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Dynastinae

April 12, 2024

Dynastinae or rhinoceros beetles are a subfamily of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae). Other common names – some for particular groups of rhinoceros beetles – include Hercules beetles, unicorn beetles or horn beetles. Over 1,500 species and 225 genera of rhinoceros beetles are known.[2]

Dynastinae
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Subfamily: Dynastinae
MacLeay, 1819
Tribes

See text[1]

Many rhinoceros beetles are well known for their unique shapes and large sizes. Some famous species are, for example, the Atlas beetle (Chalcosoma atlas), common rhinoceros beetle (Xylotrupes ulysses), elephant beetle (Megasoma elephas), European rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicornis), Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules), Japanese rhinoceros beetle or kabutomushi (Allomyrina dichotoma), ox beetle (Strategus aloeus) and the Eastern Hercules beetle (Dynastes tityus).

Description edit

 
European rhinoceros beetle
 
European rhinoceros beetle – three stages from larva to adult: larva (back), pupa (center), and imago (front)

The Dynastinae are among the largest of beetles, reaching more than 15 centimetres (6 inches) in length, but are completely harmless to humans because they cannot bite or sting. Some species have been anecdotally claimed to lift up to 850 times their own weight.[3] An extinct Eocene Oryctoantiquus borealis was the largest fossil scarabeid, with a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in).[4] Some modern Oryctini grew up to 7 cm (3 in).[4] Common names of the Dynastinae refer to the characteristic horns borne only by the males of most species in the group. Each has a horn on the head and another horn pointing forward from the center of the thorax. The horns are used in fighting other males during mating season, and for digging. The size of the horn is a good indicator of nutrition and physical health.[5]

The body of an adult rhinoceros beetle is covered by a thick exoskeleton. A pair of thick wings lie atop another set of membranous wings underneath, allowing the rhinoceros beetle to fly, although not very efficiently owing to its large size. Their best protection from predators is their size and stature, also avoiding many due to being nocturnal. When the sun is out, they hide under logs or in vegetation to camouflage themselves from the few predators big enough to eat them. If rhinoceros beetles are disturbed, some can release very loud, hissing squeaks created by rubbing their abdomens against the ends of their wing covers.

Ecology edit

These beetles' larval stages can be several years long. The larvae feed on rotten wood and the adults feed on nectar, plant sap, and fruit. First, the larvae hatch from eggs and later develop into pupae before they reach adulthood. The females lay 50 eggs on average. Contrary to what their size may imply, adult rhinoceros beetles do not eat large amounts, unlike their larvae, which eat a significant amount of rotting wood.[citation needed] Rhinoceros beetles are relatively resilient; a healthy adult male can live up to 2–3 years. The females rarely live long after they mate.[citation needed]

Mating edit

Male Japanese rhinoceros beetles (Allomyrina dichotoma) fight to dominate sap sites. Males use their horns to pry rival males off the area, which also may give them the chance to mate with a female. In this and other species that defend mating sites, larger males with larger horns mate more frequently, as they win more contests. Small males often avoid larger males and exhibit alternative strategies to gain access to females.[6][7]

As pests edit

Some species, such as the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), can become major pests, e.g., in tree plantations.[8] Usually though, beetle population densities are not as high as in some other pest insects, and they typically prefer food trees which are already sick or dying from some other cause. Some species' larvae, however, will attack healthy trees or even root vegetables, and when they occur in large numbers, can cause economically significant damage. The fungus Metarhizium majus is a proven biocontrol agent for beetle infestation in crops.

Uses edit

Rhinoceros beetles have become popular pets in parts of Asia,[9] due to being relatively clean, easy to maintain, and safe to handle. Also in Asia, male beetles are used for gambling fights.[10] Since males naturally have the tendency to fight each other for the attention of females, they are the ones used for battle. To get the two male beetles to lock in combat, a female beetle is used, or a small noisemaker duplicating the female's mating call.

Entomologist Séverin Tchibozo suggests the larvae contain much more protein (40%) than chicken (20%) and beef (approximately 18%), and they could become a protein source for a large human population.[11]

Dr. MinJun Kim, leading a team of engineers in National Science Foundation-funded research, examined the function and aerodynamics of Allomyrina dichotoma with the help of researchers in Drexel University's Mechanical Engineering Department and in collaboration with Konkuk University in South Korea. Rhinoceros beetles could play a big part in the next generation of aircraft design.[12]

Tribes with selected genera and species edit

Agaocephalini edit

 
Antodon goryi

Auth: Burmeister, 1847. all genera:

  1. Aegopsis Burmeister, 1847
  2. Agaocephala Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828
  3. Antodon Brême, 1845
  4. Brachysiderus Waterhouse, 1881
  5. Colacus Ohaus, 1910
  6. Democrates (beetle) Burmeister, 1847
  7. Gnathogolofa Arrow, 1914
  8. Horridocalia Endrödi, 1974
  9. Lycomedes (beetle) Breme, 1844
  10. Mitracephala Thomson, 1859
  11. Spodistes Burmeister, 1847

