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Quebracho tree

May 04, 2024

For other uses, see Quebracho (disambiguation).

Quebracho [keˈβɾatʃo] is a common name in Spanish to describe very hard (density 0.9–1.3) wood tree species. The etymology of the name derived from quiebrahacha, or quebrar hacha, meaning "axe-breaker". The corresponding English-language term for such hardwoods is breakax or breakaxe.[1]

Species edit

 
Quebracho colorado bushes in Córdoba province in Argentina

There are at least three similar commercially important tree species that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America.

  • the quebracho
    • Schinopsis lorentzii (Syn.: Schinopsis marginata Engl., Schinopsis haenkeana Engl.); of the family Anacardiaceae; North Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia; (the red quebracho, quebracho), quebracho-colorado santiagueño, red quebracho santiagueño, quebracho santiagueño (also known as quebracho cor(o)nillo, cor(o)nillo, quebracho macho, quebracho negro or moro, quebracho rojo, quebracho bolí, horco quebracho, quebracho serrano, quebracho montano, quebracho crespo, quebracho del cerro, quebracho colorado de las sierras o del cerro and quebracho cordobés)
    • Schinopsis balansae; of the same family; Northeast Argentina, West-Central Brazil, Paraguay; (the willow-leaf red quebracho, red quebracho) quebracho-colorado chaqueño, red quebracho chaqueño, quebracho chaqueño, quebracho vermelho, quebracho vermelho chaqueño (also known as quebracho hembra or femea, quebracho santafesino, quebracho colorado santafesino, quebracho rubio)
  • Schinopsis aff. heterophylla Ragonese & J.A.Castigl., the quebracho mestizo or quebracho colorado mestizo, horco quebracho; Northeast Argentina, Paraguay[2]
  • Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., brazil red quebracho, quebracho-colorado, quebracho crespo; Brazil[3][4]
  • Schinopsis cornuta Loes., horned red quebracho, quebracho-colorado; Paraguay, Bolivia[3]
  • Schinopsis peruviana, quebracho-colorado (boliviano); Peru
  • the white quebracho or quebracho blanco, quebracho amarillo, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco of the family Apocynaceae; Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, West-Central Brazil
  • Aspidosperma triternatum Rojas Acosta; North Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay; quebracho blanco lagunero, quebracho blanco chico, quebrachillo blanco, chico or pardo and quebracho negro.
  • Aspidosperma olivaceum Müll.Arg.; Southeast Brazil; quebracho blanco[4]
  • Aspidosperma parvifolium A.DC.; Venezuela; Aspidosperma australe Müll.Arg.; (quebracho amarillo)[4]
  • Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart.; Brazil; quebracho, quebracho blanco moroti[4][5]

These species provide tannin and a very hard, durable timber. Quebracho is sometimes used as a commercial name for the tannin derived from the trees or their timber.

A further species, Jodina rhombifolia (Syn. Iodinia rhombifolia, the quebracho flojo (the loose, soft quebracho) or quebrachillo, quebrachillo flojo and sombra de toro, sombra de toro macho, quinchilin, quinchirin, of the family Santalaceae, is also sometimes mentioned.[3][6]

Other species with less economic significance are also locally known as quebracho or as quebrachillo or quebrachilla and could be found in other areas of Latin America :[7]

as false quebracho or quebracho falso

Wood edit

 
Quebracho colorado (Schinopsis balansae) wood
 
Quebracho colorado wooden sleepers of Argentine origin in Uruguay

Quebracho wood from Schinopsis spp is red-colored and very hard.[16] Other names for the wood are:[7]

  • Quebracho chaqueño - Argentina
  • Quebracho colorado - Argentina
  • Quebracho macho - Argentina
  • Quebracho moro - Argentina
  • Quebracho negro - Argentina
  • Quebracho santiagueño - Argentina
  • Barauna - Brazil
  • Brauna - Brazil
  • Quebracho colorado - Brazil
  • Quebracho hembra - Brazil
  • Quebracho cornillo (= Schinopsis lorentzii) - Brazil
  • Quebracho femea (= S. balansae) - Brazil
  • Quebracho rubio - Paraguay
  • Soto negro - Paraguay

