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Racism in Israel

November 20, 2023

Racism in Israel encompasses all forms and manifestations of racism experienced in Israel, irrespective of the colour or creed of the perpetrator and victim, or their citizenship, residency, or visitor status. More specifically in the Israeli context, racism in Israel refers to racism directed against Israeli Arabs by Israeli Jews,[1] intra-Jewish racism between the various Jewish ethnic divisions (in particular against Ethiopian Jews),[2] historic and current racism towards Mizrahi Jews, and racism on the part of Israeli Arabs against Israeli Jews.

Racism on the part of Israeli Jews against Arabs in Israel exists in institutional policies, personal attitudes, the media, education, immigration rights, housing,[3] social life and legal policies. Some elements within the Ashkenazi Israeli Jewish population have also been described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards fellow Jews of other backgrounds, including against Ethiopian Jews, Indian Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, etc. Although intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Sephardim/Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel, and social integration is constantly improving, disparities continue to persist. Ethiopian Jews in particular have faced discrimination from non-Black Jews. It has been suggested that the situation of the Ethiopian Jews as 'becoming white' is similar to that of some European immigrants like Poles and Italians who arrived in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[4]

Israel has broad anti-discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination by both government and non-government entities on the basis of race, religion, and political beliefs, and prohibits incitement to racism.[5] The Israeli government and many groups within Israel have undertaken efforts to combat racism. Israel is a state-party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education. Israel's President Reuven Rivlin announced to a meeting of academics in October 2014 that it is finally time for Israel to live up to its promise as a land of equality, time to cure the epidemic of racism. "Israeli society is sick, and it is our duty to treat this disease", Rivlin stated.[6]

Incidence

According to Sammy Smooha, a Professor of Sociology at the University of Haifa, the answer to the question of whether racism exists in Israel depends on the definition of racism adopted. If Pierre L. van den Berghe's view is adopted, that the term racism must be restricted to beliefs that a given biological race is superior, then ethnocentrism can be found in Israel, but not racism. According to other definitions, racism is a belief that membership in a certain group, not necessarily genetic or biological, determines the qualities of individuals. By this definition, racist views are present in portions of the Israeli population.[7] Smooha adds that some Arab and Jewish writers make accusations of racism, but they use the term in a very loose way.[7]

Groups subjected to racism

Racism against Arab citizens by Israeli Jews

 
Vandalized grave. The graffiti says "death to Arabs" (מוות לערבים, mavet laArabim).
See also: Anti-Arabism in Israel

Racism against Arab citizens of Israel on the part of the Israeli state and some Israeli Jews has been identified by critics in personal attitudes, the media, education, immigration rights, housing segregation, and social life. Nearly all such characterizations have been denied by the state of Israel. The Or Commission, set up to explain the October 2000 unrest in many Israeli Arab communities found,

"The state and generations of its government failed in a lack of comprehensive and deep handling of the serious problems created by the existence of a large Arab minority inside the Jewish state. Government handling of the Arab sector has been primarily neglectful and discriminatory. The establishment did not show sufficient sensitivity to the needs of the Arab population, and did not take enough action in order to allocate state resources in an equal manner. The state did not do enough or try hard enough to create equality for its Arab citizens or to uproot discriminatory or unjust phenomenon."[8]

According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens".[9] The 2005 U.S. Department of State report on Israel wrote: "[T]he government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas, including ... institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens."[10] The 2010 U.S. State Department Country Report stated that Israeli law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, and that government effectively enforced these prohibitions.[11] Former Likud MK and Minister of Defense Moshe Arens has criticized the treatment of minorities in Israel, saying that they did not bear the full obligation of Israeli citizenship, nor were they extended the full privileges of citizenship.[12]

Israel is a state-party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The 1998 Report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that the Convention "is far from fully implemented in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and that the shortfall contributes very significantly to the dangerous escalation of tension in the region". The report positively noted the measures taken by Israel to prohibit the activities of racist political parties, the amendment of the Equal Opportunity in Employment Law, prohibiting discrimination in the labour sphere on the grounds of national ethnic origin, country of origin, beliefs, political views, political party, affiliation or age, and the Israeli efforts to reduce and eventually eradicate the economic and educational gap between the Jewish majority and the Arab minority.[13]

Polls

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) published reports documenting racism in Israel, and the 2007 report suggested that anti-Arab racism in the country was increasing. One analysis of the report summarized it thus: "Over two-thirds of Israeli teens believe Arabs to be less intelligent, uncultured and violent. Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together ... The report becomes even grimmer, citing the ACRI's racism poll, taken in March 2007, in which 50% of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs, will not befriend, or let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes."[14] The 2008 report from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing.[15] An Israeli minister charged the poll as biased and not credible.[16] The Israeli government spokesman responded that the Israeli government was "committed to fighting racism whenever it raises its ugly head and is committed to full equality to all Israeli citizens, irrespective of ethnicity, creed or background, as defined by our declaration of independence".[16]

Another 2007 report, by the Center Against Racism, also found hostility against Arabs was on the rise. Among its findings, it reported that 75% of Israeli Jews do not approve of Arabs and Jews sharing apartment buildings; that over half of Jews would not want to have an Arab boss and that marrying an Arab amounts to "national treason"; and that 55% of the sample thought Arabs should be kept separate from Jews in entertainment sites. Half wanted the Israeli government to encourage Israeli Arabs to emigrate. About 40% believed Arab citizens should have their voting rights removed.[17]

A March 2010 poll by Tel Aviv University found that 49.5% of Israeli Jewish high school students believe Israeli Arabs should not be entitled to the same rights as Jews in Israel. 56% believe Arabs should not be eligible to the Knesset, the Israeli parliament.[18]

An October 2010 poll by the Dahaf polling agency found that 36% of Israeli Jews favor eliminating voting rights for non-Jews.[19] In recent polling (2003–2009) between 42% and 56% of Israelis agreed that "Israeli Arabs suffer from discrimination as opposed to Jewish citizens"; 80% of Israeli Arabs agreed with that statement in 2009.[20]

A 2012 poll revealed widespread support among Israeli Jews for discrimination against Israeli Arabs.[21]

In November 2014, after two Arabs from East Jerusalem perpetrated a massacre in a Jerusalem synagogue by using axes, knives, and a gun, the mayor of Ashkelon, Itamar Shimoni, announced that he planned to fire city construction workers who were Arab. His action brought a storm of protest from politicians, as well as the prime minister and president. Police in Ashkelon said they would ignore Shimoni's directive and "obey the law".[22] Nir Barkat, mayor of Jerusalem, said "We cannot discriminate the Arabs", and added, "I cannot help but think of where we were 70 years ago in Europe. We cannot generalize as they did to Jews. Here in Jerusalem, we have tens of thousands of Arab workers. We must make a clear distinction."[23] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "We should not discriminate against an entire public because of a small minority that is violent and militant." Intelligence Minister Yuval Steinitz said it is "sad that relations between Jews and Arabs will suffer because of some Jihadist fanatical terrorists." He said that on the one hand "one can understand the fear of parents of kindergarten children afraid someone will take a knife one day, as happened in the synagogue in Jerusalem, shout 'Allah Akhbar' and begin to attack." On the other hand, he said, "this is something that should be handled while keeping the generally good relations between Jews and Arabs."[24] In spite of the almost universal condemnation of Shimoni's plan by Israeli politicians, a poll by Channel 10 showed that 58% of Israelis support the discriminatory practice, 32% did not approve and 10% did not know.[25] At the end, the mayor changed his mind. Yehiel Lasri, mayor of nearby Ashdod, allegedly targeted Arab workers for extra security checks.[26]

In the media

Some authors, such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet, have criticized the Israeli media for portraying Arabs negatively.[27][28] The Israeli media has been described as "racist" in its portrayals of Israeli-Arabs and Palestinians by Israeli-Arab Nabilia Espanioly[29]

Education system

 
Jewish and Arab teachers at Hand in Hand, a network of bilingual schools that aims to promote coexistence between the Arab and Jewish populations of Israel
See also: Education in Israel

Israel is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education, and ratified it in 1961. The convention has the status of law in Israeli courts.[30] Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law of 2000 prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from educational institutions, in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of separate classes in the same educational institution.[31]

According to a 2001 report by Human Rights Watch, Israel's school systems for Arab and Jewish children are separate and have unequal conditions to the disadvantage of the Arab children who make up one-quarter of all students. Israeli law does not prohibit Palestinian Arab parents from enrolling their children in Jewish schools, but in practice, very few Palestinian Arab parents do so.[30][32] The report stated that "Government-run Arab schools are a world apart from government-run Jewish schools. In virtually every respect, Palestinian Arab children get an education inferior to that of Jewish children, and their relatively poor performance in school reflects this."[33][34][35] In 1999, in an attempt to close the gap between Arab and Jewish education sectors, the Education Minister of Israel announced an affirmative action policy which promised that Arabs would be granted 25% of the education budget, proportionally more funding than their 18% of the population, and supported the creation of an Arab academic college.[36]

A 2009 study from the Hebrew University School of Education demonstrated that the Israeli Education Ministry's budget for special assistance to students from low socioeconomic backgrounds "severely" discriminated against Arabs. The study found that because there were more needy Arab students, but fewer Arab students overall, educationally needy Jewish students receive anywhere from 3.8 to 6.9 times as much funding as equally needy Arab students. The Education Ministry said in response to the report that a decision has already been made to abandon this allocation method.[37] The Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education notes that the Israeli government spends an average of $192 per year on each Arab student compared to $1,100 per Jewish student. The drop-out rate for Arab citizens of Israel is twice as high as that of their Jewish counterparts (12 percent versus 6 percent). The same group also notes that there is a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector.[38][verification needed]

A 2007 report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination noted that separate sectors are maintained for Jewish and Arab education. It recommended that Israel should assess the extent to which maintenance of separate Arab and Jewish sectors "may amount to racial segregation", and that mixed Arab-Jewish communities and schools, and intercultural education should be promoted.[39] In a 2008 report, Israel responded that parents are entitled to enroll their children in the educational institution of their choice, whether the spoken language is Hebrew, Arabic or bilingual. It also noted that Israel promotes a variety of programs that promote intercultural cooperation, tolerance and understanding[32][40]

In Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education, Nurit Peled-Elhanan, a professor of language and education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, describes the depiction of Arabs in Israeli schoolbooks as racist. She states that their only representation is as ‘refugees, primitive farmers and terrorists’, claiming that in "hundreds and hundreds" of books, not one photograph depicted an Arab as a "normal person".[41] Arnon Groiss of the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace criticized these findings. After reviewing the same books examined by Peled-Ehanan, Groiss concluded that "Peled-Ehanan's claim regarding this point is clearly false ... This heavily politicized and thus biased approach distorts the material to produce a picture to her liking." Groiss further criticized the work of Peled-Elhanan for stretching the definition of racism to include cases that researchers would normally categorize as ethnocentrism.[42]

Land ownership

Main article: Israeli Arabs § Property ownership and housing

The Jewish National Fund is a private organization established in 1901 to buy and develop land in the Land of Israel for Jewish settlement; land purchases were funded by donations from world Jewry exclusively for that purpose.[43]

Discrimination has been claimed regarding ownership and leasing of land in Israel, because approximately 13% of Israel's land, owned by the Jewish National Fund, is restricted to Jewish ownership and tenancy, and Arabs are prevented from buying or leasing that land.[44]

In the early 2000s, several Community settlement in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of barring Arab applicants from moving in. In 2010, the Knesset passed legislation that allowed admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev, while explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race, religion, sex, ethnicity, disability, personal status, age, parenthood, sexual orientation, country of origin, political views, or political affiliation.[45][46] Critics, however, say the law gives the privately run admissions committees a wide latitude over public lands, and believe it will worsen discrimination against the Arab minority.[47]

Zionism

See also: Zionism § Characterization as colonialist and racist
 
Chaim Herzog condemned the Zionism is racism UN resolution, saying that Zionism is non-discriminatory and non racist.[48] The resolution was later revoked.

Some critics of Israel equate Zionism with racism, or describe Zionism itself as racist or discriminatory.[49] In 1975, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 3379, which concluded that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination".[50][51] During debate on the resolution, U.S. ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan argued that Zionism "clearly is not a form of racism", defining racism as "an ideology ... which favors discrimination on the grounds of alleged biological differences".[52]

The resolution was revoked by Resolution 46/86 on December 16, 1991. Speaking to the General Assembly, George H. W. Bush said "to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and indeed throughout history".

Supporters of Zionism, such as Chaim Herzog, argue that the movement is non-discriminatory and contains no racist aspects.[48]

Law of return controversy
See also: Law of return § Controversy

Some critics have described the Law of Return, which allows all Jews and persons of some Jewish descent to immigrate to Israel as racist, as Palestinian refugees are not eligible for citizenship.[53] Palestinians and advocates for Palestinian refugee rights criticize the Law of Return, which they compare to the Palestinian claim to a right of return.[54] These critics consider the Law, as contrasted against the denial of the right of Palestinian refugees to return, as offensive and as institutionalized ethnic discrimination.[55]

Supporters of the Law argue that it is consistent with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(3) which allows for preferential treatments of some groups for purpose of immigration, provided there is no discrimination against a specific nationality.[56][57][58]

In addition, proponents of the law point out that in addition to Israel, several other countries provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries. Examples include Germany,[59] Serbia, Greece, Japan, Turkey, Ireland, Russia, Italy, Spain, Chile, Poland and Finland[58] (See Right of return and Repatriation laws.) Some supporters noted that the decision by the Venice Commission recognized the relationship between ethnic minorities and their kin-states as legitimate and even desirable, and preference in immigration and naturalization is mentioned as an example of legitimate preference.[58]

In response to Arab criticism of Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory in a 1975 United Nations resolution debate, Israelis argued that Palestinian Israelis were not subject to any legal discrimination.[52]

Proposed oath of allegiance

In 2010, the Israeli cabinet proposed an amendment to the Citizenship Act requiring all future non-Jews applying for Israeli citizenship to swear loyalty to Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. The proposal met harsh criticism, including accusations of racism, and subsequently it was amended to make the loyalty oath universal to both Jewish and non-Jewish naturalized citizens. Even in this new form, the bill did not pass due to lack of majority support in the Israeli parliament.[60][61][62][63][64]

Marriage

Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law bars immigration by family reunification to couples of an Israeli citizen and a Palestinian resident of the Israeli-occupied territories. Amnesty International says this mostly affects Arabs.[65][66] The law has been condemned by Amnesty International as "racial discrimination".[67] The government says the law say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks. Some leaders of the Kadima party support the law in order to preserve the state's Jewish character. Mishael Cheshin, one of the supreme court judges who upheld the law, wrote that "at a time of war the state could prevent the entry of enemy subjects to its territory even if they were married to citizens of the state".[68]

Religious racism

Rabbi David Batzri and his son Yitzhak were investigated by police after they made racist remarks against Arabs and protested against a mixed Arab-Jewish school in Jerusalem.[69][70] As part of a 2008 plea bargain, Yitzhak was sentenced to community service, and David issued a declaration saying he was opposed to any racist incitement and said that he calls for love, brotherhood and friendship.[71]

Dov Lior, Chief Rabbi of Hebron and Kiryat Arba in the southern West Bank and head of the "Council of Rabbis of Judea and Samaria" issued a religious edict saying "a thousand non-Jewish lives are not worth a Jew's fingernail"[72][73][74] and stated that captured Arab terrorists could be used to conduct medical experiments,[75] and also ruled that Jewish Law forbids employing Arabs or renting homes to them.[76][77] Lior denied holding racist views.[78] In June 2011, the Rabbi was arrested by Israeli police and questioned on suspicion of inciting violence.[79][80] Both opposition leader Tzipi Livni and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for a full judicial investigation of Lior's remarks and said that rabbis were not above the law.[81]

In October 2010, Ovadia Yosef, a former Sephardi chief rabbi, stated that the sole purpose of non-Jews "is to serve Jews".[82] His statement was harshly condemned by several Jewish organizations.[83][84]

On 7 Dec 2010, a group of 50 state-paid rabbis signed a letter instructing Orthodox Jews not to rent or sell houses to non-Jews. The letter was later endorsed by some 250 other Jewish religious figures. A hotline was opened for denouncing those Jews who did intend to rent out to Arabs.[85][86]

On 19 Dec 2010, a rally attended by 200 people was held in Bat Yam against the "assimilation" of young Jewish women with Arabs. One of the organizers, "Bentzi" Ben-Zion Gopstein, said that the motives are not racist: "It is important to explain that the problem is religious, not racist. If my son were to decide to marry an Arab woman who converted, I wouldn't have a problem with that. My problem is the assimilation that the phenomenon causes." One of the protestors called out, "Any Jewish woman who goes with an Arab should be killed; any Jew who sells his home to an Arab should be killed." Bat Yam Mayor Shlomo Lahyani condemned the event, saying "The city of Bat Yam denounces any racist phenomenon. This is a democratic country,". Nearby, about 200 residents of Bat Yam held a counter protest, waving signs reading, "We're fed up with racists" and "Jews and Arabs refuse to be enemies". Later that month, the wives of 27 rabbis signed a letter calling on Jewish girls to stay away from Arab men. The document stated: "Don't date them, don't work where they work and don't perform National Service with them."[87][88][89]

A senior Catholic spokesman, Fr Pierbattista Pizzaballa, the Custodian of the Holy Land, has claimed that a lack of police action, and an educational culture in which Jewish pupils are encouraged to act with "contempt" towards Christians, has resulted in life becoming increasingly "intolerable" for many Christians. In 2012, pro-settler extremists attacked a Trappist monastery in the town of Latroun covering walls with anti-Christian graffiti denouncing Christ as a "monkey", and the 11th century Monastery of the Cross was daubed with offensive slogans such as "Death to Christians". According to an article in The Daily Telegraph, Christian leaders feel that the most important issue that Israel has failed to address is the practice of some ultra-Orthodox Jewish schools to teach children that it is a religious obligation to abuse anyone in Holy Orders they encounter in public, "such that Ultra-Orthodox Jews, including children as young as eight, spit at members of the clergy on a daily basis."[90] Incidents of spitting on Christian clergymen in Jerusalem have been common since the 1990s.[91][92] Ruling on the case of a Greek Orthodox priest who had struck a yeshiva student who spat near him in 2011, a Jerusalem magistrate wrote, "Day after day, clergymen endure spitting by members of those fringe groups — a phenomenon intended to treat other religions with contempt. ... The authorities are not able to eradicate this phenomenon and they don't catch the spitters, even though this phenomenon has been going on for years."[93]

Incidents

 
Baruch Goldstein's tomb. The plaque reads "To the holy Baruch Goldstein, who gave his life for the Jewish people, the Torah and the nation of Israel."