Cyclocephalini edit

 
Cyclocephala borealis (Cyclocephalini)

Auth: Laporte, 1840. Selected genera:

Dynastini edit

 
Eupatorus gracilicornis (Dynastini)

Auth: MacLeay, 1819. Selected genera:

Hexodontini edit

Auth. Lacordaire, 1856; genera:

  1. Hemicyrthus Reiche, 1860
  2. Hexodon Olivier, 1789
  3. Hyboschema Péringuey, 1901

Oryctini edit

 
Trichogomphus mongol (Oryctini)

Auth: Mulsant, 1842. Selected genera:

Oryctoderini edit

Auth. Endrödi, 1966; all genera:

  1. Chalcasthenes Arrow, 1937
  2. Chalcocrates Heller, 1903
  3. Coenoryctoderus Prell, 1933
  4. Hatamus Sharp, 1877
  5. Melanhyphus Fairmaire, 1881
  6. Neohyphus Heller, 1896
  7. Onychionyx Arrow, 1914
  8. Oryctoderinus Endrödi, 1978
  9. Oryctoderus Boisduval, 1835
  10. Paroryctoderus Dechambre, 1994

Pentodontini edit

 
Pentodon idiota (Pentodontini)

Auth: Mulsant, 1842. Selected genera:

Phileurini edit

 
Phileurus valgus (Phileurini)

Auth: Burmeister, 1847; selected genera:

  • Cryptodus MacLeay, 1819
  • Phileurus Latreille, 1807

Notes edit

  1. ^ Bouchard, P., Y. Bousquet, A. Davies, M. Alonso-Zarazaga, J. Lawrence, C. Lyal, A. Newton, et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys, vol. 88, 1-972.
  2. ^ Beutel, Rolf G.; Leschen, Richard A.B., eds. (2016-03-21). Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1, Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim). De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110373929. ISBN 978-3-11-037392-9.
  3. ^ Kram, Rodger (1 March 1996). "Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles". Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (3): 609–612. doi:10.1242/jeb.199.3.609. PMID 9318326.
  4. ^ a b Brett Ratcliffe, Dena M. Smith, Diane Marie Erwin. "Oryctoantiquus borealis, New Genus and Species from the Eocene of Oregon, U.S.A., the World's Oldest Fossil Dynastine and Largest Fossil Scarabaeid (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)". 2009. The Coleopterists Bulletin 59(Mar 2005):127-135 DOI:10.1649/0010-065X(2005)059[0127:OBNGAS]2.0.CO;2
  5. ^ "Why horn size matters when picking a mate". New Scientist.
  6. ^ Buchalski, Benjamin; Gutierrez, Eric; Emlen, Douglas; Lavine, Laura; Swanson, Brook (15 October 2019). "Variation in an Extreme Weapon: Horn Performance Differences across Rhinoceros Beetle (Trypoxylus dichotomus) Populations". Insects. 10 (10): 346. doi:10.3390/insects10100346. PMC 6835817. PMID 31618906.
  7. ^ Goczał, Jakub; Rossa, Robert; Tofilski, Adam (17 April 2019). "Intersexual and intrasexual patterns of horn size and shape variation in the European rhinoceros beetle: quantifying the shape of weapons". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 127 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz026.
  8. ^ Featured Creatures: Coconut rhinoceros beetle
  9. ^ "WHO? KNEW" (May 6, 2005) Current Science Vol.90 No.16
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
  11. ^ Global Steak - Demain nos enfants mangeront des criquets (2010 French documentary)
  12. ^ "Engineers Unlock Secrets of Beetle Flight" (news story). ScienceDaily. April 11, 2012. ScienceDaily (Apr. 10, 2012) — Rhinoceros beetles could play a big part....

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dynastinae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Dynastinae.
  • Family SCARABAEIDAE
  • Subfamily Dynastinae