Tannins edit

Quebracho produces tannins that can be extracted in quebracho sawmills from the heartwood of both red (Schinopsis lorentzii)[17] and white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco). Logs are inserted into planers to produce chips that are used to produce the quebracho extract by boiling them in vats.[18] It is used for fine leather tanning and imparts a red-brown color. Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho (also known as insoluble Quebracho) is the natural extract obtained directly from the quebracho wood. This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight (phlobaphenes), which are not easily soluble. Its use is therefore limited to addition of small amounts during the process of tanning leather intended for shoe soles in hot liquids (temperature above 35 °C) to improve the yield and the water-proofness of the leather. The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a sulphiting process which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins.[19] The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types. The chemical structure of these extracts can be described as polymers of epicatechin.[20] The main properties of these extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency). Quebracho tannins give an important added value to the quality of leathers, such as vacchetta, belts and garments, making them more compact and tear resistant with a pleasant touch. The sulphited quebracho extract may be carcinogenous in mice.[21] Other recent studies show that quebracho tannins present a strong anti-mutagenic activity.[22] The heartwood contains from 20 to 30 percent tannin and 3 or 4 percent water-soluble nontannin. It is said to not ferment.[7]

According to King and White (1957), the hydrolysable tannins and gallic acid found in the sapwood constitute the raw material for the biosynthesis of the condensed tannins found in the heartwood.[23] Fustin (predominantly (-)-Fustin 66%), (-)-7:3':4'-trihydroxyflavan-3:4-diol ((-)-leuco-fisetinidin), (+)-catechin, gallic acid, fisetin and 2-benzyl-2-hydroxycoumaran-3-ones have been isolated from the heartwoods of Schinopsis balansae, Schinopsis quebrachocolorado and from commercial quebracho extract.[24] Quebracho tannin is rich in profisetinidins and prorobinetidins. The expected masses found in mass spectrometry in negative mode in quebracho tannin are 289, 561, 833, 951, 1105, 1377, 1393, 1651 and 1667. In Quebracho colorado, the sugars and the lignins are thought to be covalently linked to the condensed tannins.[25]

Quebracho tannin is also sold as an enological tannin. The quebracho tannins structure is very similar to that of grape tannins, making them a desirable alternative to consider comparatively because they are much less expensive to produce than grape tannins.[26] Myo-inositol and arabitol are detected in tannins from quebracho.[27]

Researches are being made to develop an eco-friendly anti-biofouling paint from quebracho tannin.[28]

The tannic acid, in the form of alkalized salts, was extensively used as a deflocculant in drilling muds in 1940s-1950s, until it was replaced with lignosulfonates. Its red color gave the mixture the name red mud.

Quebracho tannin acts as flocculant agent to remove surfactant as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in water treatment.[29]

For its polyphenolic structure, quebracho tannin is widely studied for particle boards, plywood and fiber board gluing.[30]

The Argentine companies Unitán and Silvateam are the main leaders in quebracho tannins production.[31]

Quebracho exploitation edit

The tanning properties of quebracho extracts were discovered in 1867 by a French tanner, Emilio Poisier, who lived in Argentina. By 1895, the quebracho extracts were exported to Europe and became the principal vegetal tannin source in the world.[32] Amongst other activities Ernesto Tornquist (1842–1908) organised the exploitation of quebracho in Santiago del Estero, in the Chaco region. Originally a dry forest area, the abundance of quebracho attracted timber industries of British capital during the 19th century, leading to extensive deforestation. This devastated the ecosystem in a relatively short time. The private owners of the Chaco then turned to cotton production, employing the local Toba people as a cheap seasonal workforce; the conditions did not change substantially for decades.

The British-owned Central Argentine Railway reached the city of Santiago del Estero in 1884 and the trees were exported via San Lorenzo port.