In 1994, a Jewish settler in the West Bank and follower of the Kach party, Baruch Goldstein, massacred 29 Palestinian Muslim worshipers at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.[94][95] During his funeral, a rabbi declared that even one million Arabs are "not worth a Jewish fingernail".[96][97][98] Goldstein was immediately "denounced with shocked horror even by the mainstream Orthodox",[99] and many in Israel classified Goldstein as insane.[100] The Israeli government condemned the massacre and made Kach illegal.[101] The Israeli army killed a further nine Palestinians during riots following the massacre,[102] and the Israeli government severely restricted Palestinian freedom of movement in Hebron,[103] while letting settlers and foreign tourists roam free,[104] although Israel also forbade certain Israeli settlers from entering Palestinian towns and demanded that those settlers turn in their army-issued rifles.[105] Goldstein's grave has become a pilgrimage site for Jewish extremists.[106]

 
Graffiti reading "Die Arab Sand-Niggers!" reportedly sprayed by settlers on a house in Hebron.[107]
 
Graffiti reading "Gas the Arabs! JDL" reportedly sprayed by settlers on the Qurtuba girls' school in Hebron[108][109][110]

In 2006, a stabbing incident took place when a gang of Russian immigrants chanting racist slogans stabbed and lightly injured Arab Knesset member Abbas Zakour, which was part of a "stabbing rampage" and was described as a "hate crime".[111]

The Mossawa Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in Israel reported a tenfold increase in racist incidents against Arabs in 2008.[112] Jerusalem reported the highest number of racist incidents against Arabs.[112] The report blamed Israeli leaders for the violence, saying "These attacks are not the hand of fate, but a direct result of incitement against the Arab citizens of this country by religious, public, and elected officials."[112] The Bedouin claim they face systemic discrimination and have submitted a counter-report to the United Nations that disputes the Israeli government's official state report.[113] They claim they are not treated as equal citizens in Israel and that Bedouin towns are not provided the same level of services or land that Jewish towns of the same size are, and that they are not given fair access to water.[113] The city of Beersheba refused to recognize a Bedouin holy site, despite a High Court recommendation.[113]

In late 2010, the number of racist incidents against Arabs increased. The events were described by the Defense Minister of Israel, Ehud Barak, as a "wave of racism".[114] The most notable ones took place on 20 December 2010, when a group of five Arabs were driven from an apartment in Tel Aviv after their landlady was threatened with the torching of her home if she continued to rent out to Arabs,[115] and on 21 December 2010, when a gang of Jewish youths was arrested in Jerusalem after carrying out a large number of attacks on Arabs. A girl aged 14 would lure Arab men to the Independence Park, where they were attacked with stones and bottles and severely beaten. The teens confessed to nationalistic motives.[116] On 31 Oct 2010, a Jewish mob gathered outside of an Arab students' residence in Safed, chanted "death to the Arabs", hurled rocks and bottles at the building, shattering glass, and fired a shot at the building before dissassembling.[117]

In May 2011, two Israeli border patrolmen were charged with physical abuse against an Arab minor who was carrying firecrackers. The incident took place in March 2010. The youth was punched, knocked to the floor, kicked, and had death threats thrown against him by the officers. At a police station, the 17-year-old male was tricked by a female police officer into believing he was going to die. After making the prisoner go down on his knees, she allegedly pointed her pistol at him at point-blank range. It was not loaded, but the minor did not know this because his eyes were covered. According to the charges, she counted to 10, with the teen begging her not to kill him. She allegedly pulled the trigger, saying "Death to Arabs". [118] She was later sentenced to 3 months in prison. [119]

In March 2012, two Arab males of Beit Zarzir confessed, after being arrested, to damaging a local school for Arab and Jewish students. They admitted responsibility for having sprayed on the wall of the school, "Death to Arabs". The school was sprayed twice in February with the slogans "price tag", "Death to Arabs", and "Holocaust to the Arabs".[120][121][122][123]

On November 18, 2013, Jewish settlers torched trucks and spray-painted walls in a Palestinian village. Two perpetrators, Yehuda Landsberg and Yehuda Sabir, admitted their guilt and received the minimum sentence. Binyamin Richter, a third defendant, claimed innocence. They are from Havat Gilad.[124] This was the first time that any indictments were issued against the 52 Jewish Israelis who had committed anti-Arab attacks that were completely unprovoked, which the Israeli security forces differentiate from "price tag" attacks.[125]

After the murder of 3 Israeli teenagers were found on June 30, 2014, a Facebook Page created by an unknown group of Israelis called "The People of Israel Demand Vengeance!" or "The people of Israel demand revenge!" The page features a myriad of photos of people holding up signs demanding revenge for the killing of the teens, and urging Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to order widespread military action in the West Bank and Gaza. Further racist incitement within the Facebook campaign depicted a photograph that was posted to the page with two teenage girls smiling, hugging each other and holding a piece of paper saying, "Hating Arabs is not racism, it's values." Another post showed an armed IDF soldier with "Revenge!" in Hebrew inscribed on his chest. The Facebook Campaign received more than 30,000 likes by the evening of July 3, 2014. The campaign has been condemned by a number of Israeli MK's including Justice Minister Tzipi Livni and Minister of Agriculture and Yisrael Beiteinu MK Yair Shamir. The Israeli Defense Forces also vowed to severely punish any soldier involved with the exchange of racist photographs depicting revenge for the murdered teens or retributive incitement of Anti-Arabism across Facebook and other social media sites.[126][127]

Also in November 2014, a Druze soldier, veteran of Operation Protective Edge, was refused entry to a pub where his Jewish friends were. A security guard told him that he was not allowed to let non-Jews enter. While the owner claimed it was a private club, the Jewish patron denied this claim, noting they were allowed to enter without membership. A friend of the Druse IDF soldier said "Apparently, they are good enough to fight in Gaza but not to enter a pub."[128]

On November 21, 2014, during a Tel Aviv soccer match, hundreds of Bnei Yehuda fans rose and chanted, "Death to Arabs!" The fans threw trash at an Arab player who was injured and was being taken off the field.[129]

On November 29, 2014, an apparent hate crime including arson and racist graffiti was perpetrated in Jerusalem on a dual Hebrew and Arabic language school. Graffiti spray painted at the school included, "Death to Arabs!", "Kahane was right!", "Down with assimilation!" and "There is no co-existence with cancer!" Police say the fire was set on purpose. Education Minister Shai Piron spoke out against the vandalism, saying it represented a "violent, criminal and despicable act done to undermine the foundations of Israeli democracy."[130] Mohamad Marzouk, head of communications for the Hand in Hand school in Kfar Qara, noted that the attack brought out a show of community support for the school. In the minds of many people the arson, he said, "crossed a red line."[131] The Israeli police arrested a number of suspects in connection with this arson attack.[132] Following the arrest, the mother of one of the suspects said she would have burned the school as well, if it were not illegal to do so, and she expressed disgust and revulsion that Jews and Arabs studied together at the school.[133] In courtroom photos the three members of the radical group are shown smiling and smirking as they faced charges.[134] On 30 November, a synagogue in Tel Aviv had several books burned and was vandalized with graffiti against the Jewish nation-state bill,[135] which most recently, had been submitted the previous week.

The Times of Israel reported on January 1, 2015 that three Jewish men who had admitted to committing racist hate crimes against an Arab taxi driver in early 2014 were each sentenced to approximately one year in prison. The criminals admitted they had hailed the cab, then began beating and insulting the cab driver. When the driver escaped the car and ran for help, the perpetrators smashed the taxi sunroof.[136]

Racism in sports

 
The first racist incidents in Israeli soccer took place in the 1970s, when Rifaat Turk joined Hapoel Tel Aviv, and was subjected to anti-Arab taunts.[137] Under Israeli law, soccer fans can be prosecuted for incitement of racial hatred.

Racism in soccer stadiums is a worldwide problem, and Israeli stadiums are not free from racism.[138] The first racist incidents took place in the 1970s, when the Arab player Rifaat Turk joined Hapoel Tel Aviv. Turk was subjected to anti-Arab abuse during nearly every game he played.[137] Arab soccer player Abbas Suan was confronted once with a sign reading "Abbas Suan, you don't represent us".[139] Under Israeli law, soccer fans can be prosecuted for incitement of racial hatred. The "New Voices from the Stadium" program, run by the New Israel Fund (NIF) amasses a "racism index" that is reported to the media on a weekly basis, and teams have been fined and punished for the conduct of their fans. According to Steve Rothman, the NIF San Francisco director, "Things have definitely improved, particularly in sensitizing people to the existence of racism in Israeli society."[138] In 2006, Israel joined Football Against Racism in Europe (FARE), network set up to counter racism in soccer.[140]

After a soccer game in March 2012, in which Beitar Jerusalem defeated a rival team at Jerusalem's Teddy Stadium,[141] a group of at least a hundred Beitar fans[142][143][144] entered the nearby Malha Mall chanting racist slogans and allegedly attacked Arab cleaning workers, whom some reports described as Palestinians. The police were criticized for initially failing to make arrests;[145] it later investigated the incident, issuing restraining orders against 20 soccer fans and questioning several suspects among the cleaning crew seen waving sticks at the fans.[146]

Intra-Jewish racism: Racism between Jews

Ashkenazi Jews in Israel have been described as viewing themselves as superior to non-Ashkenazi Jews. They are accused of maintaining an elite position in Israeli society,[147][148] with some describing the attitudes of Ashkenazim as racist or of being a manifestation of racism.[149]

Other authorities describe the discrimination by Ashkenazi as class-based, not race-based.[150][151] For example, the differences between Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews (N. Africans, Middle Easterners, Yemenites, etc.) are referred to as Adatiyut[152][153][154][155] community-differences (resulting also in some traditional customary gaps).[156]

Some sources claim that reports of intra-Jewish discrimination in Israel arise from propaganda published by Arab sources which ignores the normality and harmony between the communities.[157][158]

Sephardim and Mizrahim (Middle Eastern and North African Jews)

See also: Mizrahi Jews

Israeli society in general – and Ashkenazi Jews in particular – have been described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent, known as Mizrahi Jews, Sephardic Jews, and Oriental Jews.[159] A variety of Mizrahi critics of Israeli policy have cited "past ill-treatment, including the maabarot, the squalid tent cities into which Mizrahim were placed upon arrival in Israel; the humiliation of Moroccan and other Mizrahi Jews when Israeli immigration authorities shaved their heads and sprayed their bodies with the pesticide DDT; the socialist elite's enforced secularization; the destruction of traditional family structure, and the reduced status of the patriarch by years of poverty and sporadic unemployment" as examples of mistreatment.[160] In September 1997, Israeli Labor Party leader Ehud Barak made a high-profile apology to Oriental Jews in Netivot stating:

We must admit to ourselves [that] the inner fabric of communal life was torn. Indeed, sometimes the intimate fabric of family life was torn. Much suffering was inflicted on the immigrants and that suffering was etched in their hearts, as well as in the hearts of their children and grandchildren. There was no malice on the part of those bringing the immigrants here—on the contrary, there was much goodwill—but pain was inflicted nevertheless. In acknowledgement of this suffering and pain, and out of identification with the sufferers and their descendants, I hereby ask forgiveness in my own name and in the name of the historical Labor movement.[161]

Barak's address also said that during the 1950s, Mizrahi immigrants were "made to feel that their own traditions were inferior to those of the dominant Ashkenazi [European-origin] Israelis [Alex Weingrod's paraphrase]".[162] Several prominent Labor party figures, including Teddy Kollek and Shimon Peres, distanced themselves from the apology while agreeing that mistakes were made during the immigration period.[162]

The cultural differences between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews impacted the degree and rate of assimilation into Israeli society, and sometimes the divide between Eastern European and Middle Eastern Jews was quite sharp. Segregation, especially in the area of housing, limited integration possibilities over the years.[163] Intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel, and by the late 1990s 28% of all Israeli children had multi-ethnic parents (up from 14% in the 1950s).[164] A 1983 research found that children of inter-ethnic marriages in Israel enjoyed improved socio-economic status.[165]

Although social integration is constantly improving, disparities persist. A study conducted by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS), Mizrahi Jews are less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi Jews. Israeli-born Ashkenazi are up to twice more likely to study in a university than Israeli-born Mizrahim.[166] Furthermore, the percentage of Mizrahim who seek a university education remains low compared to second-generation immigrant groups of Ashkenazi origin, such as Russians.[167] According to a survey by the Adva Center,[168] the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004.[169]

Some claim that the education system discriminates against Jewish minorities from North Africa and the Middle East, and one source suggests that "ethnic prejudice against Mizrahi Jews is a relatively general phenomenon, not limited to the schooling process".[170]

There was a case in 2010, when a Haredi school system, where Sephardi and Mizrahi students were sometimes excluded or segregated.[171][172] In 2010, the Israeli supreme court sent a strong message against discrimination in a case involving the Slonim Hassidic sect of the Ashkenazi, ruling that segregation between Ashkenazi and Sephardi students in a school is illegal.[173] They argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".[174] Responding to the charges, the Slonim Haredim invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement: "All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our rabbis, and therefore we went to prison."[175]

Teimani children (Yemenite Jews)
 
Yemenite Jews en route from Aden to Israel, during Operation Magic Carpet
See also: Yemenite Jews and Yemenite Children Affair

In the 1950s, 1,033[176] children of Yemenite immigrant families disappeared. In most instances, the parents claim that they were told their children were ill and required hospitalization. Upon later visiting the hospital, it is claimed that the parents were told that their children had died though no bodies were presented or graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases were shown to the parents. Those who believe the theory contend that the Israeli government as well as other organizations in Israel kidnapped the children and gave them for adoption. Secular Israeli Jews of European descent were accused of collaborating in the disappearance of babies of Yemeni Jews and anti-religious motives and anti-religious coercion were alleged.[177][178][179][180][181][182][183] Some went further to accuse the Israeli authorities of conspiring to kidnap the Yemeni children due to "racist" motives.[184]

In 2001 a seven-year public inquiry commission concluded that the accusations that Yemenite children were kidnapped are not true. The commission has unequivocally rejected claims of a plot to take children away from Yemenite immigrants. The report determined that documentation exists for 972 of the 1,033 missing children. Five additional missing babies were found to be alive. The commission was unable to discover what happened in another 56 cases. With regard to these unresolved 56 cases, the commission deemed it "possible" that the children were handed over for adoption following decisions made by individual local social workers, but not as part of an official policy.[176]

Bene Israel (Indian Jews)

In 1962, authorities in Israel were accused by articles in the Indian press of racism in relation to Jews of Indian ancestry (called Bene Israel).[185][186] In the case that caused the controversy, the Chief Rabbi of Israel ruled that before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not belonging to that community, the registering rabbi should investigate the lineage of the Indian applicant for possible non-Jewish descent, and in case of doubt, require the applicant to perform conversion or immersion.[185][186] The alleged discrimination may actually be related to the fact that some religious authorities believe that the Bene Israel are not fully Jewish because of inter-marriage during their long separation.[187]

In 1964 the government of Israel led by Levi Eshkol declared that it regards Bene Israel of India as Jews without exception, who are equal to other Jews in respect of all matters.[185]

Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews)