April 12, 2024
dynastinae, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, november, 2015, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, rhin. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Dynastinae or rhinoceros beetles are a subfamily of the scarab beetle family Scarabaeidae Other common names some for particular groups of rhinoceros beetles include Hercules beetles unicorn beetles or horn beetles Over 1 500 species and 225 genera of rhinoceros beetles are known 2 DynastinaeTemporal range Eocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraFamily ScarabaeidaeSubfamily DynastinaeMacLeay 1819TribesSee text 1 Many rhinoceros beetles are well known for their unique shapes and large sizes Some famous species are for example the Atlas beetle Chalcosoma atlas common rhinoceros beetle Xylotrupes ulysses elephant beetle Megasoma elephas European rhinoceros beetle Oryctes nasicornis Hercules beetle Dynastes hercules Japanese rhinoceros beetle or kabutomushi Allomyrina dichotoma ox beetle Strategus aloeus and the Eastern Hercules beetle Dynastes tityus Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 2 1 Mating 3 As pests 4 Uses 5 Tribes with selected genera and species 5 1 Agaocephalini 5 2 Cyclocephalini 5 3 Dynastini 5 4 Hexodontini 5 5 Oryctini 5 6 Oryctoderini 5 7 Pentodontini 5 8 Phileurini 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp European rhinoceros beetle nbsp European rhinoceros beetle three stages from larva to adult larva back pupa center and imago front The Dynastinae are among the largest of beetles reaching more than 15 centimetres 6 inches in length but are completely harmless to humans because they cannot bite or sting Some species have been anecdotally claimed to lift up to 850 times their own weight 3 An extinct Eocene Oryctoantiquus borealis was the largest fossil scarabeid with a length of 5 centimetres 2 0 in 4 Some modern Oryctini grew up to 7 cm 3 in 4 Common names of the Dynastinae refer to the characteristic horns borne only by the males of most species in the group Each has a horn on the head and another horn pointing forward from the center of the thorax The horns are used in fighting other males during mating season and for digging The size of the horn is a good indicator of nutrition and physical health 5 The body of an adult rhinoceros beetle is covered by a thick exoskeleton A pair of thick wings lie atop another set of membranous wings underneath allowing the rhinoceros beetle to fly although not very efficiently owing to its large size Their best protection from predators is their size and stature also avoiding many due to being nocturnal When the sun is out they hide under logs or in vegetation to camouflage themselves from the few predators big enough to eat them If rhinoceros beetles are disturbed some can release very loud hissing squeaks created by rubbing their abdomens against the ends of their wing covers Ecology editThese beetles larval stages can be several years long The larvae feed on rotten wood and the adults feed on nectar plant sap and fruit First the larvae hatch from eggs and later develop into pupae before they reach adulthood The females lay 50 eggs on average Contrary to what their size may imply adult rhinoceros beetles do not eat large amounts unlike their larvae which eat a significant amount of rotting wood citation needed Rhinoceros beetles are relatively resilient a healthy adult male can live up to 2 3 years The females rarely live long after they mate citation needed Mating edit Male Japanese rhinoceros beetles Allomyrina dichotoma fight to dominate sap sites Males use their horns to pry rival males off the area which also may give them the chance to mate with a female In this and other species that defend mating sites larger males with larger horns mate more frequently as they win more contests Small males often avoid larger males and exhibit alternative strategies to gain access to females 6 7 As pests editSome species such as the coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros can become major pests e g in tree plantations 8 Usually though beetle population densities are not as high as in some other pest insects and they typically prefer food trees which are already sick or dying from some other cause Some species larvae however will attack healthy trees or even root vegetables and when they occur in large numbers can cause economically significant damage The fungus Metarhizium majus is a proven biocontrol agent for beetle infestation in crops Uses editRhinoceros beetles have become popular pets in parts of Asia 9 due to being relatively clean easy to maintain and safe to handle Also in Asia male beetles are used for gambling fights 10 Since males naturally have the tendency to fight each other for the attention of females they are the ones used for battle To get the two male beetles to lock in combat a female beetle is used or a small noisemaker duplicating the female s mating call Entomologist Severin Tchibozo suggests the larvae contain much more protein 40 than chicken 20 and beef approximately 18 and they could become a protein source for a large human population 11 Dr MinJun Kim leading a team of engineers in National Science Foundation funded research examined the function and aerodynamics of Allomyrina