Barbeque edit

The quebracho tree is also used to produce hard wood barbecue charcoal.[citation needed]

References edit

  1. ^ "breakax". Dictionary by Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  2. ^ Luna C.: El género Schinopsis Engl. sobreviviente de la familia Anacardiaceae en el Gran Chaco Argentino: distribución, usos e importancia forestal. In: Xilema. Vol.25(1), 2012, online (PDF; 1 MB).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America, Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5, p. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stuckert, T.: El Quebracho Blanco. In: Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba. XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, online (PDF; 2,4 MB).
  5. ^ von Fischer-Treuenfeld R.: Paraguay in Word und Bild. Zweite Auflage, Mittler, 1906, p. 38, Quebracho tree at the Internet Archive.
  6. ^ a b c d e American Druggist. XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, online on babel.hathitrust.org.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Kryn, Jeannette M. (1954). "Information leaflet foreign woods" (PDF).
  8. ^ Chebez J.C., Mariche M.: Nuestros arboles. Edit. Albatros, 2010, ISBN 978-950-24-1309-9, p. 123.
  9. ^ a b Grossmann J.: Gewerbekunde der Holzbearbeitung: Das Holz als Rohstoff. Zweite Auflage, Springer, 1922, ISBN 978-3-663-15395-5 (Reprint), p. 125.
  10. ^ a b c Wiersema J.H., León B.: World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Second Edition, CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4665-7681-0, p. 337, 1106 f.
  11. ^ a b Sapindaceae. In: Flora Argentina. online (PDF).
  12. ^ a b c d Grandtner M.M.: Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees. Volume 1: North America, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN 0-444-51784-7, p. 315, 495, 619, 676.
  13. ^ Standley P.C., Calderón S.: Flora salvadoreña: lista preliminar de plantas de El Salvador. Impr. Nacional, 1941, p. 146.
  14. ^ Quiros-Moran D.: Guide to Afro-Cuban Herbalism. AuthorHouse, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4389-8097-3, p. 502.
  15. ^ Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.: Timbers of tropical America. Yale University Press, 1924, p. 405.
  16. ^ "Quebracho". Woodfinder.
  17. ^ Kirby, KS; White, T (1955). "Minor constituents of Quebracho tannin extract". The Biochemical Journal. 60 (4): 582–90. doi:10.1042/bj0600582. PMC 1216156. PMID 13249952.
  18. ^ Quebracho on factopia.com
  19. ^ Improvements in the manufacture and production of readily soluble tanning extracts and agents. Patent specification. Johnsons & Willcox, 1921.
  20. ^ Pasch, H.; Pizzi, A.; Rode, K. (2001). "MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry of polyflavonoid tannins". Polymer. 42 (18): 7531–7539. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00216-6.
  21. ^ Kirby, KS (1960). "Induction of tumours by tannin extracts". British Journal of Cancer. 14 (1): 147–50. doi:10.1038/bjc.1960.17. PMC 2074141. PMID 14409278.
  22. ^ Marín-Martinez, Raúl; Veloz-García, Rafael; Veloz-Rodríguez, Rafael; Guzmán-Maldonado, Salvador H.; Loarca-Pina, Guadalupe; Cardador-Martinez, Anabertha; Guevara-Olvera, Lorenzo; Miranda-López, Rita; et al. (2009). "Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of quebracho phenolics (Schinopsis balansae) recovered from tannery wastewaters". Bioresource Technology. 100 (1): 434–9. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.029. PMID 18614361.
  23. ^ Streit, Werner; Fengel, Dietrich (1994). "On the Changes of the Extractive Composition During Heartwood Formation in Quebracho colorado (Schinopsis balansae Engl.)". Holzforschung. 48: 15–20. doi:10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.15. S2CID 97838928.
  24. ^ Roux, DG; Evelyn, SR (1958). "Condensed tannins. 2. Biogenesis of condensed tannins based on leucoanthocyanins". The Biochemical Journal. 70 (2): 344–9. doi:10.1042/bj0700344. PMC 1196676. PMID 16748787.
  25. ^ Streit, W.; Fengel, D. (1994). "Purified tannins from quebracho colorado". Phytochemistry. 36 (2): 481–4. Bibcode:1994PChem..36..481S. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97100-0.
  26. ^ Enological Tannins and Their Use in Wine on www.vinquiry.com[unreliable source?] October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Sanz, M. Luz; Martínez-Castro, Isabel; Moreno-Arribas, M. Victoria (2008). "Identification of the origin of commercial enological tannins by the analysis of monosaccharides and polyalcohols". Food Chemistry. 111 (3): 778–783. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.050.
  28. ^ Pérez, Miriam; García, Mónica; Blustein, Guillermo; Stupak, Mirta (2007). "Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling". Biofouling. 23 (3): 151–159. Bibcode:2007Biofo..23..151P. doi:10.1080/08927010701189484. hdl:11336/95483. PMID 17653926. S2CID 29869562.
  29. ^ Beltrán-Heredia, J.; Sánchez-Martín, J.; Frutos-Blanco, G. (2009). "Schinopsis balansae tannin-based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate". Separation and Purification Technology. 67 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.039.
  30. ^ Pizzi, A.; Mittal, K. L., eds. (2003). Handbook of adhesive technology (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 273–87. ISBN 978-0-8247-0986-0.
  31. ^ Information on quebracho tannins on Argentine company Unitan's website July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Quebracho on www.cvtoscana.com (Spanish) June 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

