The Rose d'Or ('Golden Rose') is an international awards festival in entertainment broadcasting and programming. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) first acquired the Rose d’Or in 1961, when it was created by Swiss Television in the lakeside city of Montreux. The awards stayed with the EBU for almost 40 years. The EBU re-acquired the awards in 2013 and successfully re-launched the event that year in Brussels, then relocated to Berlin from 2014 to 2018.
In 2014 the event took place on 17 September in Berlin, Germany. For the first time in its 53-year history, the competition categories were extended to include radio and online video programmes in addition to the traditional focus on television. Producers, executives from independent and public service broadcasters and heads of production companies from several countries took part.
In 2019 the EBU partnered with international publishing company and digital channels business C21Media to take over the organisation of the Rose d’Or Awards. The 60th Rose d’Or was held virtually in November 2021.
Comedy: scripted and non-scripted comedy shows including sketch shows, panel, improvisation, clips, comedy specials and stand-up. Series or single programmes.
Comedy Drama and Sitcom: scripted comedy series or one-off dramas, involving regular characters in various situations.
Drama: scripted series or one-off dramas involving characters in various situations. A main plot can be resolved within a single episode or over a series.
Soap or Telenovela: best multi-episode popular drama or melodrama, either on-going or limited run.
Reality and Factual Entertainment: programmes or series in which a situation or topic is treated or created through real people or which tell their story by following real-life characters.
Arts: programmes or series featuring performing arts and cultural programmes, stage recordings and television adaptations of performing arts or documentaries dedicated to art forms or artists.
Documentary: factual programme or series providing in-depth analysis of a specific subject or point of view supported by evidence and informed commentary, on any subject other than the Arts.
Studio Entertainment: studio-based game shows, variety shows, event series and specials.
Children and Youth: all genres produced for children and youth older than 6 years. Series or single programmes will be considered.
Social Media Video Series: original fiction or non-fiction short-form video series, (under a half an hour duration) that premiere on social, web, mobile and video platforms.
Audio Entertainment: scripted or unscripted original podcast, audio-first books and radio shows. Entries accepted from producers, platforms, distributors or talent.
Innovation in the time of Covid: Award for the programme or series, that, against all the odds, defined what television can achieve – and how television can be produced – in a time of unprecedented crisis.
In addition, the Rose d’Or recognises significant individual achievements by awarding one trophy each for:
Emerging Talent Award: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a new talent who has made a breakthrough performance in a programme or series in the past year.
Performance of the Year: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges, will present this award to a personality who has made an outstanding performance in a programme or series in the past year.
Lifetime Achievement: the Organiser, in consultation with the panel of judges will award the Lifetime Achievement to a personality who has made an outstanding and extensive contribution to the world of entertainment including, but not exclusively, their work in television, audio or online media.
The ultimate accolade for a programme or series, The Golden Rose, awarded to the programme, series or individual that, in the opinion of the judges, has made the outstanding contribution of 2020.
HistoryEdit
The festival was founded by Marcel Bezençon, who was inspired by the need of what was then a small group of international colleagues to find programmes to fill their summer schedules. He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme, which could then be swapped with programmes from other national broadcasters. The festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer, and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive. As the festival grew, programme swaps ceased to be viable and the concept of the Film Kiosk was born. The awards became an important part of European television culture, and Golden Rose winners usually receive publicity in their home countries.
^. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
^"Channel 4 wins five Rose d'Or awards". the Guardian. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^"Winners of 61st Rose d'Or awards announced – Rose d'Or Awards". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
External linksEdit
Media related to Rose d'Or at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
October 10, 2023
rose, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, june, 2019, learn, wh. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Rose d Or news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Rose d Or Golden Rose is an international awards festival in entertainment broadcasting and programming The European Broadcasting Union EBU first acquired the Rose d Or in 1961 when it was created by Swiss Television in the lakeside city of Montreux The awards stayed with the EBU for almost 40 years The EBU re acquired the awards in 2013 and successfully re launched the event that year in Brussels then relocated to Berlin from 2014 to 2018 Rose d OrAwarded forExcellence in televisionSponsored byEuropean Broadcasting Union EBU First awarded27 May 1961 62 years ago 1961 05 27 Websitewww wbr rosedor wbr comIn 2014 the event took place on 17 September in Berlin Germany For the first time in its 53 year history the competition categories were extended to include radio and online video programmes in addition to the traditional focus on television Producers executives from independent and public service broadcasters and heads of production companies from several countries took part In 2019 the EBU partnered with international publishing company and digital channels business C21Media to take over the organisation of the Rose d Or Awards The 60th Rose d Or was held virtually in November 2021 Contents 1 Format 2 History 3 Golden Rose winners 3 1 1961 2003 3 2 2004 3 3 2005 3 4 2006 3 5 2007 3 6 2008 3 7 2009 3 8 2010 3 9 2012 3 10 2013 3 11 2014 3 12 2015 3 13 2016 3 14 2017 3 15 2018 3 16 2019 3 17 2020 3 18 2021 3 19 2022 4 References 5 External linksFormat EditCategories for the 2020 awards Comedy scripted and non scripted comedy shows including sketch shows panel improvisation clips comedy specials and stand up Series or single programmes Comedy Drama and Sitcom scripted comedy series or one off dramas involving regular characters in various situations Drama scripted series or one off dramas involving characters in various situations A main plot can be resolved within a single episode or over a series Soap or Telenovela best multi episode popular drama or melodrama either on going or limited run Reality and Factual Entertainment programmes or series in which a situation or topic is treated or created through real people or which tell their story by following real life characters Arts programmes or series featuring performing arts and cultural programmes stage recordings and television adaptations of performing arts or documentaries dedicated to art forms or artists Documentary factual programme or series providing in depth analysis of a specific subject or point of view supported by evidence and informed commentary on any subject other than the Arts Studio Entertainment studio based game shows variety shows event series and specials Children and Youth all genres produced for children and youth older than 6 years Series or single programmes will be considered Social Media Video Series original fiction or non fiction short form video series under a half an hour duration that premiere on social web mobile and video platforms Audio Entertainment scripted or unscripted original podcast audio first books and radio shows Entries accepted from producers platforms distributors or talent Innovation in the time of Covid Award for the programme or series that against all the odds defined what television can achieve and how television can be produced in a time of unprecedented crisis In addition the Rose d Or recognises significant individual achievements by awarding one trophy each for Emerging Talent Award the Organiser in consultation with the panel of judges will present this award to a new talent who has made a breakthrough performance in a programme or series in the past year