a wealth of tropical color to the Californian landscape...Why, the pepper tree has become an integral part of life in the sunny Southland."
However, S. molle fell out of favor as a street tree in the early twentieth century, in part because it hosts black scale, a scale insect which threatened the Citrus groves of Southern California.[22] The trees also tend to heave up sidewalks with their roots, produce suckers, and interfere with buried telephone wires and sewer pipes.[23][22] Many of the oldest trees were uprooted and new street plantings were banned in the citrus colonies (Los Angeles banned new street plantings in 1930).
Cultivation
The tree reproduces through seed, suckers and cuttings.[6] The seeds have a particularly hard coat and germination rates are greatly improved after they have passed through the gut of birds or other animals.[6] Seeds germinate in spring, with seedlings slow growing until established.[6] The seeds easily germinate under the tree in the existing leaf litter of the mother tree, by the hundreds at once and can easily be transplanted.
^PLANTS Profile: Schinus molle L. (Peruvian peppertree), United States Department of Agriculture, retrieved 2008-07-06 (Archived by )
^, en el sitio del Programa Ambiental de la Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México. Consultado el 21 de junio de 2011.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqBlood, Kate (2001), Environmental weeds: a field guide for SE Australia, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia: CH Jerram, pp. 36–37, ISBN0-9579086-0-1
^"Aguaribay, Árbol de la vida [Schinus molle] - Hora 25 Forestal". periodicohora25forestal.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
^Poisonous plants> Shrub-tree> Pepperina (Schinus molle), Queensland Government: Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, 18 July 2017, retrieved 2019-07-17
^Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua_Spanish dictionary)
^ abcdeGoldstein, David John; Coleman, Robin Christine (2004), "Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) Chicha production in the Central Andes", Economic Botany, New York, USA: Springer New York (published December 2004), 58 (4): 523–529, doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0523:SMLACP]2.0.CO;2, S2CID 30853487
^ abcIponga, D.M.; Milton, S.J.; Richardson, D.M. (2008), "Superiority in competition for light: A crucial attribute defining the impact of the invasive alien tree Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) in South African savanna", Journal of Arid Environments (published May 2008), vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 612–623, Bibcode:2008JArEn..72..612I, doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.10.001, hdl:10019.1/116906
^Singh, Ram J.; Lebeda, Ales; Tucker, Arthur O. (2011). "2. Medicinal Plants—Nature's Pharmacy". In Singh, Ram J. (ed.). Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Medicinal Plants. Vol. 6. CRC Press (published 15 September 2011). p. 17. ISBN978-1420073843.
^ abcdFerreroa, Adriana; Alejandra, Minettib; Cristina, Brasa; Zanettia, Noelia (2007), "Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats", Journal of Ethnopharmacology (published 2007-09-25), vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 441–447, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.019, PMID 17716846
^Machadoa, Daniele G.; Kastera, Manuella P.; Binfaréa, Ricardo W.; Diasc, Munique; Santosb, Adair R.S.; Pizzolattic, Moacir G.; Brighentec, Inês M.C.; Rodrigues, Ana Lúcia S. (2007), "Antidepressant-like effect of the extract from leaves of Schinus molle L. in mice: Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system", Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Elsevier (published 2007-03-30), 31 (2): 421–428, doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.11.004, PMID 17182164, S2CID 22242301
^Daniele G. Machado, Luis E.B. Bettio, Mauricio P. Cunha, Adair R.S. Santos, Moacir G. Pizzolatti, Inês M.C. Brighente, and Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues (2008). "Antidepressant-like effect of rutin isolated from the ethanolic extract from Schinus molle L. in mice: Evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems." Eur. J' Pharmacol.587 163-168.
^Adorno, Rolena; boserup, ivan (Dec 4, 2015). Unlocking the Doors to the Worlds of Guaman Poma and His Nueva corónica. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 118. ISBN9788763542708.