External links edit

Pictures on flickr

  • Image of a truck carrying quebracho tree trunks
  • Image of a chopped down tree

May 04, 2024
quebracho, tree, other, uses, quebracho, disambiguation, quebracho, keˈβɾatʃo, common, name, spanish, describe, very, hard, density, wood, tree, species, etymology, name, derived, from, quiebrahacha, quebrar, hacha, meaning, breaker, corresponding, english, la. For other uses see Quebracho disambiguation Quebracho keˈbɾatʃo is a common name in Spanish to describe very hard density 0 9 1 3 wood tree species The etymology of the name derived from quiebrahacha or quebrar hacha meaning axe breaker The corresponding English language term for such hardwoods is breakax or breakaxe 1 Contents 1 Species 2 Wood 3 Tannins 4 Quebracho exploitation 5 Barbeque 6 References 7 External linksSpecies edit nbsp Quebracho colorado bushes in Cordoba province in Argentina There are at least three similar commercially important tree species that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America the quebracho Schinopsis lorentzii Syn Schinopsis marginata Engl Schinopsis haenkeana Engl of the family Anacardiaceae North Argentina Paraguay and Bolivia the red quebracho quebracho quebracho colorado santiagueno red quebracho santiagueno quebracho santiagueno also known as quebracho cor o nillo cor o nillo quebracho macho quebracho negro or moro quebracho rojo quebracho boli horco quebracho quebracho serrano quebracho montano quebracho crespo quebracho del cerro quebracho colorado de las sierras o del cerro and quebracho cordobes Schinopsis balansae of the same family Northeast Argentina West Central Brazil Paraguay the willow leaf red quebracho red quebracho quebracho colorado chaqueno red quebracho chaqueno quebracho chaqueno quebracho vermelho quebracho vermelho chaqueno also known as quebracho hembra or femea quebracho santafesino quebracho colorado santafesino quebracho rubio Schinopsis aff heterophylla Ragonese amp J A Castigl the quebracho mestizo or quebracho colorado mestizo horco quebracho Northeast Argentina Paraguay 2 Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl brazil red quebracho quebracho colorado quebracho crespo Brazil 3 4 Schinopsis cornuta Loes horned red quebracho quebracho colorado Paraguay Bolivia 3 Schinopsis peruviana quebracho colorado boliviano Peru the white quebracho or quebracho blanco quebracho amarillo Aspidosperma quebracho blanco of the family Apocynaceae Paraguay Argentina Bolivia West Central Brazil Aspidosperma triternatum Rojas Acosta North Argentina Bolivia Paraguay quebracho blanco lagunero quebracho blanco chico quebrachillo blanco chico or pardo and quebracho negro Aspidosperma olivaceum Mull Arg Southeast Brazil quebracho blanco 4 Aspidosperma parvifolium A DC Venezuela Aspidosperma australe Mull Arg quebracho amarillo 4 Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart Brazil quebracho quebracho blanco moroti 4 5 These species provide tannin and a very hard durable timber Quebracho is sometimes used as a commercial name for the tannin derived from the trees or their timber A further species Jodina rhombifolia Syn Iodinia rhombifolia the quebracho flojo the loose soft quebracho or quebrachillo quebrachillo flojo and sombra de toro sombra de toro macho quinchilin quinchirin of the family Santalaceae is also sometimes mentioned 3 6 Other species with less economic significance are also locally known as quebracho or as quebrachillo or quebrachilla and could be found in other areas of Latin America 7 Acanthosyris spinescens Mart amp Eichler Griseb Santalaceae Northeast Argentina Uruguay South Brazil 4 6 8 9 Acanthosyris falcata Griseb 3 quebrachill a o quebracho flojo sombra de toro hembra Albizia carbonaria Britton Fabaceae El Salvador 10 Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Anacardiaceae N Colombia 10 Athyana weinmannifolia Griseb Radlk