Performance of the Year the Organiser in consultation with the panel of judges will present this award to a personality who has made an outstanding performance in a programme or series in the past year Lifetime Achievement the Organiser in consultation with the panel of judges will award the Lifetime Achievement to a personality who has made an outstanding and extensive contribution to the world of entertainment including but not exclusively their work in television audio or online media The ultimate accolade for a programme or series The Golden Rose awarded to the programme series or individual that in the opinion of the judges has made the outstanding contribution of 2020 History EditThe festival was founded by Marcel Bezencon who was inspired by the need of what was then a small group of international colleagues to find programmes to fill their summer schedules He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme which could then be swapped with programmes from other national broadcasters The festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive As the festival grew programme swaps ceased to be viable and the concept of the Film Kiosk was born The awards became an important part of European television culture and Golden Rose winners usually receive publicity in their home countries Golden Rose winners Edit1961 2003 Edit Year Winner Network Country1961 The Black and White Minstrel Show BBC United Kingdom1962 Kaskad SR Sweden1963 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall CBS United States1964 Happy End SSR TSR Switzerland1965 The Cold Old Days YLE Finland1966 L Arroseur arrose ORTF France1967 The Frost Report BBC United Kingdom1968 Historia de la frivolidad TVE Spain1969 Holiday in Switzerland SRG SF DRS Switzerland1970 Les six evades CST Czechoslovakia1971 Lodynski s Flohmarkt Company ORF Austria1972 The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine UKIB ATV United Kingdom1973 The N S V I P s SR TV1 Sweden1974 Don Juan TVE Spain1975 Fatti e Fattacci RAI Italy1976 The Nor Way to Broadcasting NRK Norway1977 The Muppet Show UKIB ATV United Kingdom1978 The Shirley MacLaine Special Where Do We Go From Here CBS United States1979 Rich Little s Christmas Carol CBC Canada1980 Dream Weaver CBC Canada1981 Mikhail Baryshnikov on Broadway ABC United States1982 Dizzy Feet UKIB Central United Kingdom1983 Al Paradise RAI Italy1984 I am a Hotel CBC Canada1985 The Paul Daniels Magic Easter Show BBC United Kingdom1986 Penn and Teller Go Public CPB United States1987 The Prize SVT Sweden1988 The Comic Strip Presents The Strike Channel 4 United Kingdom1989 Hale amp Pace UKIB LWT United Kingdom1990 Mr Bean UKIB Thames United Kingdom1991 A Night on Mount Edna LWT United Kingdom1992 Brian Orser Night Moves CBC Canada1993 The Kids in the Hall Broadway Canada1994 Sevillanas Sogepaq Spain1995 Don t Forget Your Toothbrush Ginger Channel 4 United Kingdom1996 Itzhak Perlman In the Fiddler s House CPB United States1997 Cold Feet Granada Television United Kingdom1998 Yo Yo Ma Inspired by Bach Rhombus Canada1999 The League of Gentlemen BBC United Kingdom2000 The Mole VRT Belgium2001 Lenny Henry in Pieces Tiger Aspect BBC United Kingdom2002 Pop Idol Thames TV ITV UK2003 Faking It RDF Media Channel 4 United Kingdom2004 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts amp Specials Amelia Rhombus CanadaComedy Creature Comforts Aardman Animations ITV United KingdomGame Show My New Best Friend Tiger Aspect United KingdomMusic One Bullet Left SF DRS SwitzerlandReality Show Wife Swap Channel 4 United KingdomSitcom Peep Show Channel 4 United KingdomSoap Saint Tropez Sous le soleil Marathon FranceVariety Ant and Dec s Saturday Night Takeaway Granada Television United KingdomPress Prize Little Britain BBC United KingdomPaper format From Rust to Riches Team Gryttjom SwedenPilot award Fur TV MTV United KingdomCharity award Peter Ustinov United KingdomHonorary Rose John de Mol NetherlandsBest performances Comedy F Anke Engelke in Ladykracher Brainpool Sat 1 GermanyM Harry Hill in Harry Hill s TV Burp Avalon United KingdomSitcom F Felicitas Woll in Berlin Berlin Studio Hamburg GermanyM Martin Freeman in Hardware Talkback Thames United KingdomSoap F Benedicte