 
Ethiopian Israeli soldier
Main article: Beta Israel

Nearly all of the Ethiopian Beta Israel community, a community of Black Jews, resides in Israel. The Israeli government has mounted rescue operations, most notably during Operation Moses (1984) and Operation Solomon (1991), for their migration when civil war and famine threatened populations within Ethiopia.[188][189] Today 81,000 Israelis were born in Ethiopia, while 38,500 or 32% of the community are native born Israelis.[190]

According to the sociologist Prof. Uzi Rebhun, it represents an ambitious attempt to deny the significance of race.[191] Israeli authorities, aware of the situation of most African diaspora communities in other Western countries, hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of discrimination.[191] The Ethiopian Jewish community's internal challenges have been complicated by racist attitudes on the part of some elements of Israeli society and the official establishment.[192] Racism has commonly been cited as explanation for policies and programs that failed to meet expectations. Racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting Ethiopian Jews to Israel under the Law of Return.[191] The delays in admitting Ethiopians may be attributed to religious motivations rather than racism, since there was debate whether or not Falasha Jews' (Beta Israel) were Jewish.[193][194]

Racism was also alleged in 2009, in a case where school children of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into three semi-private religious schools in the town of Petah Tikva. An Israeli government official criticised the Petah Tikva Municipality and the semi-private Haredi schools, saying "This concerns not only the three schools that have, for a long time, been deceiving the entire educational system. For years, racism has developed here undeterred". Shas spiritual leader Ovadia Yosef threatened to fire any school principal from Shas's school system who refused to receive Ethiopian students. The Israeli Education Ministry decided to pull the funding from the Lamerhav, Da'at Mevinim and Darkhei Noam schools, the three semi-private institutions that refused to accept the students. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke out against the rejection of Ethiopian children, calling it "a moral terror attack."[195][196]

When Ethiopians protested that blood donations from their community were thrown out, Harry Wall, the Israeli Director of the Anti-Defamation League stated that it was the result of the high incidence of HIV in Africans, not racism: "Whatever Israel's mistakes towards its Ethiopian Jewish community, the cause is not racism." It explains that "what causes the distress is bureaucratic ineptitude and a cultural gap between a traditional community and a modern, technologically-advanced, highly-competitive nation."[197]

In 2012, Israel appointed the country's first Ethiopian-born ambassador, Belaynesh Zevadia. According to the foreign minister of Israel, this represented an important milestone in fighting racism and prejudice.[198]

Depo Provera prescription controversy

In 2010, Israel was accused of a "sterilization policy" aimed towards Ethiopian Jews, for allowing the prescription of contraceptive drugs like Depo-Provera to the community.[199] They stated that the Israeli government deliberately gives female Ethiopian Jews long-lasting contraceptive drugs like Depo-Provera.[200] Jewish agencies involved in immigration said that Ethiopian women were offered different types of contraceptives and that "all of them participated voluntarily in family planning".[citation needed] Dr. Yifat Bitton, a member of the Israeli Anti-Discrimination Legal Center "Tmura" said that 60 percent of the women receiving this contraceptive are Ethiopian Jews, while Ethiopians made up only 1 percent of population and "the gap here is just impossible to reconcile in any logical manner that would somehow resist the claims of racism".[citation needed] Professor Zvi Bentwich, an immunologist and human rights activist from Tel-Aviv, rejected the claim and said there's no ground to suspect a negative official policy towards Ethiopian Jews.[citation needed]

Israel initially denied the claim of injecting Ethiopian women with Depo-Provera without their informed consent, but later issued an order for gynecologists to stop administering the drugs for women of Ethiopian origin if there is concern that they might not understand the ramifications of the treatment.[201][202] Action on the issue finally took place after a documentary aired in December 2012 on public television. In it, 35 Ethiopian women who had immigrated to Israel said they had been told they would not be allowed into Israel unless they agreed to the shots. While Ethiopians have been admitted to Israel, they are often discriminated against in education and in employment. The Times of Israel notes details of a nurse, unaware of a hidden camera, saying Depo-Provera is given to Ethiopian women because "they forget, they don't understand, and it's hard to explain to them, so it's best that they receive a shot once every three months ... basically they don't understand anything."[200][203]

Police brutality

In April 2015 an Ethiopian soldier in the IDF was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh, was arrested and accused of attacking the policeman. He believes the incident was racially motivated and that if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Likud MK Avraham Neguise called on National Police Chief Yohanan Danino to prosecute the police officer and volunteer, saying they engaged in "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us". The Jerusalem Post notes that in 2015 "there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of police brutality against Ethiopian Israelis, with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and treated more harshly than other citizens".[204][205] The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh and alleged brutality of officials from Israel's Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration with Walla Bayach, an Israeli of Ethiopian descent, brought the Ethiopian community to protest. Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20, 2015, to decry what they view as "rampant racism" and violence in Israel directed at their community. Israel Police Commissioner Yohanan Danino met with representatives of the Israeli Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and members of the community.[206] When over a thousand people protested police brutality against Ethiopians and dark skinned Israelis, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced: "I strongly condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier, and those responsible will be held accountable."[207] Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence, Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community, including Pakedeh. Netanyahu said the meeting would include Danino and representatives of several ministries, including Immigrant Absorption. Danino already announced that the officer who beat Pakedeh had been fired.[208]

Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs

Polls

A 2009 PEW poll, which included 527 Israeli Arab respondents, showed that 35% of Israeli Arabs said their opinion of Jews was unfavorable, while 56% said their opinion was favorable (the figures amongst Israeli Jews on their attitude of themselves were 94% favorable; 6% unfavorable).[209]

The 2008 Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel by the Jewish-Arab Center found that 40.5% of the Arab citizens of Israel denied the Holocaust, up from 28% in 2006.[210][211] This report also states that "In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews (embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim. They deny Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to."[211]

Incidents

Numerous racist attacks against Jews have taken place throughout Arab localities in the Galilee and in Arab areas of Jerusalem, including murders. Among the people killed in such attacks was Kristine Luken, an American tourist stabbed in a forest near Jerusalem after being seen wearing a Star of David necklace.[212] In Jerusalem, Jews driving through Al-Issawiya have been subjected to ambushes by crowds, as was a repairman who had been hired by a resident.[213] Emergency services vehicles have also been attacked while passing through the neighborhood. Jews who travel to the Mount of Olives also risk violence.[214] Jews who enter or buy property in Arab areas face harassment, and Arabs who have sold property to Jews have been murdered. In 2010, an Israeli-Jewish security guard, Kochav Segal Halevi, was forced from his home in the Arab town of I'billin after a racist crowd gathered at his house, and he received death threats.[215]

In 2008, the slogan "Death to the Jews" was found spray-painted in Arabic on the cargo hold of an El Al plane.[216]

In 2010, the wall of a synagogue and a Jewish residence in the mixed Jewish-Arab Ajami neighborhood of Jaffa were spray-painted with swastikas and Palestinian flags.[217]

In 2014, Arabs from Shfaram murdered Shelly Dadon.

Leaders

 
Raed Salah, the head of the Islamic movement in Israel, was prosecuted in 2010 for incitement to racism

Journalist Ben-Meir described Arab Knesset members who "talk incessantly about the Palestinian people's rights, including their own state" but who "refuse to acknowledge Israel as the state of the Jewish people and deny the very existence of a Jewish people as a nation with national rights" as racist.[218] Ariel Natan Pasko, a policy analyst, suggested that prominent Arab leaders such as Arab member of Knesset Ahmad Tibi is racist because he "turned away from integration" and "wants to build an Arab university in Nazareth, as well as an Arab hospital in the Galilee."[219] Tibi had been previously accused of racism: in 1997, he said "whoever sells his house to the Jews has sold his soul to Satan and done a despicable act".[220]

The head of the Islamic movement in Israel's Northern Branch, was charged with incitement to racism and to violence. During legal proceedings, the prosecution said that Sheikh Raed Salah made his inflammatory remarks "with the objective of inciting racism."[221][222] he also accused Jews of using children's blood to bake bread.[223]

Other groups

Black Hebrew Israelites

 
A child of the Black Hebrew Israelite community, in Dimona, September 2005.

Black Hebrew Israelites are groups of people mostly of African American ancestry who believe they are descendants of the ancient Israelites. They are generally not accepted as Jews by the greater Jewish community. Many choose to self-identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than as Jews.[224][225][226][227]

When the first Black Hebrews arrived in Israel in 1969, they claimed citizenship under the Law of Return, which gives eligible Jews immediate citizenship.[228] The Israeli government ruled in 1973 that the group did not qualify for automatic citizenship, and the Black Hebrews were denied work permits and state benefits. The group responded by accusing the Israeli government of racist discrimination.[229][230]

In 1981, a group of American civil rights activist led by Bayard Rustin investigated and concluded that racism was not the cause of Black Hebrews' situation.[231] In 1990, Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in Israel. Members of the group are permitted to work and have access to housing and social services. In 2003, the agreement was revised, and the Black Hebrews were granted permanent resident status.[232][233]

In his 1992 essay "Blacks and Jews: The Uncivil War", historian Taylor Branch wrote that Black Hebrews were initially denied citizenship due to anti-black sentiment among Israeli Jews (according to mainstream Jewish religious authorities, members of the Black Hebrew Israelite group are not Jewish).[234][235] According to historian Dr. Seth Forman, the claims that the Black Hebrew Israelites were denied citizenship because they were black seem baseless, particularly in light of Israel's airlift of thousands of black Ethiopian Jews in the early 1990s.[236]

Racism against Black African non-Jews

In April 2012, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported that tens of thousands of refugees and African migrant workers who have come to Israel in dangerous smuggling routes, live in southern Tel Aviv's Levinsky Park. SvD reported that some Africans in the park sleep on cardboard boxes under the stars, others crowd in dark hovels. Also was noted a situation with African refugees, such as Sudanese from Darfur, Eritreans, Ethiopians and other African nationalities, who stand in queue to the soup kitchen, organized by Israeli volunteers. The interior minister reportedly "wants everyone to be deported".[237]

In May 2012, disgruntlement toward Africans and calls for deportation and "blacks out" in Tel Aviv boiled over into death threats, fire bombings, rioting, and property destruction. Protesters blamed immigrants for worsening crime and the local economy, some of protesters were seen throwing eggs at African immigrants[238][239]

In March 2018, chief Sephardic Rabbi of Israel, Yitzhak Yosef, used the term Kushi to refer to black people, which has Talmudic origins but is a derogatory word for people of African descent in modern Hebrew. He also reportedly likened black people to monkeys.[240][241][242]

Inter-ethnic relations

Arab-Jewish riots

 
Monument to Israeli Arab casualties in October 2000 riots, Nazareth

In what became known as the October 2000 events, Arab-Israelis rioted while protesting Israeli actions in the early stages of the Second Intifada, attacking Jewish civilians and Israeli police with live gunfire, molotov cocktails, stones, and vandalism of Jewish property. One Egged bus was torched on the first day. Arab rioting took place in Umm al-Fahm, Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Sakhnin, Nazareth, Lod, Kafar Kanna, Mashhad, Arraba, Ramla, Or Akiva and Nazareth Illit. A Jewish citizen was killed when his car was stoned, and a synagogue was torched. Hundreds of Arab residents of Jaffa burned tires, threw rocks, and beat reporters.[243] Throughout the course of the riots, Israeli Police repeatedly opened fire at Arab riots and demonstrations, killing 13 people, including 12 Arab-Israelis and one Palestinian from Gaza.

Thousands of Jews counter-rioted against Arabs in Nazareth, Bat Yam, Petah Tikva, Tiberias, Tel Aviv, Acre, Nazareth Illit, Lod, Rosh HaAyin, Or Akiva and Jerusalem, throwing stones at and beating Arabs, vandalizing and torching Arab homes and property, attacking Arab traffic, and chanting "Death to the Arabs!".[244]

Sam Lehman-Wilzig, Political Communications Professor at Bar-Ilan University, said that rioting is rare and alien to Jewish political society. "The numbers (of riots) are so low because of our Jewish political culture which encourages protesting, but seriously discourages violent protest," he said. He argues that the riots were caused since Israelis felt threatened by the "pressure cooker syndrome" of fighting not just the Palestinians and Lebanon's Hezbollah guerrillas, but also the Israeli Arab population.[245]

In 2008, a series of riots broke out in Acre, after an Arab motorist and his teenage son drove into a predominantly Jewish neighborhood during Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish religion, to visit relatives. According to police, their car's windows were down and music was blaring. Police spokesperson Eran Shaked said that "this was a provocation... we believe he was intoxicated. This was a deliberate act".[246] An incorrect rumor spread among the Arab residents that the driver had been killed, prompting calls from local mosques to avenge his death.[247] Arabs rioted in the city center, smashing shop windows, vandalizing vehicles, and throwing rocks at people going to or from Yom Kippur prayers,[248][249] chanting "Death to the Jews" and "If you come out of your homes, you will die". Israeli Police forcibly dispersed the rioters with tear gas and stun grenades. As soon as the Yom Kippur fast ended, about 200 Jewish residents rioted in Acre's Arab neighborhoods, torching homes, vandalizing property, and forcing dozens of families to flee. Riots and retaliations by both sides continued for four days.[247]

During the course of monitoring elections in 2009, a Member of the Knesset (MK) replaced another Jewish election monitor at the Israeli-Arab town of Umm al-Fahm, who was prevented by police from entering the city because of threats by local Arabs on his life. As soon as the MK began to perform his duties, an Israeli-Arab mob rioted outside attacking the guards and shouts of “Death to the Jews” could be heard. Israeli Police arrested five rioters.[250]

Efforts against racism and discrimination

Israel has a law that prohibits incitement to racism.[5]

 
Israeli protest in Pardes Hana against racism, 2010. The sign reads "No to racism".

According to the State Department, Israel's anti-discrimination law "prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, or sexual orientation. The law also prohibits discrimination by both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, and age."

Israel is a signatory of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination treaty since 1966, and has ratified the treaty in 1979.[251]

Affirmative action

In response to inequality between the Jewish and Arab populations, the Israeli government established a committee to consider, among other issues, policies of affirmative action for housing Arab citizens.[252] According to Israel advocacy group Stand With Us, the city of Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the housing permit process and structural regulations, advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the same terms.[253][254]