Sapindaceae quebrachillo 11 Berberis ruscifolia Lam Berberis spinulosa A St Hil Berberidaceae Argentina resp Brazil quebrachill a o 4 6 Cojoba arborea L Britton amp Rose Fabaceae Nicaragua 3 Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Radlk Sapindaceae quebrachillo quebrachillo blanco 3 11 Diphysa americana Benth Leguminosae Honduras quebracho de cerro 12 Handroanthus chrysanthus Jacq S O Grose Bignoniaceae Honduras Guatemala Handroanthus impetiginosus Mart ex DC Mattos 10 Krugiodendron ferreum Urban Rhamnaceae Cuba Belize Honduras also quiebraho quiebrahacha Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Belize Leptolobium elegans Vogel Fabaceae Paraguay quebracho negro 3 Libidibia paraguariensis D Parodi Fabaceae quebracho negro 4 Lonchocarpus michelianus Pittier Leguminosae Salvador 13 Lysiloma acapulcense Benth Leguminosae Honduras 7 Lysiloma auritum Schltdl Benth Leguminosae Honduras Nicaragua 12 quebracho quebracho azul Lysiloma divaricatum Steud Leguminosae Salvador 7 quebracho quebracho azul Maytenus magellanica Lam Hook f quebracho quebrachito Maytenus ilicifolia quebrachill a o 4 6 Pentaclethra macroloba Willd Kuntze Fabaceae Costa Rica 12 Pleuranthodendron lindenii Turcz Sleumer Salicaceae Costa Rica quebracho blanco 12 Piptadenia constricta MacBride Leguminosae Salvador 7 Poeppigia procera Presl Leguminosae Salvador quebracho blanco 14 Sloanea jamaicensis Hook Elaeocarpaceae Jamaica 15 Thouinia striata Radlk Sapindaceae Puerto Rico 9 Tipuana tipu Benth Kuntze Fabaceae quebracho blanco alto 4 6 Weinmannia organensis Gardner Cunoniaceae quebracho crespo 4 as false quebracho or quebracho falso Qualea cordata Spreng Vochysiaceae Paraguay Brazil 3 Wood edit nbsp Quebracho colorado Schinopsis balansae wood nbsp Quebracho colorado wooden sleepers of Argentine origin in Uruguay Quebracho wood from Schinopsis spp is red colored and very hard 16 Other names for the wood are 7 Quebracho chaqueno Argentina Quebracho colorado Argentina Quebracho macho Argentina Quebracho moro Argentina Quebracho negro Argentina Quebracho santiagueno Argentina Barauna Brazil Brauna Brazil Quebracho colorado Brazil Quebracho hembra Brazil Quebracho cornillo Schinopsis lorentzii Brazil Quebracho femea S balansae Brazil Quebracho rubio Paraguay Soto negro ParaguayTannins editQuebracho produces tannins that can be extracted in quebracho sawmills from the heartwood of both red Schinopsis lorentzii 17 and white quebracho Aspidosperma quebracho blanco Logs are inserted into planers to produce chips that are used to produce the quebracho extract by boiling them in vats 18 It is used for fine leather tanning and imparts a red brown color Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho also known as insoluble Quebracho is the natural extract obtained directly from the quebracho wood This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight phlobaphenes which are not easily soluble Its use is therefore limited to addition of small amounts during the process of tanning leather intended for shoe soles in hot liquids temperature above 35 C to improve the yield and the water proofness of the leather The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a sulphiting process which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins 19 The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types The chemical structure of these extracts can be described as polymers of epicatechin 20 The main properties of these extracts are a very rapid penetration a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non tannins The rather low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts low astringency Quebracho tannins give an important added value to the quality of leathers such as vacchetta belts and garments making them more compact and tear resistant with a pleasant touch The sulphited quebracho extract may be carcinogenous in mice 21 Other