Delmas in Sous le soleil Marathon FranceM Shane Richie in EastEnders BBC United KingdomGame show Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly in Ant and Dec s Saturday Night Takeaway Granada Television United Kingdom2005 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts amp Specials The Cost Of Living DV8 FilmsComedy Little Britain BBC United KingdomGame Show Test the Nation Talent TV BBC United KingdomMusic Flashmob The Opera BBC United KingdomReality Show Supernanny Channel 4 United KingdomSitcom Nighty Night BBC United KingdomSoap Verbotene Liebe ARD GermanyVariety Strictly Come Dancing BBC United KingdomPress Prize Schillerstrasse Hurricane Fernseh Productions GermanyPaper format Daycare Dilemma SBS SwedenPilot award Dinner Dating First Entertainment GermanyCharity award Bob Geldof IrelandHonorary Rose Herbert Kloiber GermanyBest performances Comedy F Pippa Haywood in Green Wing Channel 4 United KingdomM David Walliams and Matt Lucas in Little Britain BBC United KingdomSitcom M Peter Kay in Max amp Paddy s Road to Nowhere Channel 4 United KingdomF Zoe Wanamaker in My Family BBC United KingdomSoap F Lesley Anne Down in The Bold and the Beautiful CBS United StatesM Pat Nolan in Fair City RTE IrelandGame show Thomas Gottschalk in Wetten dass Germany2006 Edit Category Winner Television network Production Company CountryArts amp Specials Girl in a Mirror ABC TV AustraliaComedy Look Around You BBC United KingdomGame Show Deal or No Deal Channel 4 United KingdomMusic Gospel in Paradiso NetherlandsReality Show The Apprentice BBC United KingdomSitcom Extras BBC United KingdomSoap Verliebt in Berlin Sat 1 GermanyVariety Friday Night Project Billie Piper Channel 4 United KingdomPress Prize Pastewka Sat 1 GermanyPaper formatPilot award Alex FM GermanyCharity award Fuji Television JapanHonorary Rose Ricky Gervais United KingdomBest performances Comedy F Jo Joyner in Swinging Five United KingdomM Chris Lilley in The Nominees ABC AustraliaSitcom M Bastian Pastewka in Pastewka Sat 1 GermanyF Ashley Jensen in Extras BBC United KingdomSoap F Alexandra Neldel in Verliebt in Berlin Sat 1 GermanyM Jack Wagner in The Bold and the Beautiful United StatesGame show Stephen Fry in QI BBC United KingdomFRAPA Awards 1 Scripted Format Award The Nanny Sony Pictures Television United StatesGame Show Format Award Deal or No Deal Endemol NetherlandsReality Format Award The Biggest Loser Reveille Productions United States2007 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts Documentary Young Heart Channel 4 United KingdomComedy The Vicar of Dibley BBC United KingdomPerforming Arts Peter and the Wolf Channel 4 United KingdomPerforming Arts Special Mention Car men NPS NetherlandsReality Secret Millionaire Channel 4 United KingdomReality Special Mention My Last Words Palm Plus Productions NetherlandsShow The Pyramid Castor Multimedia CroatiaSitcom Not Going Out BBC United KingdomSoap Con Passionate S4C United KingdomSoap Special Mention Home Affairs SABC South AfricaBest of 2007 Special Prize Young Heart Channel 4 United KingdomOpera Special Prize Man on the Moon Channel 4 United KingdomOpera Special Prize Special Mention Mozart 22 Le Nozze di Figaro Unitel GmbH amp Co KG GermanyHonorary Rose Ben Elton Lifetime Achievement 2 United Kingdom2008 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts Documentary Strictly Bolshoi Channel 4 United KingdomComedy Kombat Opera Presents BBC Two United KingdomDrama Skins E4 United KingdomDrama Special Mention The Street II BBC United KingdomEntertainment Hider in the House BBC Two United KingdomGame Show Power of 10 CBS United StatesPerforming Arts Mozart s Magic Flute Onstage and Backstage Schweizer Fernsehen SwitzerlandReality The Phone AVRO NetherlandsSitcom The IT Crowd Channel 4 United KingdomBest Entertainer Peter Serafinowicz BBC Two United KingdomBest of 2008 Kombat Opera Presents BBC Two United Kingdom2009 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts Documentary The Curse of the Mona Lisa Channel 4 United KingdomComedy Rick Mercer Report CBC CanadaDrama Windfall amp Misfortunes CanadaEntertainment El hormiguero Cuatro SpainGame Show Relentless ITV United KingdomPerforming Arts The Eternity Man ABC