Reports addressing racism in Israel

See also

References

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  183. ^ See also, regarding media and Yemeni Jews: Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009
  184. ^ *Blue-Ribbon Babies and Labors of Love: Race, Class, and Gender in U.S. Adoption Practice, Christine Ward Gailey University of Texas Press, 2010
    "In Israel, ethno-racial divides have created a widespread belief, upheld by some birth mother-adult child reunions, that hundreds of Yemeni infants had been kidnapped for adoption by Israeli couples. Many Yemeni refugee children had been declared dead or disappeared in the refugee camps after the migration of some 50,000 Yemeni Jews to Israel in 1948–1949. It appears from a national inquiry in the late 1990s that a network of doctors and clinics were involved in the adoptions." (page 154)
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    "Those who believe the theory contend that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Yemenite babies who were reported to have died or to have disappeared after their parents came to Israel were actually kidnapped and given or sold for adoption to European-born Israelis and American Jews. The controversy over the Israeli establishment's treatment of the 50,000 Yemenite Jewish immigrants, most of whom were airlifted to Israel in 1949 and 1950, has festered for years. It has stoked deep-seated feelings of resentment among the country's Sephardic Jews of Middle Eastern and North African origin. ... Other Yemenite Jewish advocates put the numbers at between 1,000 and more than 2,000. They assert that the European-born Ashkenazic Israeli establishment looked down at the new immigrants and their traditional ways and felt free to take their children for adoption by childless European Jewish couples ... Mr. Levitan agreed that there was a patronizing attitude toward the immigrants. In some cases the Yemenites' religious studies were restricted and their traditional side-curls were cut to remake them into modern, secular Israelis. ... The concept was absorption through modernization, by inculcating the values of Western society", Mr. Levitan said. "The parents were treated like primitive people who didn't know what was good for them, who aren't capable of taking care of their own kids. There was disregard for the parents, an unwillingness to make the effort to investigate, but not a conspiracy."
    • Shoha, Ella, Taboo memories, diasporic voices, Duke University Press, 2006,
    "..Yemenis .. fell prey to doctors, nurses, and social workers, most of them on the state payroll. ... The act of kidnapping was not simply a result of financial interests to increase the state's revenues, it was also a result of a deeply ingrained belief in the inferiority of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries, seen as careless breeders with little sense of responsibility ... In this intersection of race, gender, and class, the displaced Jews from Muslim countries became victims of the logic of progress.." page 349.
    • Madmoni-Gerber, Shoshana, Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict: the Yemenite babies affair, Macmillan, 2009 –
    This book is about racism against Yemenite and Mizrahi Jews in Israel, focusing on the kidnappings.
    • Gordon, Linda, The great Arizona orphan abduction, Harvard University Press, 1999, p 310:
    "In Israel, Ashkenazi (European) Jewish women, with the help of doctors, stole babies born to Sephardic Yemeni Jewish mothers from the hospitals; the mothers were told that the babies had died. Here is a phenomenon that is racist yet lacks even the kind of racial justification evident in [the kidnappings in] 1904 Arizona." (page 310)
    • Yuval-Davis, Nira, Gender & nation, SAGE, 1997,
    "Public investigations are taking place in Israel at the moment concerning accusations that hundreds of Yemeni Jewish babies were abducted from their mothers who were told they were dead and they were given for adoption to Ashkenzi middle-class families. Breaking up communities and families and separating children from their parents would often be central to practices of forced assimilationism. Such policies disempower the minorities and can reinforce their location in subjugated positionings." (p 54)
    • Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann, Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel, University of California Press, 2002,
    "[regarding the] disappearance of Yemenite Jewish babies in the 1950s, whom many Yemenites believe were kidnapped and given to childless European Jewish parents to adopt, the author suggests that something similar may have happened to Palestinian children who went missing during the 1948 war. Here Palestinians and Yemenite Jews are united in their subjugation to the Ashkenazi Jewish establishment through their lost children". (page 164).
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November 20, 2023
racism, israel, encompasses, forms, manifestations, racism, experienced, israel, irrespective, colour, creed, perpetrator, victim, their, citizenship, residency, visitor, status, more, specifically, israeli, context, racism, israel, refers, racism, directed, a. Racism in Israel encompasses all forms and manifestations of racism experienced in Israel irrespective of the colour or creed of the perpetrator and victim or their citizenship residency or visitor status More specifically in the Israeli context racism in Israel refers to racism directed against Israeli Arabs by Israeli Jews 1 intra Jewish racism between the various Jewish ethnic divisions in particular against Ethiopian Jews 2 historic and current racism towards Mizrahi Jews and racism on the part of Israeli Arabs against Israeli Jews Racism on the part of Israeli Jews against Arabs in Israel exists in institutional policies personal attitudes the media education immigration rights housing 3 social life and legal policies Some elements within the Ashkenazi Israeli Jewish population have also been described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards fellow Jews of other backgrounds including against Ethiopian Jews Indian Jews Mizrahi Jews Sephardi Jews etc Although intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Sephardim Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel and social integration is constantly improving disparities continue to persist Ethiopian Jews in particular have faced discrimination from non Black Jews It has been suggested that the situation of the Ethiopian Jews as becoming white is similar to that of some European immigrants like Poles and Italians who arrived in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 4 Israel has broad anti discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination by both government and non government entities on the basis of race religion and political beliefs and prohibits incitement to racism 5 The Israeli government and many groups within Israel have undertaken efforts to combat racism Israel is a state party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education Israel s President Reuven Rivlin announced to a meeting of academics in October 2014 that it is finally time for Israel to live up to its promise as a land of equality time to cure the epidemic of racism Israeli society is sick and it is our duty to treat this disease Rivlin stated 6 Contents 1 Incidence 2 Groups subjected to racism 2 1 Racism against Arab citizens by Israeli Jews 2 1 1 Polls 2 1 2 In the media 2 1 3 Education system 2 1 4 Land ownership 2 1 5 Zionism 2 1 5 1 Law of return controversy 2 1 5 2 Proposed oath of allegiance 2 1 6 Marriage 2 1 7 Religious racism 2 1 8 Incidents 2 1 9 Racism in sports 2 2 Intra Jewish racism Racism between Jews 2 2 1 Sephardim and Mizrahim Middle Eastern and North African Jews 2 2 1 1 Teimani children Yemenite Jews 2 2 2 Bene Israel Indian Jews 2 2 3 Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews 2 2 3 1 Depo Provera prescription controversy 2 2 3 2 Police brutality 2 3 Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs 2 3 1 Polls 2 3 2 Incidents 2 3 3 Leaders 2 4 Other groups 2 4 1 Black Hebrew Israelites 2 4 2 Racism against Black African non Jews 3 Inter ethnic relations 3 1 Arab Jewish riots 4 Efforts against racism and discrimination 4 1 Affirmative action 5 Reports addressing racism in Israel 6 See also 7 ReferencesIncidenceAccording to Sammy Smooha a Professor of Sociology at the University of Haifa the answer to the question of whether racism exists in Israel depends on the definition of racism adopted If Pierre L van den Berghe s view is adopted that the term racism must be restricted to beliefs that a given biological race is superior then ethnocentrism can be found in Israel but not racism According to other definitions racism is a belief that membership in a certain group not necessarily genetic or biological determines the qualities of individuals By this definition racist views are present in portions of the Israeli population 7 Smooha adds that some Arab and Jewish writers make accusations of racism but they use the term in a very loose way 7 Groups subjected to racismRacism against Arab citizens by Israeli Jews nbsp Vandalized grave The graffiti says death to Arabs מוות לערבים mavet laArabim See also Anti Arabism in Israel Racism against Arab citizens of Israel on the part of the Israeli state and some Israeli Jews has been identified by critics in personal attitudes the media education immigration rights housing segregation and social life Nearly all such characterizations have been denied by the state of Israel The Or Commission set up to explain the October 2000 unrest in many Israeli Arab communities found The state and generations of its government failed in a lack of comprehensive and deep handling of the serious problems created by the existence of a large Arab minority inside the Jewish state Government handling of the Arab sector has been primarily neglectful and discriminatory The establishment did not show sufficient sensitivity to the needs of the Arab population and did not take enough action in order to allocate state resources in an equal manner The state did not do enough or try hard enough to create equality for its Arab citizens or to uproot discriminatory or unjust phenomenon 8 According to the 2004 U S State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories the Israeli government had done little to reduce institutional legal and societal discrimination against the country s Arab citizens 9 The 2005 U S Department of State report on Israel wrote T he government generally respected the human rights of its citizens however there were problems in some areas including institutional legal and societal discrimination against the country s Arab citizens 10 The 2010 U S State Department Country Report stated that Israeli law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race and that government effectively enforced these prohibitions 11 Former Likud MK and Minister of Defense Moshe Arens has criticized the treatment of minorities in Israel saying that they did not bear the full obligation of Israeli citizenship nor were they extended the full privileges of citizenship 12 Israel is a state party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination The 1998 Report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that the Convention is far from fully implemented in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory and that the shortfall contributes very significantly to the dangerous escalation of tension in the region The report positively noted the measures taken by Israel to prohibit the activities of racist political parties the amendment of the Equal Opportunity in Employment Law prohibiting discrimination in the labour sphere on the grounds of national ethnic origin country of origin beliefs political views political party affiliation or age and the Israeli efforts to reduce and eventually eradicate the economic and educational gap between the Jewish majority and the Arab minority 13 Polls The Association for Civil Rights in Israel ACRI published reports documenting racism in Israel and the 2007 report suggested that anti Arab racism in the country was increasing One analysis of the report summarized it thus Over two thirds of Israeli teens believe Arabs to be less intelligent uncultured and violent Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together The report becomes even grimmer citing the ACRI s racism poll taken in March 2007 in which 50 of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs will not befriend or let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes 14 The 2008 report from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing 15 An Israeli minister charged the poll as biased and not credible 16 The Israeli government spokesman responded that the Israeli government was committed to fighting racism whenever it raises its ugly head and is committed to full equality to all Israeli citizens irrespective of ethnicity creed or background as defined by our declaration of independence 16 Another 2007 report by the Center Against Racism also found hostility against Arabs was on the rise Among its findings it reported that 75 of Israeli Jews do not approve of Arabs and Jews sharing apartment buildings that over half of Jews would not want to have an Arab boss and that marrying an Arab amounts to national treason and that 55 of the sample thought Arabs should be kept separate from Jews in entertainment sites Half wanted the Israeli government to encourage Israeli Arabs to emigrate About 40 believed Arab citizens should have their voting rights removed 17 A March 2010 poll by Tel Aviv University found that 49 5 of Israeli Jewish high school students believe Israeli Arabs should not be entitled to the same rights as Jews in Israel 56 believe Arabs should not be eligible to the Knesset the Israeli parliament 18 An October 2010 poll by the Dahaf polling agency found that 36 of Israeli Jews favor eliminating voting rights for non Jews 19 In recent polling 2003 2009 between 42 and 56 of Israelis agreed that Israeli Arabs suffer from discrimination as opposed to Jewish citizens 80 of Israeli Arabs agreed with that statement in 2009 20 A 2012 poll revealed widespread support among Israeli Jews for discrimination against Israeli Arabs 21 In November 2014 after two Arabs from East Jerusalem perpetrated a massacre in a Jerusalem synagogue by using axes knives and a gun the mayor of Ashkelon Itamar Shimoni announced that he planned to fire city construction workers who were Arab His action brought a storm of protest from politicians as well as the prime minister and president Police in Ashkelon said they would ignore Shimoni s directive and obey the law 22 Nir Barkat mayor of Jerusalem said We cannot discriminate the Arabs and added I cannot help but think of where we were 70 years ago in Europe We cannot generalize as they did to Jews Here in Jerusalem we have tens of thousands of Arab workers We must make a clear distinction 23 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said We should not discriminate against an entire public because of a small minority that is violent and militant Intelligence Minister Yuval Steinitz said it is sad that relations between Jews and Arabs will suffer because of some Jihadist fanatical terrorists He said that on the one hand one can understand the fear of parents of kindergarten children afraid someone will take a knife one day as happened in the synagogue in Jerusalem shout Allah Akhbar and begin to attack On the other hand he said this is something that should be handled while keeping the generally good relations between Jews and Arabs 24 In spite of the almost universal condemnation of Shimoni s plan by Israeli politicians a poll by Channel 10 showed that 58 of Israelis support the discriminatory practice 32 did not approve and 10 did not know 25 At the end the mayor changed his mind Yehiel Lasri mayor of nearby Ashdod allegedly targeted Arab workers for extra security checks 26 In the media Some authors such as David Hirsi and Ayala Emmet have criticized the Israeli media for portraying Arabs negatively 27 28 The Israeli media has been described as racist in its portrayals of Israeli Arabs and Palestinians by Israeli Arab Nabilia Espanioly 29 Education system nbsp Jewish and Arab teachers at Hand in Hand a network of bilingual schools that aims to promote coexistence between the Arab and Jewish populations of IsraelSee also Education in Israel Israel is a signatory of the Convention against Discrimination in Education and ratified it in 1961 The convention has the status of law in Israeli courts 30 Israeli Pupils Rights Law of 2000 prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from educational institutions in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of separate classes in the same educational institution 31 According to a 2001 report by Human Rights Watch Israel s school systems for Arab and Jewish children are separate and have unequal conditions to the disadvantage of the Arab children who make up one quarter of all students Israeli law does not prohibit Palestinian Arab parents from enrolling their children in Jewish schools but in practice very few Palestinian Arab parents do so 30 32 The report stated that Government run Arab schools are a world apart from government run Jewish schools In virtually every respect Palestinian Arab children get an education inferior to that of Jewish children and their relatively poor performance in school reflects this 33 34 35 In 1999 in an attempt to close the gap between Arab and Jewish education sectors the Education Minister of Israel announced an affirmative action policy which promised that Arabs would be granted 25 of the education budget proportionally more funding than their 18 of the population and supported the creation of an Arab academic college 36 A 2009 study from the Hebrew University School of Education demonstrated that the Israeli Education Ministry s budget for special assistance to students from low socioeconomic backgrounds severely discriminated against Arabs The study found that because there were more needy Arab students but fewer Arab students overall educationally needy Jewish students receive anywhere from 3 8 to 6 9 times as much funding as equally needy Arab students The Education Ministry said in response to the report that a decision has already been made to abandon this allocation method 37 The Follow Up Committee for Arab Education notes that the Israeli government spends an average of 192 per year on each Arab student compared to 1 100 per Jewish student The drop out rate for Arab citizens of Israel is twice as high as that of their Jewish counterparts 12 percent versus 6 percent The same group also notes that there is a 5 000 classroom shortage in the Arab sector 38 verification needed A 2007 report of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination noted that separate sectors are maintained for Jewish and Arab education It recommended that Israel should assess the extent to which maintenance of separate Arab and Jewish sectors may amount to racial segregation and that mixed Arab Jewish communities and schools and intercultural education should be promoted 39 In a 2008 report Israel responded that parents are entitled to enroll their children in the educational institution of their choice whether the spoken language is Hebrew Arabic or bilingual It also noted that Israel promotes a variety of programs that promote intercultural cooperation tolerance and understanding 32 40 In Palestine in Israeli School Books Ideology and Propaganda in Education Nurit Peled Elhanan a professor of language and education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem describes the depiction of Arabs in Israeli schoolbooks as racist She states that their only representation is as refugees primitive farmers and terrorists claiming that in hundreds and hundreds of books not one photograph depicted an Arab as a normal person 41 Arnon Groiss of the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace criticized these findings After reviewing the same books examined by Peled Ehanan Groiss concluded that Peled Ehanan s claim regarding this point is clearly false This heavily politicized and thus biased approach distorts the material to produce a picture to her liking Groiss further criticized the work of Peled Elhanan for stretching the definition of racism to include cases that researchers would normally categorize as ethnocentrism 42 Land ownership Main article Israeli Arabs Property ownership and housing The Jewish National Fund is a private organization established in 1901 to buy and develop land in the Land of Israel for Jewish settlement land purchases were funded by donations from world Jewry exclusively for that purpose 43 Discrimination has been claimed regarding ownership and leasing of land in Israel because approximately 13 of Israel s land owned by the Jewish National Fund is restricted to Jewish