recent studies show that quebracho tannins present a strong anti mutagenic activity 22 The heartwood contains from 20 to 30 percent tannin and 3 or 4 percent water soluble nontannin It is said to not ferment 7 According to King and White 1957 the hydrolysable tannins and gallic acid found in the sapwood constitute the raw material for the biosynthesis of the condensed tannins found in the heartwood 23 Fustin predominantly Fustin 66 7 3 4 trihydroxyflavan 3 4 diol leuco fisetinidin catechin gallic acid fisetin and 2 benzyl 2 hydroxycoumaran 3 ones have been isolated from the heartwoods of Schinopsis balansae Schinopsis quebrachocolorado and from commercial quebracho extract 24 Quebracho tannin is rich in profisetinidins and prorobinetidins The expected masses found in mass spectrometry in negative mode in quebracho tannin are 289 561 833 951 1105 1377 1393 1651 and 1667 In Quebracho colorado the sugars and the lignins are thought to be covalently linked to the condensed tannins 25 Quebracho tannin is also sold as an enological tannin The quebracho tannins structure is very similar to that of grape tannins making them a desirable alternative to consider comparatively because they are much less expensive to produce than grape tannins 26 Myo inositol and arabitol are detected in tannins from quebracho 27 Researches are being made to develop an eco friendly anti biofouling paint from quebracho tannin 28 The tannic acid in the form of alkalized salts was extensively used as a deflocculant in drilling muds in 1940s 1950s until it was replaced with lignosulfonates Its red color gave the mixture the name red mud Quebracho tannin acts as flocculant agent to remove surfactant as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in water treatment 29 For its polyphenolic structure quebracho tannin is widely studied for particle boards plywood and fiber board gluing 30 The Argentine companies Unitan and Silvateam are the main leaders in quebracho tannins production 31 Quebracho exploitation editThe tanning properties of quebracho extracts were discovered in 1867 by a French tanner Emilio Poisier who lived in Argentina By 1895 the quebracho extracts were exported to Europe and became the principal vegetal tannin source in the world 32 Amongst other activities Ernesto Tornquist 1842 1908 organised the exploitation of quebracho in Santiago del Estero in the Chaco region Originally a dry forest area the abundance of quebracho attracted timber industries of British capital during the 19th century leading to extensive deforestation This devastated the ecosystem in a relatively short time The private owners of the Chaco then turned to cotton production employing the local Toba people as a cheap seasonal workforce the conditions did not change substantially for decades The British owned Central Argentine Railway reached the city of Santiago del Estero in 1884 and the trees were exported via San Lorenzo port Barbeque editThe quebracho tree is also used to produce hard wood barbecue charcoal citation needed References edit breakax Dictionary by Merriam Webster Retrieved 16 March 2023 Luna C El genero Schinopsis Engl sobreviviente de la familia Anacardiaceae en el Gran Chaco Argentino distribucion usos e importancia forestal In Xilema Vol 25 1 2012 online PDF 1 MB a b c d e f g h Grandtner M M Chevrette J Dictionary of Trees Volume 2 South America Academic Press 2013 ISBN 978 0 12 396954 5 p 9 11 150 198 335 556 591 a b c d e f g h i j Stuckert T El Quebracho Blanco In Revista de la Universidad Nac de Cordoba XIII 1 3 1926 27 64 online PDF 2 4 MB von Fischer Treuenfeld R Paraguay in Word und Bild Zweite Auflage Mittler 1906 p 38 Quebracho tree at the Internet Archive a b c d e American Druggist XV No 4 142 1886 p 78 f online on babel hathitrust org a b c d e f Kryn Jeannette M 1954 Information leaflet foreign woods PDF Chebez J C Mariche M Nuestros arboles