^Sayre, Matthew; Goldstein, David; Whitehead, William; Williams, Patrick (2012). "A marked preference". Ñawpa Pacha. 32 (2): 231–258. doi:10.1179/naw.2012.32.2.231. ISSN 0077-6297.
^Williams, Patrick Ryan; Nash, Donna J. (2021). "Consuming Kero: Molle Beer and Wari social identity in Andean Peru". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 63: 101327. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101327.
^Biwer, Matthew E.; Álvarez, Willy Yépez; Bautista, Stefanie L.; Jennings, Justin (2022). "Hallucinogens, alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes". Antiquity. 96 (385): 142–158. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.177. ISSN 0003-598X.
^Coe, Sophie D. (1994), America's first cuisines, University of Texas Press, pp. 186–187, ISBN0-292-71159-X
^ abcdNathan Masters (2013-09-13). "When Pepper Trees Shaded the 'Sunny Southland'". www.kcet.org. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
^Nathan Masters, Jared Farmer (2014-01-23). "How Did L.A. Become a City of Palms? And Other Questions About California's Trees". kcet.org. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Schinus molle.
Schinus molle List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
Celtnet Spice Guide entry for Pink Peppercorns
January 25, 2023
schinus, molle, confused, with, peperina, peruvian, pepper, also, known, american, pepper, peruvian, peppertree, escobilla, false, pepper, rosé, pepper, molle, peru, pepper, tree, peppercorn, tree, california, pepper, tree, pirul, peruvian, mastic, anacahuita,. Not to be confused with Peperina Schinus molle Peruvian pepper also known as American pepper Peruvian peppertree escobilla false pepper rose pepper molle del Peru pepper tree 4 peppercorn tree California pepper tree pirul 5 Peruvian mastic 6 Anacahuita o Aguaribay 7 and Pepperina 8 is an evergreen tree that grows to 15 meters 50 feet It is native to an area from the Peruvian Andes to southern Brazil The bright pink fruits of Schinus molle are often sold as pink peppercorns although S molle is unrelated to black pepper Piper nigrum The word molle in Schinus molle comes from mulli 9 the Quechua word for the tree The tree is host to the pepper tree moth Bombycomorpha bifascia Schinus molleConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder SapindalesFamily AnacardiaceaeGenus SchinusSpecies S molleBinomial nameSchinus molleL 2 3 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Uses 3 1 Culinary 3 2 Medicinal 3 3 Other uses 3 4 Historical use 4 Cultivation 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditSchinus molle is a quick growing evergreen tree that grows up to 15 meters 50 feet tall and wide 6 It is the largest of all Schinus species and potentially the longest lived 10 The upper branches of the tree tend to droop 6 The tree s pinnately compound leaves measure 8 25 cm long 4 9 cm wide and are made up of 19 41 alternate leaflets 6 10 Male and female flowers occur on separate plants dioecious 6 Flowers are small white and borne profusely in panicles at the ends of the drooping branches 10 The fruit are 5 7 mm diameter round drupes with woody seeds that turn from green to red pink or purplish 6 carried in dense clusters of hundreds of berries that can be present year round 10 The rough grayish bark is twisted and drips sap 6 The bark leaves and berries are aromatic when crushed 6 Distribution EditSchinus molle is native to the arid zone of northern South America and Peru s Andean deserts extending to central Argentina and central Chile 6 It has however become widely naturalized around the world It is known for its strong wood used for saddles and was one of the Spanish colonies supply sources for saddles It has also been used for spice production but is mainly planted as an ornamental tree 11 S molle is a drought tolerant long lived hardy evergreen species that has become a serious invasive weed internationally 11 In South Africa for example S molle has invaded savanna and grasslands and become naturalized along drainage lines and roadsides in semi desert 11 It is also invasive throughout much of Australia in a range of habitats from grasslands to dry open forest and coastal areas as well as railway sidings and abandoned farms 6 Distinctive bark Pink Peppercorns Schinus