ownership and tenancy and Arabs are prevented from buying or leasing that land 44 In the early 2000s several Community settlement in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of barring Arab applicants from moving in In 2010 the Knesset passed legislation that allowed admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev while explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race religion sex ethnicity disability personal status age parenthood sexual orientation country of origin political views or political affiliation 45 46 Critics however say the law gives the privately run admissions committees a wide latitude over public lands and believe it will worsen discrimination against the Arab minority 47 Zionism See also Zionism Characterization as colonialist and racist nbsp Chaim Herzog condemned the Zionism is racism UN resolution saying that Zionism is non discriminatory and non racist 48 The resolution was later revoked Some critics of Israel equate Zionism with racism or describe Zionism itself as racist or discriminatory 49 In 1975 the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 3379 which concluded that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination 50 51 During debate on the resolution U S ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan argued that Zionism clearly is not a form of racism defining racism as an ideology which favors discrimination on the grounds of alleged biological differences 52 The resolution was revoked by Resolution 46 86 on December 16 1991 Speaking to the General Assembly George H W Bush said to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and indeed throughout history Supporters of Zionism such as Chaim Herzog argue that the movement is non discriminatory and contains no racist aspects 48 Law of return controversy See also Law of return Controversy Some critics have described the Law of Return which allows all Jews and persons of some Jewish descent to immigrate to Israel as racist as Palestinian refugees are not eligible for citizenship 53 Palestinians and advocates for Palestinian refugee rights criticize the Law of Return which they compare to the Palestinian claim to a right of return 54 These critics consider the Law as contrasted against the denial of the right of Palestinian refugees to return as offensive and as institutionalized ethnic discrimination 55 Supporters of the Law argue that it is consistent with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I 3 which allows for preferential treatments of some groups for purpose of immigration provided there is no discrimination against a specific nationality 56 57 58 In addition proponents of the law point out that in addition to Israel several other countries provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries Examples include Germany 59 Serbia Greece Japan Turkey Ireland Russia Italy Spain Chile Poland and Finland 58 See Right of return and Repatriation laws Some supporters noted that the decision by the Venice Commission recognized the relationship between ethnic minorities and their kin states as legitimate and even desirable and preference in immigration and naturalization is mentioned as an example of legitimate preference 58 In response to Arab criticism of Israel s Law of Return as discriminatory in a 1975 United Nations resolution debate Israelis argued that Palestinian Israelis were not subject to any legal discrimination 52 Proposed oath of allegiance In 2010 the Israeli cabinet proposed an amendment to the Citizenship Act requiring all future non Jews applying for Israeli citizenship to swear loyalty to Israel as a Jewish and democratic state The proposal met harsh criticism including accusations of racism and subsequently it was amended to make the loyalty oath universal to both Jewish and non Jewish naturalized citizens Even in this new form the bill did not pass due to lack of majority support in the Israeli parliament 60 61 62 63 64 Marriage Israel s Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law bars immigration by family reunification to couples of an Israeli citizen and a Palestinian resident of the Israeli occupied territories Amnesty International says this mostly affects Arabs 65 66 The law has been condemned by Amnesty International as racial discrimination 67 The government says the law say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks Some leaders of the Kadima party support the law in order to preserve the state s Jewish character Mishael Cheshin one of the supreme court judges who upheld the law wrote that at a time of war the state could prevent the entry of enemy subjects to its territory even if they were married to citizens of the state 68 Religious racism Rabbi David Batzri and his son Yitzhak were investigated by police after they made racist remarks against Arabs and protested against a mixed Arab Jewish school in Jerusalem 69 70 As part of a 2008 plea bargain Yitzhak was sentenced to community service and David issued a declaration saying he was opposed to any racist incitement and said that he calls for love brotherhood and friendship 71 Dov Lior Chief Rabbi of Hebron and Kiryat Arba in the southern West Bank and head of the Council of Rabbis of Judea and Samaria issued a religious edict saying a thousand non Jewish lives are not worth a Jew s fingernail 72 73 74 and stated that captured Arab terrorists could be used to conduct medical experiments 75 and also ruled that Jewish Law forbids employing Arabs or renting homes to them 76 77 Lior denied holding racist views 78 In June 2011 the Rabbi was arrested by Israeli police and questioned on suspicion of inciting violence 79 80 Both opposition leader Tzipi Livni and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for a full judicial investigation of Lior s remarks and said that rabbis were not above the law 81 In October 2010 Ovadia Yosef a former Sephardi chief rabbi stated that the sole purpose of non Jews is to serve Jews 82 His statement was harshly condemned by several Jewish organizations 83 84 On 7 Dec 2010 a group of 50 state paid rabbis signed a letter instructing Orthodox Jews not to rent or sell houses to non Jews The letter was later endorsed by some 250 other Jewish religious figures A hotline was opened for denouncing those Jews who did intend to rent out to Arabs 85 86 On 19 Dec 2010 a rally attended by 200 people was held in Bat Yam against the assimilation of young Jewish women with Arabs One of the organizers Bentzi Ben Zion Gopstein said that the motives are not racist It is important to explain that the problem is religious not racist If my son were to decide to marry an Arab woman who converted I wouldn t have a problem with that My problem is the assimilation that the phenomenon causes One of the protestors called out Any Jewish woman who goes with an Arab should be killed any Jew who sells his home to an Arab should be killed Bat Yam Mayor Shlomo Lahyani condemned the event saying The city of Bat Yam denounces any racist phenomenon This is a democratic country Nearby about 200 residents of Bat Yam held a counter protest waving signs reading We re fed up with racists and Jews and Arabs refuse to be enemies Later that month the wives of 27 rabbis signed a letter calling on Jewish girls to stay away from Arab men The document stated Don t date them don t work where they work and don t perform National Service with them 87 88 89 A senior Catholic spokesman Fr Pierbattista Pizzaballa the Custodian of the Holy Land has claimed that a lack of police action and an educational culture in which Jewish pupils are encouraged to act with contempt towards Christians has resulted in life becoming increasingly intolerable for many Christians In 2012 pro settler extremists attacked a Trappist monastery in the town of Latroun covering walls with anti Christian graffiti denouncing Christ as a monkey and the 11th century Monastery of the Cross was daubed with offensive slogans such as Death to Christians According to an article in The Daily Telegraph Christian leaders feel that the most important issue that Israel has failed to address is the practice of some ultra Orthodox Jewish schools to teach children that it is a religious obligation to abuse anyone in Holy Orders they encounter in public such that Ultra Orthodox Jews including children as young as eight spit at members of the clergy on a daily basis 90 Incidents of spitting on Christian clergymen in Jerusalem have been common since the 1990s 91 92 Ruling on the case of a Greek Orthodox priest who had struck a yeshiva student who spat near him in 2011 a Jerusalem magistrate wrote Day after day clergymen endure spitting by members of those fringe groups a phenomenon intended to treat other religions with contempt The authorities are not able to eradicate this phenomenon and they don t catch the spitters even though this phenomenon has been going on for years 93 Incidents nbsp Baruch Goldstein s tomb The plaque reads To the holy Baruch Goldstein who gave his life for the Jewish people the Torah and the nation of Israel In 1994 a Jewish settler in the West Bank and follower of the Kach party Baruch Goldstein massacred 29 Palestinian Muslim worshipers at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron 94 95 During his funeral a rabbi declared that even one million Arabs are not worth a Jewish fingernail 96 97 98 Goldstein was immediately denounced with shocked horror even by the mainstream Orthodox 99 and many in Israel classified Goldstein as insane 100 The Israeli government condemned the massacre and made Kach illegal 101 The Israeli army killed a further nine Palestinians during riots following the massacre 102 and the Israeli government severely restricted Palestinian freedom of movement in Hebron 103 while letting settlers and foreign tourists roam free 104 although Israel also forbade certain Israeli settlers from entering Palestinian towns and demanded that those settlers turn in their army issued rifles 105 Goldstein s grave has become a pilgrimage site for Jewish extremists 106 nbsp Graffiti reading Die Arab Sand Niggers reportedly sprayed by settlers on a house in Hebron 107 nbsp Graffiti reading Gas the Arabs JDL reportedly sprayed by settlers on the Qurtuba girls school in Hebron 108 109 110 In 2006 a stabbing incident took place when a gang of Russian immigrants chanting racist slogans stabbed and lightly injured Arab Knesset member Abbas Zakour which was part of a stabbing rampage and was described as a hate crime 111 The Mossawa Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in Israel reported a tenfold increase in racist incidents against Arabs in 2008 112 Jerusalem reported the highest number of racist incidents against Arabs 112 The report blamed Israeli leaders for the violence saying These attacks are not the hand of fate but a direct result of incitement against the Arab citizens of this country by religious public and elected officials 112 The Bedouin claim they face systemic discrimination and have submitted a counter report to the United Nations that disputes the Israeli government s official state report 113 They claim they are not treated as equal citizens in Israel and that Bedouin towns are not provided the same level of services or land that Jewish towns of the same size are and that they are not given fair access to water 113 The city of Beersheba refused to recognize a Bedouin holy site despite a High Court recommendation 113 In late 2010 the number of racist incidents against Arabs increased The events were described by the Defense Minister of Israel Ehud Barak as a wave of racism 114 The most notable ones took place on 20 December 2010 when a group of five Arabs were driven from an apartment in Tel Aviv after their landlady was threatened with the torching of her home if she continued to rent out to Arabs 115 and on 21 December 2010 when a gang of Jewish youths was arrested in Jerusalem after carrying out a large number of attacks on Arabs A girl aged 14 would lure Arab men to the Independence Park where they were attacked with stones and bottles and severely beaten The teens confessed to nationalistic motives 116 On 31 Oct 2010 a Jewish mob gathered outside of an Arab students residence in Safed chanted death to the Arabs hurled rocks and bottles at the building shattering glass and fired a shot at the building before dissassembling 117 In May 2011 two Israeli border patrolmen were charged with physical abuse against an Arab minor who was carrying firecrackers The incident took place in March 2010 The youth was punched knocked to the floor kicked and had death threats thrown against him by the officers At a police station the 17 year old male was tricked by a female police officer into believing he was going to die After making the prisoner go down on his knees she allegedly pointed her pistol at him at point blank range It was not loaded but the minor did not know this because his eyes were covered According to the charges she counted to 10 with the teen begging her not to kill him She allegedly pulled the trigger saying Death to Arabs 118 She was later sentenced to 3 months in prison 119 In March 2012 two Arab males of Beit Zarzir confessed after being arrested to damaging a local school for Arab and Jewish students They admitted responsibility for having sprayed on the wall of the school Death to Arabs The school was sprayed twice in February with the slogans price tag Death to Arabs and Holocaust to the Arabs 120 121 122 123 On November 18 2013 Jewish settlers torched trucks and spray painted walls in a Palestinian village Two perpetrators Yehuda Landsberg and Yehuda Sabir admitted their guilt and received the minimum sentence Binyamin Richter a third defendant claimed innocence They are from Havat Gilad 124 This was the first time that any indictments were issued against the 52 Jewish Israelis who had committed anti Arab attacks that were completely unprovoked which the Israeli security forces differentiate from price tag attacks 125 After the murder of 3 Israeli teenagers were found on June 30 2014 a Facebook Page created by an unknown group of Israelis called The People of Israel Demand Vengeance or The people of Israel demand revenge The page features a myriad of photos of people holding up signs demanding revenge for the killing of the teens and urging Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to order widespread military action in the West Bank and Gaza Further racist incitement within the Facebook campaign depicted a photograph that was posted to the page with two teenage girls smiling hugging each other and holding a piece of paper saying Hating Arabs is not racism it s values Another post showed an armed IDF soldier with Revenge in Hebrew inscribed on his chest The Facebook Campaign received more than 30 000 likes by the evening of July 3 2014 The campaign has been condemned by a number of Israeli MK s including Justice Minister Tzipi Livni and Minister of Agriculture and Yisrael Beiteinu MK Yair Shamir The Israeli Defense Forces also vowed to severely punish any soldier involved with the exchange of racist photographs depicting revenge for the murdered teens or retributive incitement of Anti Arabism across Facebook and other social media sites 126 127 Also in November 2014 a Druze soldier veteran of Operation Protective Edge was refused entry to a pub where his Jewish friends were A security guard told him that he was not allowed to let non Jews enter While the owner claimed it was a private club the Jewish patron denied this claim noting they were allowed to enter without membership A friend of the Druse IDF soldier said Apparently they are good enough to fight in Gaza but not to enter a pub 128 On November 21 2014 during a Tel Aviv soccer match hundreds of Bnei Yehuda fans rose and chanted Death to Arabs The fans threw trash at an Arab player who was injured and was being taken off the field 129 On November 29 2014 an apparent hate crime including arson and racist graffiti was perpetrated in Jerusalem on a dual Hebrew and Arabic language school Graffiti spray painted at the school included Death to Arabs Kahane was right Down with assimilation and There is no co existence with cancer Police say the fire was set on purpose Education Minister Shai Piron spoke out against the vandalism saying it represented a violent criminal and despicable act done to undermine the foundations of Israeli democracy 130 Mohamad Marzouk head of communications for the Hand in Hand school in Kfar Qara noted that the attack brought out a show of community support for the school In the minds of many people the arson he said crossed a red line 131 The Israeli police arrested a number of suspects in connection with this arson attack 132 Following the arrest the mother of one of the suspects said she would have burned the school as well if it were not illegal to do so and she expressed disgust and revulsion that Jews and Arabs studied together at the school 133 In courtroom photos the three members of the radical group are shown smiling and smirking as they faced charges 134 On 30 November a synagogue in Tel Aviv had several books burned and was vandalized with graffiti against the Jewish nation state bill 135 which most recently had been submitted the previous week The Times of Israel reported on January 1 2015 that three Jewish men who had admitted to committing racist hate crimes against an Arab taxi driver in early 2014 were each sentenced to approximately one year in prison The criminals admitted they had hailed the cab then began beating and insulting the cab driver When the driver escaped the car and ran for help the perpetrators smashed the taxi sunroof 136 Racism in sports The neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met June 2012 template removal help nbsp The first racist incidents in Israeli soccer took place in the 1970s when Rifaat Turk joined Hapoel Tel Aviv and was subjected to anti Arab taunts 137 Under Israeli law soccer fans can be prosecuted for incitement of racial hatred Racism in soccer stadiums is a worldwide problem and Israeli stadiums are not free from racism 138 The first racist incidents took place in the 1970s when the Arab player Rifaat Turk joined Hapoel Tel Aviv Turk was subjected to anti Arab abuse during nearly every game he played 137 Arab soccer player Abbas Suan was confronted once with a sign reading Abbas Suan you don t represent us 139 Under Israeli law soccer fans can be prosecuted for incitement of racial hatred The New Voices from the Stadium program run by the New Israel Fund NIF amasses a racism index that is reported to the media on a weekly basis and teams have been fined and punished for the conduct of their fans According to Steve Rothman the NIF San Francisco director Things have definitely improved particularly in sensitizing people to the existence of racism in Israeli society 138 In 2006 Israel joined Football Against Racism in Europe FARE network set up to counter racism in soccer 140 After a soccer game in March 2012 in which Beitar Jerusalem defeated a rival team at Jerusalem s Teddy Stadium 141 a group of at least a hundred Beitar fans 142 143 144 entered the nearby Malha Mall chanting racist slogans and allegedly attacked Arab cleaning workers whom some reports described as Palestinians The police were criticized for initially failing to make arrests 145 it later investigated the incident issuing restraining orders against 20 soccer fans and questioning several suspects among the cleaning crew seen waving sticks at the fans 146 Intra Jewish racism Racism between Jews Ashkenazi Jews in Israel have been described as viewing themselves as superior to non Ashkenazi Jews They are accused of maintaining an elite position in Israeli society 147 148 with some describing the attitudes of Ashkenazim as racist or of being a manifestation of racism 149 Other authorities describe the discrimination by Ashkenazi as class based not race based 150 151 For example the differences between Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews N Africans Middle Easterners Yemenites etc are referred to as Adatiyut 152 153 154 155 community differences resulting also in some traditional customary gaps 156 Some sources claim that reports of intra Jewish discrimination in Israel arise from propaganda published by Arab sources which ignores the normality and harmony between the communities 157 158 Sephardim and Mizrahim Middle Eastern and North African Jews See also Mizrahi Jews Israeli society in general and Ashkenazi Jews in particular have been described as holding discriminatory attitudes towards Jews of Middle Eastern and North African descent known as Mizrahi Jews Sephardic Jews and Oriental Jews 159 A variety of Mizrahi critics of Israeli policy have cited past ill treatment including the maabarot the squalid tent cities into which Mizrahim were placed upon arrival in Israel the humiliation of Moroccan and other Mizrahi Jews when Israeli immigration authorities shaved their heads and sprayed their bodies with the pesticide DDT the socialist elite s enforced secularization the