Edit Albatros 2010 ISBN 978 950 24 1309 9 p 123 a b Grossmann J Gewerbekunde der Holzbearbeitung Das Holz als Rohstoff Zweite Auflage Springer 1922 ISBN 978 3 663 15395 5 Reprint p 125 a b c Wiersema J H Leon B World Economic Plants A Standard Reference Second Edition CRC Press 2016 ISBN 978 1 4665 7681 0 p 337 1106 f a b Sapindaceae In Flora Argentina online PDF a b c d Grandtner M M Elsevier s Dictionary of Trees Volume 1 North America Elsevier 2005 ISBN 0 444 51784 7 p 315 495 619 676 Standley P C Calderon S Flora salvadorena lista preliminar de plantas de El Salvador Impr Nacional 1941 p 146 Quiros Moran D Guide to Afro Cuban Herbalism AuthorHouse 2009 ISBN 978 1 4389 8097 3 p 502 Record S J Mell C D Timbers of tropical America Yale University Press 1924 p 405 Quebracho Woodfinder Kirby KS White T 1955 Minor constituents of Quebracho tannin extract The Biochemical Journal 60 4 582 90 doi 10 1042 bj0600582 PMC 1216156 PMID 13249952 Quebracho on factopia com Improvements in the manufacture and production of readily soluble tanning extracts and agents Patent specification Johnsons amp Willcox 1921 Pasch H Pizzi A Rode K 2001 MALDI TOF mass spectrometry of polyflavonoid tannins Polymer 42 18 7531 7539 doi 10 1016 S0032 3861 01 00216 6 Kirby KS 1960 Induction of tumours by tannin extracts British Journal of Cancer 14 1 147 50 doi 10 1038 bjc 1960 17 PMC 2074141 PMID 14409278 Marin Martinez Raul Veloz Garcia Rafael Veloz Rodriguez Rafael Guzman Maldonado Salvador H Loarca Pina Guadalupe Cardador Martinez Anabertha Guevara Olvera Lorenzo Miranda Lopez Rita et al 2009 Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of quebracho phenolics Schinopsis balansae recovered from tannery wastewaters Bioresource Technology 100 1 434 9 doi 10 1016 j biortech 2008 05 029 PMID 18614361 Streit Werner Fengel Dietrich 1994 On the Changes of the Extractive Composition During Heartwood Formation in Quebracho colorado Schinopsis balansae Engl Holzforschung 48 15 20 doi 10 1515 hfsg 1994 48 s1 15 S2CID 97838928 Roux DG Evelyn SR 1958 Condensed tannins 2 Biogenesis of condensed tannins based on leucoanthocyanins The Biochemical Journal 70 2 344 9 doi 10 1042 bj0700344 PMC 1196676 PMID 16748787 Streit W Fengel D 1994 Purified tannins from quebracho colorado Phytochemistry 36 2 481 4 Bibcode 1994PChem 36 481S doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 97100 0 Enological Tannins and Their Use in Wine on www vinquiry com unreliable source Archived October 29 2013 at the Wayback Machine Sanz M Luz Martinez Castro Isabel Moreno Arribas M Victoria 2008 Identification of the origin of commercial enological tannins by the analysis of monosaccharides and polyalcohols Food Chemistry 111 3 778 783 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2008 04 050 Perez Miriam Garcia Monica Blustein Guillermo Stupak Mirta 2007 Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree An eco friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling Biofouling 23 3 151 159 Bibcode 2007Biofo 23 151P doi 10 1080 08927010701189484 hdl 11336 95483 PMID 17653926 S2CID 29869562 Beltran Heredia J Sanchez Martin J Frutos Blanco G 2009 Schinopsis balansae tannin based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate Separation and Purification Technology 67 3 295 303 doi 10 1016 j seppur 2009 03 039 Pizzi A Mittal K L eds 2003 Handbook of adhesive technology 2nd ed Taylor amp Francis pp 273 87 ISBN 978 0 8247 0986 0 Information on quebracho tannins on Argentine company Unitan s website Archived July 24 2011 at the Wayback Machine Quebracho on www cvtoscana com Spanish Archived June 2 2009 at the Wayback MachineExternal links editPictures on flickr Image of a truck carrying quebracho tree trunks Image of a chopped down tree Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quebracho tree amp oldid 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