molleUses EditCulinary Edit Although not related to commercial pepper Piper nigrum 6 the pink red berries are sold as pink peppercorns and often blended with commercial pepper 6 The fruit and leaves are however potentially poisonous to poultry pigs and possibly calves 6 Records also exist of young children who have experienced vomiting and diarrhea after eating the fruit 6 Presently Schinus molle lacks generally recognized as safe GRAS status with the United States Food and Drug Administration 12 Extracts of S molle have been used as a flavor in drinks and syrups 13 Medicinal Edit In traditional medicine S molle was used in treating a variety of wounds and infections due to its antibacterial and antiseptic properties 13 It has also been used as an antidepressant and diuretic and for toothache rheumatism and menstrual disorders 13 with recent studies in mice providing possible support for its antidepressant effects 14 15 It has also been speculated that S molle s insecticidal properties make it a good candidate for use as an alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control 13 Fresh green leaves in bunches are used shamanically in Mesoamerican traditional ceremonies for cleansings and blessings 16 Other uses Edit The leaves are also used for the natural dyeing of textiles in the Andean region This practice dates back to pre Columbian times The Incas used the oil from its leaves in early mummification practices to preserve and embalm their dead 17 Historical use Edit There is archaeological evidence that the Wari state of the Middle Horizon 600 1000 AD used the drupes of S molle extensively for producing chicha a fermented alcoholic beverage 10 18 19 Archaeological excavations at the Quilcapampa site in southern Peru found evidence that the Wari used seeds from the vilca tree Anadenanthera colubrina and combined the hallucinogenic drug with the chicha 20 The Inca used the sweet outer part of ripe fruit to make a drink Berries were rubbed carefully to avoid mixing with the bitter inner parts the mix strained and then left for a few days to produce a drink It was also boiled down for syrup or mixed with maize to make nourishing gruel 21 In the late 19th century S molle was planted abundantly in California and became known as the California pepper tree to many 22 The tree had romantic associations with the state s Spanish missions by the 1870s the pepper tree had become as familiar a visual trope as the padres sandals and staffs 22 They were also valued for their shade and tolerance of semi arid conditions and thus were planted along new avenues in the cities of Southern California In 1911 an editorial in the Los Angeles Times celebrated the pepper tree One of the first features to grip the eastern tourist when visiting this favored winter resort is the wonderful feathery foliage and the gorgeous scarlet berries of this matchless shade tree giving as it does a pleasant air of holiday making and a wealth of tropical color to the Californian landscape Why the pepper tree has become an integral part of life in the sunny Southland However S molle fell out of favor as a street tree in the early twentieth century in part because it hosts black scale a scale insect which threatened the Citrus groves of Southern California 22 The trees also tend to heave up sidewalks with their roots produce suckers and interfere with buried telephone wires and sewer pipes 23 22 Many of the oldest trees were uprooted and new street plantings were banned in the citrus colonies Los Angeles banned new street plantings in 1930 Cultivation EditThe tree reproduces through seed suckers and cuttings 6 The seeds have a particularly hard coat and germination rates are greatly improved after they have passed through the gut of birds or other animals 6 Seeds germinate in spring with seedlings slow growing until established 6 The seeds easily germinate under the tree in the existing leaf litter of the mother tree by the hundreds at once and can easily be transplanted References Edit Barstow M 2021 Schinus molle IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T61984171A61984173 Retrieved 2022 05 30 Schinus molle Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Agricultural Research Service ARS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Retrieved 