Television AustraliaPerforming Arts Special Mention La Traviata at Zurich Main Station SwitzerlandReality I Survived a Japanese Game Show ABC United StatesSitcom My Family BBC One United KingdomBest of 2009 I Survived a Japanese Game Show ABC United States2010 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts Documentary amp Performing Arts The Neighbour NRK NorwayComedy Benidorm Bastards VMMa BelgiumSitcom The Inbetweeners E4 United KingdomDrama amp Mini Series Hopeville South AfricaSoap amp Telenovela Date Blind Argentina SwitzerlandChildren amp Youth Krimi de Web Attack GermanyVariety amp Live Event Show La Boheme at the Tower Block SwitzerlandGame Show Bingo Banko DenmarkReality amp Factual Entertainment Blood Sweat and Takeaways BBC United KingdomMulti Platform Aguila Roja RTVE SpainSocial Awards Desert Tears GermanySocial Awards Sofa Surfers BBC United Kingdom2012 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryArts Documentary amp Performing Arts The Sound of Ole Bull NRK NorwayComedy Black Mirror The National Anthem Channel 4 United KingdomSitcom Friday Night Dinner Channel 4 United KingdomSeries Pan Am ABC United StatesTV movie Homevideo NDR GermanyChildren Horrible Histories BBC United KingdomYouth Dream High KBS South KoreaLive Event Show Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ARD GermanyGame Show The Million Pound Drop Live Channel 4 United KingdomFactual Entertainment Go Back To Where You Came From SBS AustraliaLifestyle The Great British Bake Off BBC United KingdomMulti Platform Plan B Antena 3 SpainBest of Rose 2012 Go Back To Where You Came From SBS Australia2013 Edit Category Winner Television network CountryComedy What if VMMa BelgiumSitcom Spy BSkyB United KingdomGame Show Oh Sit The CW United StatesArts Freddie Mercury The Great Pretender BBC United KingdomReality amp Factual Entertainment Make Bradford British Channel 4 United KingdomEntertainment Gruen Sweat ABC Australia2014 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Little Mom Dori Media Group IsraelSitcom Toast of London Channel 4 United KingdomGame Show Pointless BBC United KingdomArts Peter and the Wolf Pierre et le Loup Camera Lucida Productions FranceReality amp Factual Entertainment Gogglebox Channel 4 United KingdomEntertainment Circus HalliGalli ProSiebenSat 1 Media Germany2015 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Psychobitches Sky Arts United KingdomSitcom Catastrophe Channel 4 United KingdomRadio Comedy Newsjack BBC Radio 4 Extra United KingdomGame Show Wild Things Sky One United KingdomArts Our Gay Wedding The Musical Channel 4 United KingdomReality amp Factual Entertainment Street Jungle Canal D CanadaEntertainment The Graham Norton Show BBC United Kingdom2016 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Inside No 9 BBC Two United KingdomSitcom Raised by Wolves Channel 4 United KingdomGame Show Pick Me ITV United KingdomReality amp Factual Entertainment The Real Marigold Hotel BBC Two United KingdomEntertainment Eurovision Song Contest 2016 SVT SwedenDrama River BBC One United Kingdom2017 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Fleabag BBC One United KingdomSitcom Henry IX Gold United KingdomGame Show Bigheads ITV United KingdomReality amp Factual Entertainment You Can t Ask That ABC iview AustraliaEntertainment Stasera casa Mika Rai 2 ItalyDrama Nobel NRK NorwayChildren amp Youth Anti Bully Club Skyhigh TV NetherlandsArts Balletboyz BBC Two United KingdomTV movie The Verdict ARD GermanyEntertainer of the Year James Corden United KingdomLifetime Achievement Award Angela Lansbury United Kingdom2018 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Grotesco s Seven Masterpieces The Refugee Crisis a musical SVT SwedenSitcom Detectorists BBC Four United KingdomDrama The Crown Netflix United KingdomLimited Series and TV Movie A Very English Scandal BBC One United KingdomAugmented Reality amp Virtual Reality Damming the Nile BBC News United KingdomReality amp Factual Entertainment Down the Road VRT BelgiumArts Betroffenheit BBC Four United KingdomGame Show Sorry voor alles VRT BelgiumEntertainment Roberto Bolle Danza con me Rai 1 ItalyChildren amp Youth The Highway Rat BBC One United KingdomEntertainer