destruction of traditional family structure and the reduced status of the patriarch by years of poverty and sporadic unemployment as examples of mistreatment 160 In September 1997 Israeli Labor Party leader Ehud Barak made a high profile apology to Oriental Jews in Netivot stating We must admit to ourselves that the inner fabric of communal life was torn Indeed sometimes the intimate fabric of family life was torn Much suffering was inflicted on the immigrants and that suffering was etched in their hearts as well as in the hearts of their children and grandchildren There was no malice on the part of those bringing the immigrants here on the contrary there was much goodwill but pain was inflicted nevertheless In acknowledgement of this suffering and pain and out of identification with the sufferers and their descendants I hereby ask forgiveness in my own name and in the name of the historical Labor movement 161 Barak s address also said that during the 1950s Mizrahi immigrants were made to feel that their own traditions were inferior to those of the dominant Ashkenazi European origin Israelis Alex Weingrod s paraphrase 162 Several prominent Labor party figures including Teddy Kollek and Shimon Peres distanced themselves from the apology while agreeing that mistakes were made during the immigration period 162 The cultural differences between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews impacted the degree and rate of assimilation into Israeli society and sometimes the divide between Eastern European and Middle Eastern Jews was quite sharp Segregation especially in the area of housing limited integration possibilities over the years 163 Intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel and by the late 1990s 28 of all Israeli children had multi ethnic parents up from 14 in the 1950s 164 A 1983 research found that children of inter ethnic marriages in Israel enjoyed improved socio economic status 165 Although social integration is constantly improving disparities persist A study conducted by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics ICBS Mizrahi Jews are less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi Jews Israeli born Ashkenazi are up to twice more likely to study in a university than Israeli born Mizrahim 166 Furthermore the percentage of Mizrahim who seek a university education remains low compared to second generation immigrant groups of Ashkenazi origin such as Russians 167 According to a survey by the Adva Center 168 the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004 169 Some claim that the education system discriminates against Jewish minorities from North Africa and the Middle East and one source suggests that ethnic prejudice against Mizrahi Jews is a relatively general phenomenon not limited to the schooling process 170 There was a case in 2010 when a Haredi school system where Sephardi and Mizrahi students were sometimes excluded or segregated 171 172 In 2010 the Israeli supreme court sent a strong message against discrimination in a case involving the Slonim Hassidic sect of the Ashkenazi ruling that segregation between Ashkenazi and Sephardi students in a school is illegal 173 They argue that they seek to maintain an equal level of religiosity not from racism 174 Responding to the charges the Slonim Haredim invited Sephardi girls to school and added in a statement All along we said it s not about race but the High Court went out against our rabbis and therefore we went to prison 175 Teimani children Yemenite Jews nbsp Yemenite Jews en route from Aden to Israel during Operation Magic CarpetSee also Yemenite Jews and Yemenite Children Affair In the 1950s 1 033 176 children of Yemenite immigrant families disappeared In most instances the parents claim that they were told their children were ill and required hospitalization Upon later visiting the hospital it is claimed that the parents were told that their children had died though no bodies were presented or graves which have later proven to be empty in many cases were shown to the parents Those who believe the theory contend that the Israeli government as well as other organizations in Israel kidnapped the children and gave them for adoption Secular Israeli Jews of European descent were accused of collaborating in the disappearance of babies of Yemeni Jews and anti religious motives and anti religious coercion were alleged 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 Some went further to accuse the Israeli authorities of conspiring to kidnap the Yemeni children due to racist motives 184 In 2001 a seven year public inquiry commission concluded that the accusations that Yemenite children were kidnapped are not true The commission has unequivocally rejected claims of a plot to take children away from Yemenite immigrants The report determined that documentation exists for 972 of the 1 033 missing children Five additional missing babies were found to be alive The commission was unable to discover what happened in another 56 cases With regard to these unresolved 56 cases the commission deemed it possible that the children were handed over for adoption following decisions made by individual local social workers but not as part of an official policy 176 Bene Israel Indian Jews In 1962 authorities in Israel were accused by articles in the Indian press of racism in relation to Jews of Indian ancestry called Bene Israel 185 186 In the case that caused the controversy the Chief Rabbi of Israel ruled that before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not belonging to that community the registering rabbi should investigate the lineage of the Indian applicant for possible non Jewish descent and in case of doubt require the applicant to perform conversion or immersion 185 186 The alleged discrimination may actually be related to the fact that some religious authorities believe that the Bene Israel are not fully Jewish because of inter marriage during their long separation 187 In 1964 the government of Israel led by Levi Eshkol declared that it regards Bene Israel of India as Jews without exception who are equal to other Jews in respect of all matters 185 Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews nbsp Ethiopian Israeli soldierMain article Beta Israel Nearly all of the Ethiopian Beta Israel community a community of Black Jews resides in Israel The Israeli government has mounted rescue operations most notably during Operation Moses 1984 and Operation Solomon 1991 for their migration when civil war and famine threatened populations within Ethiopia 188 189 Today 81 000 Israelis were born in Ethiopia while 38 500 or 32 of the community are native born Israelis 190 According to the sociologist Prof Uzi Rebhun it represents an ambitious attempt to deny the significance of race 191 Israeli authorities aware of the situation of most African diaspora communities in other Western countries hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of discrimination 191 The Ethiopian Jewish community s internal challenges have been complicated by racist attitudes on the part of some elements of Israeli society and the official establishment 192 Racism has commonly been cited as explanation for policies and programs that failed to meet expectations Racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting Ethiopian Jews to Israel under the Law of Return 191 The delays in admitting Ethiopians may be attributed to religious motivations rather than racism since there was debate whether or not Falasha Jews Beta Israel were Jewish 193 194 Racism was also alleged in 2009 in a case where school children of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into three semi private religious schools in the town of Petah Tikva An Israeli government official criticised the Petah Tikva Municipality and the semi private Haredi schools saying This concerns not only the three schools that have for a long time been deceiving the entire educational system For years racism has developed here undeterred Shas spiritual leader Ovadia Yosef threatened to fire any school principal from Shas s school system who refused to receive Ethiopian students The Israeli Education Ministry decided to pull the funding from the Lamerhav Da at Mevinim and Darkhei Noam schools the three semi private institutions that refused to accept the students Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke out against the rejection of Ethiopian children calling it a moral terror attack 195 196 When Ethiopians protested that blood donations from their community were thrown out Harry Wall the Israeli Director of the Anti Defamation League stated that it was the result of the high incidence of HIV in Africans not racism Whatever Israel s mistakes towards its Ethiopian Jewish community the cause is not racism It explains that what causes the distress is bureaucratic ineptitude and a cultural gap between a traditional community and a modern technologically advanced highly competitive nation 197 In 2012 Israel appointed the country s first Ethiopian born ambassador Belaynesh Zevadia According to the foreign minister of Israel this represented an important milestone in fighting racism and prejudice 198 Depo Provera prescription controversy In 2010 Israel was accused of a sterilization policy aimed towards Ethiopian Jews for allowing the prescription of contraceptive drugs like Depo Provera to the community 199 They stated that the Israeli government deliberately gives female Ethiopian Jews long lasting contraceptive drugs like Depo Provera 200 Jewish agencies involved in immigration said that Ethiopian women were offered different types of contraceptives and that all of them participated voluntarily in family planning citation needed Dr Yifat Bitton a member of the Israeli Anti Discrimination Legal Center Tmura said that 60 percent of the women receiving this contraceptive are Ethiopian Jews while Ethiopians made up only 1 percent of population and the gap here is just impossible to reconcile in any logical manner that would somehow resist the claims of racism citation needed Professor Zvi Bentwich an immunologist and human rights activist from Tel Aviv rejected the claim and said there s no ground to suspect a negative official policy towards Ethiopian Jews citation needed Israel initially denied the claim of injecting Ethiopian women with Depo Provera without their informed consent but later issued an order for gynecologists to stop administering the drugs for women of Ethiopian origin if there is concern that they might not understand the ramifications of the treatment 201 202 Action on the issue finally took place after a documentary aired in December 2012 on public television In it 35 Ethiopian women who had immigrated to Israel said they had been told they would not be allowed into Israel unless they agreed to the shots While Ethiopians have been admitted to Israel they are often discriminated against in education and in employment The Times of Israel notes details of a nurse unaware of a hidden camera saying Depo Provera is given to Ethiopian women because they forget they don t understand and it s hard to explain to them so it s best that they receive a shot once every three months basically they don t understand anything 200 203 Police brutality In April 2015 an Ethiopian soldier in the IDF was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video The soldier Damas Pakedeh was arrested and accused of attacking the policeman He believes the incident was racially motivated and that if the video had not been taken he would have been punished Likud MK Avraham Neguise called on National Police Chief Yohanan Danino to prosecute the police officer and volunteer saying they engaged in a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us The Jerusalem Post notes that in 2015 there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of police brutality against Ethiopian Israelis with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and treated more harshly than other citizens 204 205 The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh and alleged brutality of officials from Israel s Administration of Border Crossings Population and Immigration with Walla Bayach an Israeli of Ethiopian descent brought the Ethiopian community to protest Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20 2015 to decry what they view as rampant racism and violence in Israel directed at their community Israel Police Commissioner Yohanan Danino met with representatives of the Israeli Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and members of the community 206 When over a thousand people protested police brutality against Ethiopians and dark skinned Israelis Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced I strongly condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier and those responsible will be held accountable 207 Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community including Pakedeh Netanyahu said the meeting would include Danino and representatives of several ministries including Immigrant Absorption Danino already announced that the officer who beat Pakedeh had been fired 208 Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs Polls A 2009 PEW poll which included 527 Israeli Arab respondents showed that 35 of Israeli Arabs said their opinion of Jews was unfavorable while 56 said their opinion was favorable the figures amongst Israeli Jews on their attitude of themselves were 94 favorable 6 unfavorable 209 The 2008 Index of Arab Jewish Relations in Israel by the Jewish Arab Center found that 40 5 of the Arab citizens of Israel denied the Holocaust up from 28 in 2006 210 211 This report also states that In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West but rather a form of protest Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim They deny Israel s right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to 211 Incidents Numerous racist attacks against Jews have taken place throughout Arab localities in the Galilee and in Arab areas of Jerusalem including murders Among the people killed in such attacks was Kristine Luken an American tourist stabbed in a forest near Jerusalem after being seen wearing a Star of David necklace 212 In Jerusalem Jews driving through Al Issawiya have been subjected to ambushes by crowds as was a repairman who had been hired by a resident 213 Emergency services vehicles have also been attacked while passing through the neighborhood Jews who travel to the Mount of Olives also risk violence 214 Jews who enter or buy property in Arab areas face harassment and Arabs who have sold property to Jews have been murdered In 2010 an Israeli Jewish security guard Kochav Segal Halevi was forced from his home in the Arab town of I billin after a racist crowd gathered at his house and he received death threats 215 In 2008 the slogan Death to the Jews was found spray painted in Arabic on the cargo hold of an El Al plane 216 In 2010 the wall of a synagogue and a Jewish residence in the mixed Jewish Arab Ajami neighborhood of Jaffa were spray painted with swastikas and Palestinian flags 217 In 2014 Arabs from Shfaram murdered Shelly Dadon Leaders nbsp Raed Salah the head of the Islamic movement in Israel was prosecuted in 2010 for incitement to racismJournalist Ben Meir described Arab Knesset members who talk incessantly about the Palestinian people s rights including their own state but who refuse to acknowledge Israel as the state of the Jewish people and deny the very existence of a Jewish people as a nation with national rights as racist 218 Ariel Natan Pasko a policy analyst suggested that prominent Arab leaders such as Arab member of Knesset Ahmad Tibi is racist because he turned away from integration and wants to build an Arab university in Nazareth as well as an Arab hospital in the Galilee 219 Tibi had been previously accused of racism in 1997 he said whoever sells his house to the Jews has sold his soul to Satan and done a despicable act 220 The head of the Islamic movement in Israel s Northern Branch was charged with incitement to racism and to violence During legal proceedings the prosecution said that Sheikh Raed Salah made his inflammatory remarks with the objective of inciting racism 221 222 he also accused Jews of using children s blood to bake bread 223 Other groups Black Hebrew Israelites nbsp A child of the Black Hebrew Israelite community in Dimona September 2005 Black Hebrew Israelites are groups of people mostly of African American ancestry who believe they are descendants of the ancient Israelites They are generally not accepted as Jews by the greater Jewish community Many choose to self identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than as Jews 224 225 226 227 When the first Black Hebrews arrived in Israel in 1969 they claimed citizenship under the Law of Return which gives eligible Jews immediate citizenship 228 The Israeli government ruled in 1973 that the group did not qualify for automatic citizenship and the Black Hebrews were denied work permits and state benefits The group responded by accusing the Israeli government of racist discrimination 229 230 In 1981 a group of American civil rights activist led by Bayard Rustin investigated and concluded that racism was not the cause of Black Hebrews situation 231 In 1990 Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews legal status in Israel Members of the group are permitted to work and have access to housing and social services In 2003 the agreement was revised and the Black Hebrews were granted permanent resident status 232 233 In his 1992 essay Blacks and Jews The Uncivil War historian Taylor Branch wrote that Black Hebrews were initially denied citizenship due to anti black sentiment among Israeli Jews according to mainstream Jewish religious authorities members of the Black Hebrew Israelite group are not Jewish 234 235 According to historian Dr Seth Forman the claims that the Black Hebrew Israelites were denied citizenship because they were black seem baseless particularly in light of Israel s airlift of thousands of black Ethiopian Jews in the early 1990s 236 Racism against Black African non Jews This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2017 In April 2012 the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported that tens of thousands of refugees and African migrant workers who have come to Israel in dangerous smuggling routes live in southern Tel Aviv s Levinsky Park SvD reported that some Africans in the park sleep on cardboard boxes under the stars others crowd in dark hovels Also was noted a situation with African refugees such as Sudanese from Darfur Eritreans Ethiopians and other African nationalities who stand in queue to the soup kitchen organized by Israeli volunteers The interior minister reportedly wants everyone to be deported 237 In May 2012 disgruntlement toward Africans and calls for deportation and blacks out in Tel Aviv boiled over into death threats fire bombings rioting and property destruction Protesters blamed immigrants for worsening crime and the local economy some of protesters were seen throwing eggs at African immigrants 238 239 In March 2018 chief Sephardic Rabbi of Israel Yitzhak Yosef used the term Kushi to refer to black people which has Talmudic origins but is a derogatory word for people of African descent in modern Hebrew He also reportedly likened black people to monkeys 240 241 242 Inter ethnic relationsArab Jewish riots nbsp Monument to Israeli Arab casualties in October 2000 riots NazarethIn what became known as the October 2000 events Arab Israelis rioted while protesting Israeli actions in the early stages of the Second Intifada attacking Jewish civilians and Israeli police with live gunfire molotov cocktails stones and vandalism of Jewish property One Egged bus was torched on the first day Arab rioting took place in Umm al Fahm Baqa al Gharbiyye Sakhnin Nazareth Lod Kafar Kanna Mashhad Arraba Ramla Or Akiva and Nazareth Illit A Jewish citizen was killed when his car was stoned and a synagogue was torched Hundreds of Arab residents of Jaffa burned tires threw rocks and beat reporters 243 Throughout the course of the riots Israeli Police repeatedly opened fire at Arab riots and demonstrations killing 13 people including 12 Arab Israelis and one Palestinian from Gaza Thousands of Jews counter rioted against Arabs in Nazareth Bat Yam Petah Tikva Tiberias Tel Aviv Acre Nazareth Illit Lod Rosh HaAyin Or Akiva and Jerusalem throwing stones at and beating Arabs vandalizing and torching Arab homes and property attacking Arab traffic and chanting Death to the Arabs 244 Sam Lehman Wilzig Political Communications Professor at Bar Ilan University said that rioting is rare and alien to Jewish political society The numbers of riots are so low because of our Jewish political culture which encourages protesting but seriously discourages violent protest he said He argues that the riots were caused since Israelis felt threatened by the pressure cooker syndrome of fighting not just the Palestinians and Lebanon s Hezbollah guerrillas