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Sijjin

April 17, 2024

Sijjin (Arabic: سِجِّين lit. Netherworld, Underworld, Chthonian World) is in Islamic belief either a prison, vehement torment or straitened circumstances at the bottom of Jahannam or hell, below the earth (compare Greek Tartarus),[1][2]: 166  or, according to a different interpretation, a register for the damned or record of the wicked,[3] which is mentioned in Quran 83:7. Sijjin is also considered to be a place for the souls of unbelievers until resurrection.[2]: 21 

The idea that there is a hell underneath Earth's surface roots in the Quran, which speaks about "seven earths" (65:12), while describing hell as a subterranean pit, divided into seven compartments.[2]: 166  Thus, many Muslim authors coincided hell with layers of the Earth with sijjin at the bottom.[2]: 166  For the lowest layer of hell, the term al-asfal is used too.[2]: 42  The antithesis of Sijjin is Illiyin.

Etymology edit

The word as an adjective means "vehement" or "intense" and is derived from the root S-J-N (س ج ن) related to gaoling or imprisonment. The Arabic word for prison sijn (Arabic: سِجْن), along with verbs from the root, appears several times in Surah Yūsuf in relation to the account of Joseph in prison.[4]

A similar-sounding word (but of unrelated etymology from Byzantine Greek σιγίλλιον sigíllion via Classical Syriac), sijill (Arabic: سِّجِلّ) appears in a verse (21:104) and is translated as "scroll". Some exegetes who interpret the word sijjīn as a register for the damned or a book listing the names of the sinful draw a connection between the two words.

Interpretations edit

Sunni Islam edit

Tabari reports essentially two different opinions regarding the meaning of Sijjin in his Tafsir:

  • It is a book containing the evil deeds of the sinners: "their works are in a book in the lowest earth."
  • A prison for the damned: "it is the seventh lowest earth, in which Satan (Iblis) is chained, and in it are the souls (arwah) of the infidels (kufar).[5]

The idea that Sijjin is the place after Iblis was cast out from heaven, is also held by other Sunni scholars, such as Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi and Nasafi.[6]

Shia tradition edit

According to some Shia traditions, the enemies of Ahl al-Bayt are created from the earth of Sijjin.[7]

Sufi cosmology edit

According to Annemarie Schimmel, traditional Sufi leaders linked the seven gates of hell each to a specific sin.[2]: 241  This image of an ethical hell often associates each sin with a specific body part. Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, written between 1203 and 1240 by Ibn Arabi, visualises this idea, correlating each layer of hell to one specific body part, sijjin being the gravest: jahannam – feet, al-jahim – genitals, al-sa'ir – belly, saqar – hands, laza – tongue, al-hutama – ears, sijjin – eyes.[2]: 242 

According to al-Ghazali otherworld (akhira) is a dream like realm unfolding its existence postmortem.[2]: 187  In his work The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he explains that this doesn't lower the deceased experience of the afterlife, but they perceive pleasure and pain like when they were alive.[2]: 187  According to The Alchemy of Happiness, sijjin will be a manifestation of the earthly life, presented to those who pursued worldy matters instead of religious bliss. The earthly world turns out to be a prison, and their bodily desires manifest as chains binding them to the earthly world, which turns out to be a prison (sijjin), surrounded by tempations they gave in, embodied by devils (shayāṭīn).[8]

In popular culture edit

The Turkish horror film series Siccîn is named after this Islamic term.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed (2018). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Part 30 of 30: An Nabaa 001 To An Nas 006. Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman. p. 75. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-50637-3.
  3. ^ Imani, Sayyid Kamal Faqih (4 November 2015). An Enlightening Commentary Into the Light of the Holy Qur'an. Tehran, Iran: Imam Ali Foundation. ISBN 9781519112446. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  4. ^ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Quran Dictionary". corpus.quran.com. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  5. ^ Tafsir al-Tabari 83:7
  6. ^ Erdağı, D. Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”. SN Soc Sci 4, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w
  7. ^ Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam SUNY Press 2016 ISBN 978-0-791-49479-0 page 166
  8. ^ Al Ghazali The Exlixir of Bliss Eugen Diederichs Verlag p. 50