2008 07 06 Linnaeus C 1753 Species Plantarum 1 388 PLANTS Profile Schinus molle L Peruvian peppertree United States Department of Agriculture retrieved 2008 07 06 Archived by WebCite Pirul en el sitio del Programa Ambiental de la Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico Consultado el 21 de junio de 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Blood Kate 2001 Environmental weeds a field guide for SE Australia Mount Waverley Victoria Australia CH Jerram pp 36 37 ISBN 0 9579086 0 1 Aguaribay Arbol de la vida Schinus molle Hora 25 Forestal periodicohora25forestal blogspot com Retrieved 2019 12 29 Poisonous plants gt Shrub tree gt Pepperina Schinus molle Queensland Government Children s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service 18 July 2017 retrieved 2019 07 17 Diccionario Quechua Espanol Quechua Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua Gobierno Regional Cusco Cusco 2005 Quechua Spanish dictionary a b c d e Goldstein David John Coleman Robin Christine 2004 Schinus molle L Anacardiaceae Chicha production in the Central Andes Economic Botany New York USA Springer New York published December 2004 58 4 523 529 doi 10 1663 0013 0001 2004 058 0523 SMLACP 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 30853487 a b c Iponga D M Milton S J Richardson D M 2008 Superiority in competition for light A crucial attribute defining the impact of the invasive alien tree Schinus molle Anacardiaceae in South African savanna Journal of Arid Environments published May 2008 vol 72 no 5 pp 612 623 Bibcode 2008JArEn 72 612I doi 10 1016 j jaridenv 2007 10 001 hdl 10019 1 116906 Singh Ram J Lebeda Ales Tucker Arthur O 2011 2 Medicinal Plants Nature s Pharmacy In Singh Ram J ed Genetic Resources Chromosome Engineering and Crop Improvement Medicinal Plants Vol 6 CRC Press published 15 September 2011 p 17 ISBN 978 1420073843 a b c d Ferreroa Adriana Alejandra Minettib Cristina Brasa Zanettia Noelia 2007 Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology published 2007 09 25 vol 113 no 3 pp 441 447 doi 10 1016 j jep 2007 06 019 PMID 17716846 Machadoa Daniele G Kastera Manuella P Binfarea Ricardo W Diasc Munique Santosb Adair R S Pizzolattic Moacir G Brighentec Ines M C Rodrigues Ana Lucia S 2007 Antidepressant like effect of the extract from leaves of Schinus molle L in mice Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry Elsevier published 2007 03 30 31 2 421 428 doi 10 1016 j pnpbp 2006 11 004 PMID 17182164 S2CID 22242301 Daniele G Machado Luis E B Bettio Mauricio P Cunha Adair R S Santos Moacir G Pizzolatti Ines M C Brighente and Ana Lucia S Rodrigues 2008 Antidepressant like effect of rutin isolated from the ethanolic extract from Schinus molle L in mice Evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems Eur J Pharmacol 587 163 168 Peruvian Pepper elmaskincare com Retrieved 2021 06 04 Adorno Rolena boserup ivan Dec 4 2015 Unlocking the Doors to the Worlds of Guaman Poma and His Nueva coronica Museum Tusculanum Press p 118 ISBN 9788763542708 Sayre Matthew Goldstein David Whitehead William Williams Patrick 2012 A marked preference Nawpa Pacha 32 2 231 258 doi 10 1179 naw 2012 32 2 231 ISSN 0077 6297 Williams Patrick Ryan Nash Donna J 2021 Consuming Kero Molle Beer and Wari social identity in Andean Peru Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 63 101327 doi 10 1016 j jaa 2021 101327 Biwer Matthew E Alvarez Willy Yepez Bautista Stefanie L Jennings Justin 2022 Hallucinogens alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes Antiquity 96 385 142 158 doi 10 15184 aqy 2021 177 ISSN 0003 598X Coe Sophie D 1994 America s first cuisines University of Texas Press pp 186 187 ISBN 0 292 71159 X a b c d Nathan Masters 2013 09 13 When Pepper Trees Shaded the Sunny Southland www kcet org Retrieved 2021 09 04 Nathan Masters Jared Farmer 2014 01 23 How Did L A Become a City of Palms And Other Questions About California s Trees kcet org Retrieved 2021 09 04 External links Edit Wikispecies has information related to Schinus molle Schinus molle List of Chemicals Dr Duke s Celtnet Spice Guide entry for Pink Peppercorns Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Schinus molle amp oldid 1132302675, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