but also the Israeli Arab population 245 In 2008 a series of riots broke out in Acre after an Arab motorist and his teenage son drove into a predominantly Jewish neighborhood during Yom Kippur the holiest day in the Jewish religion to visit relatives According to police their car s windows were down and music was blaring Police spokesperson Eran Shaked said that this was a provocation we believe he was intoxicated This was a deliberate act 246 An incorrect rumor spread among the Arab residents that the driver had been killed prompting calls from local mosques to avenge his death 247 Arabs rioted in the city center smashing shop windows vandalizing vehicles and throwing rocks at people going to or from Yom Kippur prayers 248 249 chanting Death to the Jews and If you come out of your homes you will die Israeli Police forcibly dispersed the rioters with tear gas and stun grenades As soon as the Yom Kippur fast ended about 200 Jewish residents rioted in Acre s Arab neighborhoods torching homes vandalizing property and forcing dozens of families to flee Riots and retaliations by both sides continued for four days 247 During the course of monitoring elections in 2009 a Member of the Knesset MK replaced another Jewish election monitor at the Israeli Arab town of Umm al Fahm who was prevented by police from entering the city because of threats by local Arabs on his life As soon as the MK began to perform his duties an Israeli Arab mob rioted outside attacking the guards and shouts of Death to the Jews could be heard Israeli Police arrested five rioters 250 Efforts against racism and discriminationIsrael has a law that prohibits incitement to racism 5 nbsp Israeli protest in Pardes Hana against racism 2010 The sign reads No to racism According to the State Department Israel s anti discrimination law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex marital status or sexual orientation The law also prohibits discrimination by both government and nongovernment entities on the basis of race religion political beliefs and age Israel is a signatory of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination treaty since 1966 and has ratified the treaty in 1979 251 Affirmative action In response to inequality between the Jewish and Arab populations the Israeli government established a committee to consider among other issues policies of affirmative action for housing Arab citizens 252 According to Israel advocacy group Stand With Us the city of Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the housing permit process and structural regulations advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the same terms 253 254 Reports addressing racism in IsraelAmnesty International annual reports on Israel 2013 report 2012 report 2011 report 2010 report 2009 report 2008 report 2007 report Association for Civil Rights in Israel ACRI annual reports 2014 report 2013 report 2012 report 2011 report 2009 report 2008 report 2007 report United States Department of State annual Human Rights reports on Israel 2014 report 2013 report 2012 report 2011 report 2010 report 2009 report 2008 report 2007 report 2006 report 2005 report 2004 report United Nations CERD 2007 CERD report unedited version of 2007 report Or Commission The Official Summation of the Or Commission Report See also nbsp Israel portal nbsp Palestine portalAnti Palestinian sentiment Timeline of attacks against synagogues in Israel Criticism of Israel Human rights in Israel Israel and apartheid Israeli settler violence Neo Nazism in Israel Racism in the Palestinian territories Racism in Jewish communities Secularism in Israel Torat Hamelekh Zion Square assaultReferences IRIN Andreas Hackl 7 September 2012 ISRAEL OPT Upping sticks and heading for Ramallah IRIN humanitarian news and analysis UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Retrieved 14 October 2012 Rosenberg Oz 18 January 2012 Thousands in Jerusalem protest racism 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Retrieved 29 May 2012 Quoted in Rebhun Uzi Chaim Isaac Waxman 2004 Jews in Israel contemporary social and cultural patterns UPNE p 472 ISBN 978 1 58465 327 1 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONVENTION Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Israel CERD C 304 Add 45 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Israel 30 March 1998 Aviram Zino 12 August 2007 Synopsis of the report from Racism in Israel on the rise Ynetnews Ynet News Reflections on October 2000 Eight years later discrimination and racism against Israel s Arab citizens have only increased a b Israeli anti Arab racism rises BBC 10 December 2007 Nahmias Roee 27 March 2007 Marriage to an Arab is national treason Ynetnews ynetnews com Poll Half of Israeli high schoolers oppose equal rights for Arabs Haaretz 11 March 2010 Poll 36 of Jews want to revoke Arabs voting rights Ynetnews Ynet News 10 October 2010 Arian Asher Michael Philippov and Anna Knafelman 2009 Auditing Israeli Democracy 2009 Israeli Democracy Institute pp 66 67 Catrina Stewart 23 October 2012 The new Israeli apartheid Poll reveals widespread Jewish support for The Independent Retrieved 27 April 2016 Newman Marissa 21 November 2014 Nipped in the bud The Times of Israel Jerusalem mayor We cannot discriminate against Arabs Jerusalem Post 22 November 2014 Netanyahu on discrimination of Israeli Arabs An entire community should not be stigmatized Jerusalem Post 20 November 2014 The Times of Israel Staff and Spencer Ho Ashkelon warned over Arab worker ban as poll shows public support The Times of Israel 20 November 2014 Ho Spencer 23 November 2014 Ashkelon reportedly to let Arab workers finish kindergarten shelters Times of Israel Hirst David The gun and the olive branch the roots of violence in the Middle East Nation Books 2003 p 91 Emmet Ayala H Our sisters promised land women politics and Israeli Palestinian coexistence University of Michigan Press 2003 p 68 Espanioly Nabilia Nightmare in Women and the politics of military confrontation Palestinian and Israeli gendered narratives of dislocation Nahla Abdo Zubi Ronit Lenṭin Eds Berghahn Books 2002 p 5 a b Human Rights Watch Second class Discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel s schools pp 13 16 חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית Pupils Rights Law Cms education gov il Retrieved 16 May 2010 a b Bar Tal Daniel The Arab Image in Hebrew School Textbooks in Islamophobia and anti Semitism Hillel Schenker Abu Zayyad Ziad Ziad Abu Zayyad Eds Markus Wiener Publishers 2006 pp 135 152 Israeli Schools Separate Not Equal Human Rights Watch 4 December 2001 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Human Rights Watch Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel s Schools Summary Retrieved 27 April 2016 Neff Zama 30 September 2001 Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel s Schools Human Rights Watch Middle East Contemporary Survey Volume 23 By Bruce Maddy Weitzman p 329 Or Kashti Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts Haaretz Arab Sector NIF Grantees Fight Discrimination in Arab Education New Israel Fund 13 September 2005 Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 ODS Team Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under Article 9 of the Convention United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Retrieved 16 May 2010 Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination United Nations Publications 2007 ISBN 9789218200334 Harriet Sherwood 7 August 2011 Academic claims Israeli school textbooks contain bias The Observer Arnon Groiss Comments on Nurit Peled Elhanan s paper The Presentation of Palestinians in Israeli Schoolbooks of History and Geography 1998 2003 Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace CMIP RA Kenneth W Stein April 1984 The Jewish National Fund Land Purchase Methods and Priorities 1924 1939 Middle Eastern Studies 20 2 190 205 doi 10 1080 00263208408700580 Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Adalah report on JNF lands Archived 2012 05 12 at the Wayback Machine Pfeffer Anshel Stern Yoav 24 September 2007 High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non Jews Haaretz Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 Retrieved 20 December 2007 U S State Dept report Approximately 93 percent of land in the country was public domain including that owned by the state and some 12 5 percent owned by the Jewish National Fund JNF All public land by law may only be leased not sold The JNF s statutes prohibit the sale or lease of land to non Jews In October civil rights groups petitioned the High Court of Justice claiming that a bid announcement by the Israel Land Administration ILA involving JNF land was discriminatory in that it banned Arabs from bidding The ILA halted marketing JNF land in the North and the Galilee In December Adalah petitioned the High Court to annul definitively the ILA policy At year s end 2004 there had been no court action 2286 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 19 August 2012 Retrieved 20 August 2012 Israel s High Court orders Jewish Galilee town to accept Arab couple Haaretz 14 September 2011 Edmund Sanders 24 March 2011 New Israeli laws will increase discrimination against Arabs critics say Los Angeles Times a b Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog s Response To Zionism Is Racism Resolution November 10 1975 You dare talk of racism when I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces frequently commanding Jewish troops to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel to the peaceful coexistence which has developed to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country indeed being admitted to many of them Is that racism It is not That Mr President is Zionism Zionism imperialism and race Abdul Wahhab Kayyali ʻAbd al Wahhab Kayyali Eds Croom Helm 1979 Gerson Allan The United Nations and Racism the Case of Zionism and Racism in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987 Volume 17 Volume 1987 Yoram Dinstein Mala Tabory Eds Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1988 p 68 Hadawi Sami Bitter harvest a modern history of Palestine Interlink Books 1991 p 183 Beker Avi Chosen the history of an idea the anatomy of an obsession Macmillan 2008 p 131 139 151 Dinstein Yoram Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987 Volume 17 Volume 1987 p 31 136ge Harkabi Yehoshafat Arab attitudes to Israel pp 247 8 Zionism Retrieved 27 April 2016 UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 1975 Zionism Is Racism Retrieved 27 April 2016 a b UNITED NATIONS Zionism Vote Rage amp Discord Time Magazine 24 November 1975 Archived from the original on 16 March 2008 Matas David Aftershock anti zionism and anti semitism Dundurn Press Ltd 2005 p 56 59 2BackToHomePage3 Retrieved 27 April 2016 return PDF PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 September 2001 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights Volume 15 Volume 1985 By Yoram Dinstein p 102 103 Qumsiyeh Errs 20 August 2004 From Ethnic Cleansing to Casualty Count Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America a b c Alexander Yakobson Amnon Rubinstein Democratic Norms Diasporas and Israel s Law of Return PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 November 2010 Joppke Christian Rosenhek Zeev 2003 Contesting Ethnic Immigration Germany and Israel Compared European Journal of Sociology 43 3 301 335 doi 10 1017 s0003975602001121 S2CID 144760411 Chaim Levinson amp Jonathan Lis 18 October 2010 Netanyahu wants loyalty oath bill to include Jews as well Ha aretz Somfalvi Attila 10 October 2010 Government approves loyalty oath bill Israel News Ynetnews Ynetnews www ynetnews com Retrieved 25 November 2010 No Knesset majority for loyalty oath for Jews and non Jews Haaretz Daily Newspaper www haaretz com 20 October 2010 Retrieved 25 November 2010 No Knesset majority for loyalty oath for Jews and non Jews Haaretz Loyalty oath splits Israeli press BBC News 8 October 2010 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Amnesty International The Amnesty International report Amnesty International Publications 2005 p 142 Human Rights Watch World Report 2008 Seven Stories Press 2008 p 487 Israel Occupied Territories High Court decision institutionalizes racial discrimination Amnesty International 16 May 2006 Archived from the original on 21 February 2011 Ben Lynfield 15 May 2006 Arab spouses face Israeli legal purge Edinburgh The Scotsman Religious fundamentalism in Israel Archived 2010 10 10 at the Wayback Machine by Stephen Lendman Research associate of the Centre for 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supporters I m not racist Haaretz Manel Jonah 27 June 2011 Rabbi Lior joins marchers in J lem protesting his arrest Jerusalem Post Retrieved 28 June 2011 Kiryat Arba Chief Rabbi Dov Lior was detained by police Monday afternoon over his endorsement of a book that purportedly incites violence entitled Torat Hamelekh King s Torah Yair Altman Kobi Nahshoni Omri Efraim Oran Azulay 28 June 2011 Rightists threaten further violence over rabbi s arrest Ynetnews Retrieved 28 June 2011 Earlier Israel s chief rabbis Yona Metzger and Shlomo Amar issued a joint statement Monday condemning the arrest of Kiryat Arba Rabbi Dov Lior Ravid Barak 28 June 2011 Netanyahu responds to Rabbi Dov Lior s arrest Israeli law applies to all citizens Haaretz Daily Newspaper Israel News Haaretz com Retrieved 29 May 2012 Mandel Jonah 18 October 2010 Yosef Gentiles exist only to serve Jews The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 20 October 2010 Retrieved 18 October 2010 Sephardi leader Yosef Non Jews exist to serve Jews Jewish Telegraphic Agency 19 October 2010 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Mozgovaya Natasha Service Haaretz 20 October 2010 ADL Slams Shas Spiritual Leader for Saying non Jews Were Born to Serve Jews Haaretz com Retrieved 27 April 2016 Dozens of top Israeli rabbis sign ruling to forbid rental of homes to Arabs Haaretz 7 December 2010 Public invited to inform on those renting to Arabs Ynet 12 December 2010 Bat Yam rally Arabs dating our sisters Ynet 12 December 2010 Bat Yam rally Death to Jewish women who date Arabs Ynet 21 December 2010 Rabbis wives Don t date Arabs Ynet 28 December 2010 Blomfield Adrian 7 September 2012 Vatican official says Israel fostering intolerance of Christianity The Daily Telegraph London Amiram Barkat 10 December 2004 Christians in Jerusalem want Jews to stop spitting on them Haaretz Raphael Ahren 5 March 2010 Capital Anglos mobilize against practice of spitting at Christians Haaretz Oz Rosenberg 4 November 2011 Ultra Orthodox spitting attacks on Old City clergymen becoming daily Haaretz Raphael Ahren 16 December 2011 ADL Rabbinate needs wake up call on anti Christian spitting attacks Haaretz Nir Hasson 7 September 2012 Senior Catholic cleric If Jews want respect they must respect others Haaretz Daphne Tsimhoni 2005 Christians in Jerusalem A Minority at Risk Journal of Human Rights 4 3 391 417 doi 10 1080 14754830500257695 S2CID 143226435 Alexander Yakobson 3 November 2011 A pertinent priest Haaretz Gurvitz Yossi 8 April 2012 Jewish soldiers refuse to share Seder table with Druze comrades 972mag Retrieved 10 September 2012 Israel Shahak The Real Significant of Baruch Goldstein The Unjust Media Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 Kraft Scott 28 February 1994 Extremists Pay Tribute to Killer of 48 at Funeral Los Angeles Times p A1 Brownfeld Allan C March 1999 Growing Intolerance Threatens the Humane Jewish Tradition Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 84 89 Retrieved 11 April 2011 Emran Qureshi Michael Anthony Sells 2003 The new crusades constructing the Muslim enemy Columbia University Press p 129 ISBN 978 0 231 12667 0 The ethics of war in Asian civilizations a comparative perspective By Torkel Brekke Routledge 2006 p 44 Wilson Rodney 2007 Review Article Islam and Terrorism British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 34 2 203 213 doi 10 1080 13530190701427933 S2CID 144867169 Haberman Clyde 14 March 1994 Israel votes ban on Jewish groups linked to Kahane The New York Times Surkes Sue 28 February 2014 The Goldstein massacre and the danger of escalation The Times of Israel Retrieved 7 January 2016 AYELET WALDMAN 2014 The Shame of Shuhada Street The Atlantic Aditi Bhaduri 21 May 2006 Fabled town divided and bruised The Hindu Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 Retrieved 19 October 2009 Still fresh in the memory of almost all the inhabitants was the Goldstein case of 1994 when a two week curfew was imposed on the 1 20 000 sic Palestinian residents of the city but not on the 400 Jewish settlers of H2 Haberman Clyde 3 March 1994 West Bank Massacre Israel Eases Curfew in Territories Ensuing Riots Deepen Pessimism The New York Times p A1 Retrieved 23 November 2015 Faced with rage in the territories and its own revulsion over the Hebron massacre the P L O has dug in on its demands that all settlers be disarmed and that an international force be created to protect Palestinians Mr Rabin has said no to both demands But he Rabin has imposed tougher measures against a relatively small number of the most militant settlers which while far from what the Palestinians want represents a significant shift for the Government Several days after ordering the arrest of five people faithful to the anti Arab preaching of the late Rabbi Meir Kahane the army began today to carry out other measures telling 18 settlers to stay out of Arab towns and to turn in their army issued rifles Graveside party celebrates Hebron massacre BBC News 21 March 2000 Retrieved 19 October 2009 NTM Pictures8 NewTrendMag org Retrieved 27 April 2016 Gas the Arabs Settlers Vandalize Girls School in Hebron Archived 2013 04 15 at archive today right2edu April 28 2006 Antony Loewenstein 2007 My Israel Question Melbourne University Press p 61 ISBN 978 0522854183 The Christian Peacemaker Teams released a series of photographs taken in Hebron in recent years that showed the attitudes of many settlers to the Palestinians Some of the graffiti in English included Die Arab Sand Niggers Exterminate the Muslims Watch out Fatima we will rape all Arab Women Kill All Arabs White Power Kill Niggers Gas the Arabs and Arabs to the Gas Chambers Marciniak Katarzyna 2009 Streets of Crocodiles Photography Media and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland Intellect Ltd University of Chicago Press pp 108 109 ISBN 978 1 84150 365 3 slogans sprayed by Jewish settlers in Hebron Acre gang stabs lightly wounds MK Abbas Zakur in hate crime Haaretz 30 July 2006 Archived from the original on 28 March 2020 Retrieved 17 August 2010 a b c Racist attacks against Arabs increase tenfold report Y Net News 21 March 2009 a b c Bedouin ask UN to help fight systemic discrimination in Israel Haaretz 3 July 2006 Archived from the original on 5 July 2006 Retrieved 17 August 2010 Barak slams wave of racism in rabbi rebbetzin letters The Jerusalem Post 29 December 2010 Arabs flee home due to racist threats Ynet 23 December 2010 Teens suspected of attacking Arabs Ynet 21 December 2010 Two Jewish youths charged with shooting at Arabs during Safed clashes Haaretz 31 October 2010 Border policemen charged for assaulting abusing Palestinian teen Haaretz 1 May 2011 Court rejects appeal of policewoman convicted of abusing Palestinian Times of Israel ראב ד אחיה 13 March 2012 חשד נערים ריססו על קיר בית ספר בצפון מוות לערבים Ynet Ynet News Retrieved 13 March 2012 אלקלעי אורלי נערים ערבים הודו בריסוס מוות לערבים Reshet Bet Retrieved 13 March 2012 Arab Youths Confessed to Spraying Death to Arabs Jewish Press 13 March 2012 Retrieved 13 March 2012 YWN Israel Desk 15 March 2012 Arabs Arrested for Death to Arabs Graffiti Yeshiva World News Retrieved 15 March 2012 Cohen Friedman Naama 1 December 2014 Settlers get 30 months in prison for arson in Palestinian village Ynetnews YNET Levinson Chaim 5 February 2014 Three settlers first to be charged in unprovoked anti Arab attack Haaretz Ruth Perl Baharir 2 July 2014 Israelis launch Facebook campaign calling for revenge of teens murders Haaretz Retrieved 3 July 2014 Raphael Ahren 3 July 2014 IDF vows to punish soldiers racist online incitement Times of Israel Retrieved 3 July 2014 Goel Benno 24 November 2014 Druze IDF soldier denied entry to northern Israeli pub YNETNews Yossi Nachemi 23 November 2014 Just say no Times of Israel Berman Lazar 30 November 2014 Politicians roundly condemn attack on bilingual school The Times of Israel Steinberg Jessica 5 December 2014 Hundreds march for coexistence after Jewish Arab school arson Following attack on Hand in Hand bilingual school in Jerusalem rally goers say hatred has crossed red lines The Times of Israel Police Arrests made in arson of bilingual Hebrew Arabic school in Jerusalem Jerusalem Post 7 December 2014 Dvir Noam 8 December 2014 Mother of suspect in arson at bilingual school I would have done the same Woman expresses disgust that school teaches both Jews and Arabs calls suspects good kids with