April 17, 2024
sijjin, arabic, ين, netherworld, underworld, chthonian, world, islamic, belief, either, prison, vehement, torment, straitened, circumstances, bottom, jahannam, hell, below, earth, compare, greek, tartarus, according, different, interpretation, register, damned. Sijjin Arabic س ج ين lit Netherworld Underworld Chthonian World is in Islamic belief either a prison vehement torment or straitened circumstances at the bottom of Jahannam or hell below the earth compare Greek Tartarus 1 2 166 or according to a different interpretation a register for the damned or record of the wicked 3 which is mentioned in Quran 83 7 Sijjin is also considered to be a place for the souls of unbelievers until resurrection 2 21 The idea that there is a hell underneath Earth s surface roots in the Quran which speaks about seven earths 65 12 while describing hell as a subterranean pit divided into seven compartments 2 166 Thus many Muslim authors coincided hell with layers of the Earth with sijjin at the bottom 2 166 For the lowest layer of hell the term al asfal is used too 2 42 The antithesis of Sijjin is Illiyin Contents 1 Etymology 2 Interpretations 2 1 Sunni Islam 2 2 Shia tradition 2 3 Sufi cosmology 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 ReferencesEtymology editThe word as an adjective means vehement or intense and is derived from the root S J N س ج ن related to gaoling or imprisonment The Arabic word for prison sijn Arabic س ج ن along with verbs from the root appears several times in Surah Yusuf in relation to the account of Joseph in prison 4 A similar sounding word but of unrelated etymology from Byzantine Greek sigillion sigillion via Classical Syriac sijill Arabic س ج ل appears in a verse 21 104 and is translated as scroll Some exegetes who interpret the word sijjin as a register for the damned or a book listing the names of the sinful draw a connection between the two words Interpretations editSunni Islam edit Tabari reports essentially two different opinions regarding the meaning of Sijjin in his Tafsir It is a book containing the evil deeds of the sinners their works are in a book in the lowest earth A prison for the damned it is the seventh lowest earth in which Satan Iblis is chained and in it are the souls arwah of the infidels kufar 5 The idea that Sijjin is the place after Iblis was cast out from heaven is also held by other Sunni scholars such as Abu Ishaq al Tha labi and Nasafi 6 Shia tradition edit According to some Shia traditions the enemies of Ahl al Bayt are created from the earth of Sijjin 7 Sufi cosmology edit According to Annemarie Schimmel traditional Sufi leaders linked the seven gates of hell each to a specific sin 2 241 This image of an ethical hell often associates each sin with a specific body part Al Futuhat al Makkiyya written between 1203 and 1240 by Ibn Arabi visualises this idea correlating each layer of hell to one specific body part sijjin being the gravest jahannam feet al jahim genitals al sa ir belly saqar hands laza tongue al hutama ears sijjin eyes 2 242 According to al Ghazali otherworld akhira is a dream like realm unfolding its existence postmortem 2 187 In his work The Incoherence of the Philosophers he explains that this doesn t lower the deceased experience of the afterlife but they perceive pleasure and pain like when they were alive 2 187 According to The Alchemy of Happiness sijjin will be a manifestation of the earthly life presented to those who pursued worldy matters instead of religious bliss The earthly world turns out to be a prison and their bodily desires manifest as chains binding them to the earthly world which turns out to be a prison sijjin surrounded by tempations they gave in embodied by devils shayaṭin 8 In popular culture editThe Turkish horror film series Siccin is named after this Islamic term See also editUnderworld Spirits in prison Tartarus HellReferences edit Abdul Rahman Muhammad Saed 2018 Tafsir Ibn Kathir Part 30 of 30 An Nabaa 001 To An Nas 006 Muhammad Saed Abdul Rahman p 75 Retrieved 3 October 2019 a b c d e f g h i Lange Christian 2016 Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Cambridge United Kingdom Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 50637 3 Imani Sayyid Kamal Faqih 4 November 2015 An Enlightening Commentary Into the Light of the Holy Qur an Tehran Iran Imam Ali Foundation ISBN 9781519112446 Retrieved 3 October 2019 The Quranic Arabic Corpus Quran Dictionary corpus quran com Retrieved 3 October 2019 Tafsir al Tabari 83 7 Erdagi D Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film the demonic in Semum SN Soc Sci 4 27 2024 https doi org 10 1007 s43545 024 00832 w Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi The Divine Guide in Early Shi ism The Sources of Esotericism in Islam SUNY Press 2016 ISBN 978 0 791 49479 0 page 166 Al Ghazali The Exlixir of Bliss Eugen Diederichs Verlag p 50 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sijjin amp oldid 1217693604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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