dichotoma with the help of researchers in Drexel University s Mechanical Engineering Department and in collaboration with Konkuk University in South Korea Rhinoceros beetles could play a big part in the next generation of aircraft design 12 Tribes with selected genera and species editAgaocephalini edit nbsp Antodon goryiAuth Burmeister 1847 all genera Aegopsis Burmeister 1847 Agaocephala Lepeletier amp Audinet Serville 1828 Antodon Breme 1845 Brachysiderus Waterhouse 1881 Colacus Ohaus 1910 Democrates beetle Burmeister 1847 Gnathogolofa Arrow 1914 Horridocalia Endrodi 1974 Lycomedes beetle Breme 1844 Mitracephala Thomson 1859 Spodistes Burmeister 1847Cyclocephalini edit nbsp Cyclocephala borealis Cyclocephalini Auth Laporte 1840 Selected genera Ancognatha Erichson 1847 Cyclocephala Dejean 1821 masked chafers Dyscinetus Harold 1869 rice beetles Dynastini edit nbsp Eupatorus gracilicornis Dynastini Auth MacLeay 1819 Selected genera Allomyrina Arrow 1911 including Trypoxylus Allomyrina dichotoma Japanese rhinoceros beetle Chalcosoma Hope 1837 Chalcosoma atlas Atlas beetle Chalcosoma moellenkampi Moellenkampi beetle Chalcosoma caucasus Caucasus beetle Dynastes MacLeay 1819 Dynastes hercules Hercules beetle Dynastes neptunus Neptune beetle Eupatorus Burmeister 1847 Eupatorus gracilicornis Five horned rhinoceros beetle Eupatorus siamensis Siamese beetle Eupatorus birmanicus Rabbit beetle Megasoma Kirby 1825 Megasoma mars Mars beetle Megasoma elephas Elephant beetle Megasoma actaeon Actaeon beetle Xylotrupes Hope 1837 Xylotrupes gideon Siamese rhinoceros beetle Xylotrupes ulyssesHexodontini edit Auth Lacordaire 1856 genera Hemicyrthus Reiche 1860 Hexodon Olivier 1789 Hyboschema Peringuey 1901Oryctini edit nbsp Trichogomphus mongol Oryctini Auth Mulsant 1842 Selected genera Enema Hope 1837 Megaceras Hope 1837 Megaceras briansaltini Oryctes Hellwig 1798 Oryctes nasicornis European rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros coconut rhinoceros beetle Strategus Kirby 1828 Strategus aloeus ox beetle Trichogomphus Burmeister 1847 XyloryctesOryctoderini edit Auth Endrodi 1966 all genera Chalcasthenes Arrow 1937 Chalcocrates Heller 1903 Coenoryctoderus Prell 1933 Hatamus Sharp 1877 Melanhyphus Fairmaire 1881 Neohyphus Heller 1896 Onychionyx Arrow 1914 Oryctoderinus Endrodi 1978 Oryctoderus Boisduval 1835 Paroryctoderus Dechambre 1994Pentodontini edit nbsp Pentodon idiota Pentodontini Auth Mulsant 1842 Selected genera Diloboderus Sturm 1826 monotypic Diloboderus abderus Ligyrus Burmeister 1847 Pentodon Hope 1837 Pericoptus Burmeister 1847 Tomarus Erichson 1847Phileurini edit nbsp Phileurus valgus Phileurini Auth Burmeister 1847 selected genera Cryptodus MacLeay 1819 Phileurus Latreille 1807Notes edit Bouchard P Y Bousquet A Davies M Alonso Zarazaga J Lawrence C Lyal A Newton et al 2011 Family group names in Coleoptera Insecta ZooKeys vol 88 1 972 Beutel Rolf G Leschen Richard A B eds 2016 03 21 Coleoptera Beetles Volume 1 Morphology and Systematics Archostemata Adephaga Myxophaga Polyphaga partim De Gruyter doi 10 1515 9783110373929 ISBN 978 3 11 037392 9 Kram Rodger 1 March 1996 Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles Journal of Experimental Biology 199 3 609 612 doi 10 1242 jeb 199 3 609 PMID 9318326 a b Brett Ratcliffe Dena M Smith Diane Marie Erwin Oryctoantiquus borealis New Genus and Species from the Eocene of Oregon U S A the World s Oldest Fossil Dynastine and Largest Fossil Scarabaeid Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Dynastinae 2009 The Coleopterists Bulletin 59 Mar 2005 127 135 DOI 10 1649 0010 065X 2005 059 0127 OBNGAS 2 0 CO 2 Why horn size matters when picking a mate New Scientist Buchalski Benjamin Gutierrez Eric Emlen Douglas Lavine Laura Swanson Brook 15 October 2019 Variation in an Extreme Weapon Horn Performance Differences across Rhinoceros Beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus Populations Insects 10 10 346 doi 10 3390 insects10100346 PMC 6835817 PMID 31618906 Goczal Jakub Rossa Robert Tofilski Adam 17 April 2019 Intersexual and intrasexual patterns of horn size and shape variation in the European rhinoceros beetle quantifying the shape of weapons Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127 1 34 43 doi 10 1093 biolinnean blz026 Featured Creatures Coconut rhinoceros beetle WHO KNEW May 6 2005 Current Science Vol 90 No 16 Rhinoceros beetle gambling in Thailand Archived from the original on 2012 04 12 Retrieved 2006 11 03 Global Steak Demain nos enfants mangeront des criquets 2010 French documentary Engineers Unlock Secrets of Beetle Flight news story ScienceDaily April 11 2012 ScienceDaily Apr 10 2012 Rhinoceros beetles could play a big part Further reading editEndrodi S 1985 The Dynastinae of the World Series Entomologica Vol 28 Dr W Junk Publishers ISBN 978 9061931386 Dechambre R P amp Lachaume G The Beetles of the World volume 27 The genus Oryctes Dynastidae Hillside Books Canterbury 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dynastinae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Dynastinae Family SCARABAEIDAE Subfamily Dynastinae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dynastinae amp oldid 1214797717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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