Haredi education Ynetnews NET Smirking Right Wing Extremists Confess To Torching Jerusalem School The Jewish Daily Forward 12 December 2014 Nachshoni Kobi 1 December 2014 Vandalism at Tel Aviv synagogue Burned books and graffiti Ynetnews Ynet News 3 men jailed for assaulting Arab cab driver Jewish suspects confess to racist attack early last year receive 11 12 13 months imprisonment respectively The Times of Israel 1 January 2015 a b England and Israel join for anti racism football campaign European Jewish Press 7 March 2006 Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 Retrieved 5 August 2008 a b Joe Eskenazi 2 May 2008 A noble goal Can Israel give soccer racism the boot JWeekly Sophie McNeill Off Side in Israel SBS Dateline SBS Retrieved 13 October 2012 permanent dead link MATT ZALEN Israel joins fight against soccer racism Jerusalem Post Rosenberg Or 4 April 2012 Police release Malha mall video downplaying anti Arab fan violence Haaretz Retrieved 14 June 2012 Police probe Beitar anti Arab riot The Jewish Chronicle 29 March 2012 Retrieved 14 June 2012 Prince Gibson Eetta 9 April 2012 Jerusalem mall violence shines light on dark side of Israeli soccer Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved 14 June 2012 Abergil Ziv 4 April 2012 צפו בסרטון שחשף אוהדי בית ר י ם לא תקפו Mako in Hebrew Retrieved 14 June 2012 הגילוי החדש עשרות האוהדים שקראו קריאות גזעניות נסו בבהלה מהמקום כאשר ראו את עובדי הנקיון הערבים רצים לעברם עם מקלות Greenwood Phoebe 23 March 2012 Israeli football fans in racist attack against shoppers in Jerusalem The Guardian London Retrieved 14 June 2012 Altman Yair Schubert Gilad Ben Shimol David 3 April 2012 המשטרה לא היה לינץ בקניון מלחה צפו Police No lynch at Malha Mall Watch Ynet in Hebrew Retrieved 14 June 2012 עד כה נחקרו כמה עשרות מאוהדי בית ר שהיו מעורבים באירוע כאשר כעשרים מהם הורחקו מהמגרשים לתקופות שונות בנוסף כמה מהם וכמה מעובדי הניקיון שהיו מעורבים גם כן נחקרו באזהרה Torstrick Rebecca L The limits of coexistence identity politics in Israel University of Michigan Press 2000 p 32 Madmoni Gerber Shoshana Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict the Yemenite babies affair Macmillan 2009 p 54 56 Ruttenberg Danya Yentl s revenge the next wave of Jewish feminism p 178 Question 13 11 Who are the Edot Mizraxi Faqs org 2010 06 29 Retrieved on 2010 12 16 JBD Prayer Books Edot Hamizrach Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Jewishbookdistributors com Retrieved on 2010 12 16 Jews Oriental Books Page 4 Archived 2012 03 19 at the Wayback Machine Allbookstores com Retrieved on 2010 12 16 The mass immigrations to Israel PDF Archived from the original PDF on 11 December 2015 Retrieved 12 August 2010 Sephardic Mizrahi Arab Jews Reflections on Critical Sociology PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 August 2014 Retrieved 12 August 2010 Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews Google Books Books google com Retrieved on 2010 12 16 Israel s Vibrant Jewish Ethnic Mix My Jewish Learning Retrieved on 2010 12 16 Jewish spectator School of the Jewish Woman New York N Y 1981 p 24 American Jewish Congress 1986 Congress monthly Volumes 53 54 p 34 Shohat Ella Sephardim in Israel Zionism from the standpoint of its Jewish victims in Dangerous liaisons gender nation and postcolonial perspectives Anne McClintock Aamir Mufti Ella Shohat Eds U of Minnesota Press 1997 p 42 44 Originally published as Sephardim in Israel Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims in Social Text No 19 20 Autumn 1988 pp 1 35 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987 Volume 17 Volume 1987 Yoram Dinstein p 249 Medding Peter Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews p 128 129 Smooha Sammy Jewish Ethnicity in Israel Symbolic or Real in Jews in Israel contemporary social and cultural patterns Uzi Rebhun Ed UPNE 2004 p 60 74 Khazzoom Loolwa The flying camel essays on identity by women of North African and Middle Eastern Jewish heritage Seal Press 2003 p 69 Sharoni Simona Feminist Reflections on the Interplay of Sexism and Racism in Israel in Challenging racism and sexism alternatives to genetic explanations Ethel Tobach Betty Rosoff Eds Feminist Press 1994 p 309 331 Hanieh Adam The Reality Behind Israeli Socialism in The Palestinian Struggle Zionism and Anti Semitism Sean Malloy Doug Lorimer Doug Lorimer Eds Resistance Books 2002 pp 21 22 Lefkowitz Daniel Words and stones the politics of language and identity in Israel p 15 Thomas Amelia Israel and the Palestinian Territories p 43 Zohar Zion Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry from the Golden Age of Spain to modern times p 324 Medding Peter Y Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews p 81 Meyrav Wurmser refers to all of these issues as well known complaints of Mizrahim which new Post Zionist critics are now going beyond Wurmser Meyrav Spring 2005 Post Zionism and the Sephardi Question Middle East Quarterly XII 2 21 35 Retrieved 19 September 2010 Zohar Zion 2005 Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry From the Golden Age of Spain to modern times NYU Press pp 300 301 a b Weingrod Alex Fall 1998 Ehud Barak s Apology Letters From the Israeli Press Israel Studies 3 2 238 252 doi 10 1353 is 2005 0087 Yiftachel Oren 2000 Social Control Urban Planning and Ethno class Relations Mizrahi Jews in Israel s Development Towns International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 2 418 438 doi 10 1111 1468 2427 00255 S2CID 53354691 Barbara S Okun Orna Khait Marelly 2006 Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Behavior of Adult Multiethnics Jews in Israel Yogev Abraham Jamshy Haia 1983 Children of Ethnic Intermarriage in Israeli Schools Are They Marginal Journal of Marriage and Family 45 4 965 974 doi 10 2307 351810 JSTOR 351810 Oops Something is wrong PDF Oops Something is wrong PDF www cbs gov il מרכז אדוה Retrieved 27 April 2016 מרכז אדוה PDF Retrieved 27 April 2016 Yuchtman Yaar Ephraim 1979 Ethnic Inequality in Israeli Schools and Sports An Expectation States Approach The American Journal of Sociology 85 3 576 590 doi 10 1086 227050 JSTOR 2778584 S2CID 144359925 Shelomo Alfassa Ashkenazi Against Sephardi Racism Lives Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 The haredim were found guilty by the Israeli High Court of Justice of racism Evidence of their crime can easily be seen by the fact that schools were constructed with separate entrances and separate classrooms for Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews The Ashkenazi parents say they need to keep the classrooms segregated because the families of the Sephardi girls aren t religious enough Sephardim Ashkenazim and Ultra Orthodox Racism in Israel The Huffington Post 21 June 2010 Retrieved 27 April 2016 The Jewish Religious Conflict Tearing at Israel Time 17 June 2010 Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 Strauchler Nissan 20 June 1995 Discrimination claimed in Modiin Illit haredi schools Ynetnews Ynetnews com Hassidim invite Sephardi girls to school Jpost com a b Home The Jewish Agency The Jewish Agency Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Yated Neeman 26 8 1988 Microsoft Word 23 7 doc Archived 2011 07 19 at the Wayback Machine PDF Retrieved on 2010 12 16 The melting pot in Israel the commission of inquiry concerning education in the immigrant camps during the early years of the state SUNY series in Israeli studies Israeli Studies Suny Series Theory Research and Practice in Social Education by Tsevi Tsameret SUNY Press 2002 1 Hatzofe Y Cohen Coercion anti religious education of immigrant children 11 4 93 Solving the Mystery of Missing Yemeni Babies ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings Forrest Sawyer and Linda Patillo Reporting August 25 1997 Madmoni Gerber Shoshana Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict the Yemenite babies affair Macmillan 2009 See also regarding media and Yemeni Jews Madmoni Gerber Shoshana Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict the Yemenite babies affair Macmillan 2009 Blue Ribbon Babies and Labors of Love Race Class and Gender in U S Adoption Practice Christine Ward Gailey University of Texas Press 2010 In Israel ethno racial divides have created a widespread belief upheld by some birth mother adult child reunions that hundreds of Yemeni infants had been kidnapped for adoption by Israeli couples Many Yemeni refugee children had been declared dead or disappeared in the refugee camps after the migration of some 50 000 Yemeni Jews to Israel in 1948 1949 It appears from a national inquiry in the late 1990s that a network of doctors and clinics were involved in the adoptions page 154 Grenberg Joel The Babies from Yemen An Enduring Mystery The New York Times Sept 2 1997 Those who believe the theory contend that hundreds perhaps thousands of Yemenite babies who were reported to have died or to have disappeared after their parents came to Israel were actually kidnapped and given or sold for adoption to European born Israelis and American Jews The controversy over the Israeli establishment s treatment of the 50 000 Yemenite Jewish immigrants most of whom were airlifted to Israel in 1949 and 1950 has festered for years It has stoked deep seated feelings of resentment among the country s Sephardic Jews of Middle Eastern and North African origin Other Yemenite Jewish advocates put the numbers at between 1 000 and more than 2 000 They assert that the European born Ashkenazic Israeli establishment looked down at the new immigrants and their traditional ways and felt free to take their children for adoption by childless European Jewish couples Mr Levitan agreed that there was a patronizing attitude toward the immigrants In some cases the Yemenites religious studies were restricted and their traditional side curls were cut to remake them into modern secular Israelis The concept was absorption through modernization by inculcating the values of Western society Mr Levitan said The parents were treated like primitive people who didn t know what was good for them who aren t capable of taking care of their own kids There was disregard for the parents an unwillingness to make the effort to investigate but not a conspiracy Shoha Ella Taboo memories diasporic voices Duke University Press 2006 Yemenis fell prey to doctors nurses and social workers most of them on the state payroll The act of kidnapping was not simply a result of financial interests to increase the state s revenues it was also a result of a deeply ingrained belief in the inferiority of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries seen as careless breeders with little sense of responsibility In this intersection of race gender and class the displaced Jews from Muslim countries became victims of the logic of progress page 349 Madmoni Gerber Shoshana Israeli media and the framing of internal conflict the Yemenite babies affair Macmillan 2009 This book is about racism against Yemenite and Mizrahi Jews in Israel focusing on the kidnappings Gordon Linda The great Arizona orphan abduction Harvard University Press 1999 p 310 In Israel Ashkenazi European Jewish women with the help of doctors stole babies born to Sephardic Yemeni Jewish mothers from the hospitals the mothers were told that the babies had died Here is a phenomenon that is racist yet lacks even the kind of racial justification evident in the kidnappings in 1904 Arizona page 310 Yuval Davis Nira Gender amp nation SAGE 1997 Public investigations are taking place in Israel at the moment concerning accusations that hundreds of Yemeni Jewish babies were abducted from their mothers who were told they were dead and they were given for adoption to Ashkenzi middle class families Breaking up communities and families and separating children from their parents would often be central to practices of forced assimilationism Such policies disempower the minorities and can reinforce their location in subjugated positionings p 54 Kanaaneh Rhoda Ann Birthing the nation strategies of Palestinian women in Israel University of California Press 2002 regarding the disappearance of Yemenite Jewish babies in the 1950s whom many Yemenites believe were kidnapped and given to childless European Jewish parents to adopt the author suggests that something similar may have happened to Palestinian children who went missing during the 1948 war Here Palestinians and Yemenite Jews are united in their subjugation to the Ashkenazi Jewish establishment through their lost children page 164 a b c Abramov S Zalman Perpetual dilemma Jewish religion in the Jewish State Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press 1976 p 277 278 a b Smooha Sammy Israel pluralism and conflict University of California Press 1978 p 400 401 How Do the Issues in the Conversion Controversy Relate to Israel Jcpa org Lipman Jennifer May 2011 On this day Operation Solomon May 24 1991 Dramatic airlift to Israel The Jewish Chronicle Weil Shalva May 2011 Operation Solomon 20 Years On Center for Security Studies Survey 90 of Ethiopian Israelis resist interracial marriage Haaretz Israel News Ha aretz Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 a b c Rebhun Uzi Jews in Israel contemporary social and cultural patterns UPNE 2004 p 139 140 Onolemhemhen Durrenda Nash The Black Jews of Ethiopia Scarecrow Press Reprint edition 2002 page 40 Ribner David S Schindler Ruben 1996 The Crisis of Religious Identity Among Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel Journal of Black Studies 27 1 104 117 doi 10 1177 002193479602700107 JSTOR 2784774 S2CID 143495176 Kemp Adriana Israelis in conflict hegemonies identities and challenges Sussex Academic Press 2004 p 155 Deal reached on Petah Tikva Ethiopian olim Jerusalem Post 31 August 2009 Olmert Ethiopian Jews Are Right to Feel Discriminated Against Haaretz com 9 December 2007 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Ethiopian Controversy In Israel It s Not Racism Archived 2010 08 04 at the Wayback Machine Adl org Retrieved on 2010 12 16 J lem appoints first Ethiopian born ambassador Archived 2012 09 15 at the Wayback Machine Jerusalem Post 02 28 2012 Israel s Treatment of Ethiopians Called Racist headlinesafrica com 15 January 2010 Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2010 a b Zeiger Asher 9 December 2012 Ethiopian women claim Israel forced them to use birth control before letting them immigrate Times of Israel Israeli Minister Appointing Team to Probe Ethiopian Birth Control Shot Controversy Haaretz com 28 February 2013 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Dawber Alistair 28 January 2013 Israel gave birth control to Ethiopian Jews without their consent Belfast Telegraph Retrieved 27 April 2016 Gordts Eline 28 January 2013 Reports Israel Forced Ethiopian Women To Undergo Birth Control Shots HuffPost Video Police suspended after assaulting IDF soldier in incident caught on tape The Jerusalem Post 29 April 2015 Cops beat Ethiopian IDF soldier in alleged racist attack The Times of Israel 27 April 2015 Efraim Omri 30 April 2015 Ethiopians protest racist attack Israel will be like Baltimore YNET Netanyahu condemns police beating of Ethiopian soldier but calls for calm amid protests Jerusalem Post 30 April 2015 Anti Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent The New York Times 3 May 2015 Chapter 3 Views of Religious Groups Pew Research Center February 2010 Poll 40 of Israeli Arabs Believe Holocaust Never Happened Haaretz com Retrieved 27 April 2016 a b Smooha Sammy The 2008 Index of Arab Jewish Relations in Israel Main Findings and Trends of Change PDF Jewish Arab Center University of Haifa Archived from the original PDF on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 31 December 2011 Efraim Omri 20 June 1995 Murder survivor I still have flashbacks Israel News Ynetnews Ynetnews Ynetnews com Retrieved 29 May 2012 Issawiya Mob Attack 17 Nabbed Defense Security News Israel National News 31 July 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2012 Harow Ari 20 June 1995 Israel s red lines Israel Opinion Ynetnews Ynetnews Ynetnews com Retrieved 29 May 2012 Archived 31 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine dead link Death to Jews scrawled on El Al plane Ynetnews Ynet 11 March 2008 Retrieved 6 April 2011 Swastikas Palestinian flag sprayed on Jaffa buildings Ynetnews com 20 June 1995 Ben Yehuda 9 February 2010 Lieberman is no racist Haaretz Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 Retrieved 11 August 2010 Has Israeli Arab MK Ahmed Tibi Become a Racist Israel National News The Catholic World Report Volume 7 p 13 Ignatius Press 1997 Stern Yoav 9 February 2010 Islamic Movement head charged with incitement to racism violence Haaretz Roffe Ofir Sharon 20 June 1995 Islamic Movement leader charged with inciting violence Ynetnews com Islamic Movement Head Charged With Incitement to Racism Violence Haaretz 29 January 2008 Retrieved 1 August 2018 Ben Levy Sholomo The Black Jewish or Hebrew Israelite Community Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved 15 December 2007 Ben Jochannan p 306 Johannes P Schade ed 2006 Black Hebrews Encyclopedia of World Religions Franklin Park N J Foreign Media Group ISBN 978 1 60136 000 7 Bahrampour Tara 26 June 2000 They re Jewish With a Gospel Accent The New York Times Archived from the original on 3 April 2008 Retrieved 19 January 2008 Michaeli pp 73 74 Michaeli p 74 For additional examples of charges of racism in this incident see Black Zion African American religious encounters with Judaism Yvonne Patricia Chireau p 74 Jet magazine 2 In the Trenches Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist Volume 2 David A Harris page 171 Culture and customs of Israel Rebecca L Torstrick page 41 Shipler David K 30 January 1981 Israelis Urged To Act Over Black Hebrew Cult The New York Times Retrieved 28 May 2008 Kaufman David 16 April 2006 Quest for a Homeland Gains a World Stage The New York Times Retrieved 28 May 2008 In 2009 Elyakim Ben Israel became the first Black Hebrew to receive Israeli citizenship The Israeli government said that more Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship Alush Zvi 2 February 2009 First Black Hebrew Gets Israeli Citizenship Ynetnews Retrieved 2 February 2009 Forman Seth Blacks in the Jewish Mind A Crisis of Liberalism p 14 15 Branch Taylor Blacks and Jews The Uncivil War in Bridges and Boundaries African Americans and American Jews Salzman Ed 1992 Blacks in the Jewish mind a crisis of liberalism Seth Forman NYU Press 1998 p 15 Bitte Hammargren 28 April 2012 Israel vill utvisa afrikanska immigranter Svenska Dagbladet in Swedish Retrieved 8 July 2012 Sheera Frenkel 24 May 2012 Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel NPR Gilad Morag 28 May 2012 Video Israeli hurls egg at African migrant Ynet Surkes Sue 20 March 2018 Chief rabbi calls black people monkeys The Times of Israel Retrieved 15 May 2018 Kra Oz Tal 14 May 2018 Israeli Chief Rabbi Calls African Americans Monkeys The Tablet Retrieved 22 March 2018 Cohen Hayley 21 March 2018 ADL Slams Chief Rabbi of Israel for Calling Black People Monkeys Haaretz Retrieved 14 May 2018 The Or Inquiry Summary of Events Haaretz Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 The Or Inquiry Summary of Events Haaretz 12 September 2000 Archived from the original on 16 December 2001 Retrieved 8 April 2006 Anti Arab riots spark Israeli soulsearching BBC News 11 October 2000 Retrieved 8 April 2006 The Akko Acre Pogrom Fundamentally Freund Michael Freund Blogs Israel National News Retrieved 29 May 2012 a b Israel rumor riots subside after 4 days CNN 12 October 2008 Arabs and Jews Clash on Yom Kippur in Akko Inside Israel Israel National News Yom Kippur on Israel s Northern Border Israel News Portal Archived 2011 07 13 at the Wayback Machine Kadmiel com Retrieved on 2010 12 16 Arabs Riot in Umm El Fahm Israel National News International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Archived 2011 02 11 at the Wayback Machine United Nations New York 7 March 1966 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 23 February 2000 Israel Government Action in the Arab Sector February 2000 www mfa gov il Retrieved 13 June 2008 The Director Generals Committee was assigned the responsibility of devising a program of action for the development and advancement of the Arab sector and drawing up a cooperation framework involving the various government ministries This program will include the raising of resources and promotion of investment while applying an affirmative action policy in the areas of housing employment industry transport infrastructures agriculture and education in the non Jewish sector Jerusalem Houses PDF Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2007 Israel Government Action in the Arab Sector Febr Mfa gov il Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 Retrieved 16 May 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Racism in Israel amp oldid 1184981187 Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs, wikipedia, wiki, 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