of the Year Jan Bohmermann GermanyLifetime Achievement Award Joanna Lumley United Kingdom2019 Edit Category Winner Network CountrySoap or Telenovela Orphans of a Nation Globo BrazilChildren amp Youth ZombieLars NRK NorwayArts The Greenaway Alphabet NTR NetherlandsAudio Entertainment 13 Minutes to the Moon BBC World Service United KingdomSocial Media Video Series SWIPE NPO 3 NetherlandsStudio Entertainment Michael McIntyre s Big Show BBC One United KingdomComedy Baroness von Sketch Show CBC CanadaReality and Factual Entertainment The Repair Shop BBC Two United KingdomComedy Drama and Sitcom Arde Madrid Movistar SpainDrama Chernobyl Sky UK HBO United Kingdom United StatesGolden RosePerformance of the Year Ricky Gervais for After Life Netflix United KingdomLifetime Achievement Award Maren Kroymann Germany2020 Edit Category Winner Network CountryComedy Woke Hulu United StatesComedy Drama and Sitcom Sex Education Netflix United Kingdom United StatesDrama Babylon Berlin Sky Deutschland GermanySoap or Telenovela Victoria Small Telefe ArgentinaReality and Factual Entertainment The School That Tried To End Racism Channel 4 United KingdomDocumentary Once Upon a Time in Iraq BBC Two United KingdomGolden RoseArts Wim Wenders Desperado ARD GermanyStudio Entertainment The Wonderbox France 3 FranceChildren amp Youth First Day ABC AustraliaSocial Media Video Series Content ABC AustraliaInnovation in the Time of Covid Homefest James Corden s Late Late Show Special CBS United StatesAudio Entertainment Tunnel 29 BBC Radio 4 United KingdomLifetime Achievement Award David Attenborough United KingdomEmerging Talent Award Daisy Edgar Jones for Normal People BBC Three United Kingdom2021 Edit Category Winner Network CountrySoap or Telenovela Two Lives Dos vidas RTVE SpainChildren amp Youth Horrible Histories Black History Special CBBC United KingdomStudio Entertainment Strictly Come Dancing BBC One United KingdomComedy Bo Burnham Inside Netflix United StatesAudio Entertainment I m Not a Monster BBC Sounds BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Panorama Frontline PBS United KingdomArts Firestarter The Story of Bangarra ABC AustraliaNews and Current Affairs Storming the Capitol The Inside Story Apple TV BBC One United KingdomGolden RoseMultiplatform Series InterConnected Fred Gets Feedback BBC United KingdomComedy Drama and Sitcom Call My Agent Netflix France Televisions FranceReality and Factual Entertainment Long Lost Family Born Without Trace ITV United KingdomDocumentary 9 11 Inside the President s War Room Apple TV BBC One United KingdomDrama Help Channel 4 United KingdomLifetime Achievement Award Brenda Blethyn United KingdomPerformance of the Year Omar Sy for Lupin Netflix FranceEmerging Talent Award Nida Manzoor for We Are Lady Parts Channel 4 United Kingdom2022 Edit Category Winner Network CountryChildren amp Youth Talking Heads VPRO NetherlandsMultiplatform Series Stop it Now NPO Zapp NetherlandsSoap or Telenovela Casualty BBC One United KingdomNews and Current Affairs Afghanistan No Country for Women ITV United KingdomAudio Entertainment Pillow Talk Audiocraft Audible Easy Tiger AustraliaArts Freddie Mercury The Final Act BBC Two United KingdomComedy Drama and Sitcom The Great Hulu United StatesDocumentary The Real Mo Farah BBC One United KingdomReality and Factual Entertainment The Traitors RTL 4 NetherlandsComedy Toast of Tinseltown BBC Two United KingdomStudio Entertainment The Musical of Your Life Play4 BelgiumDrama Succession HBO United StatesLifetime Achievement Award Brian Cox United KingdomPerformance of the Year Sidse Babett Knudsen for Borgen Netflix DR DenmarkEmerging Talent Award Yasmin Finney for Heartstopper Netflix United KingdomSource 3 References Edit FRAPA Archived from the original on 9 June 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2019 Channel 4 wins five Rose d Or awards the Guardian 10 May 2007 Retrieved 2 November 2021 Winners of 61st Rose d Or awards announced Rose d Or Awards Retrieved 17 January 2023 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Rose d Or at Wikimedia Commons Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rose d 27Or amp oldid 1170906610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
