While also using the international geologic time scale, many nations–especially those with isolated and therefore non-standard prehistories–use their own systems of dividing geologic time into epochs and faunal stages.
International geologic time scale for context with proportional representation of eons/eonothems and eras/erathems mentioned on this page. Currently we are in the Cenozoic (abbreviated to Cz) era. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life. Ma represents one million Earth years.
In New Zealand, these epochs and stages use local place names (mainly Māori in origin) back to the Permian. Prior to this time, names mostly align to those in the Australian geologic time scale, and are not divided into epochs.[1] In practice, these earlier terms are rarely used, as most New Zealand geology is of a more recent origin. In all cases, New Zealand uses the same periods as those used internationally; the renaming only applies to subdivisions of these periods. Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries, and the exceptions are almost all within the Cenozoic Era. New Zealand updates will always be behind any significant international updates in the International Geological Time Scale.
Although the New Zealand geologic time scale has not been formally adopted, it has been widely used by earth scientists, geologists and palaeontologists in New Zealand since J. S. Crampton proposed it in 1995. The most recent calibrated update was in 2015.[2][3]
A standard abbreviation is used for these epochs and stages. These are usually in the form Xx, where the first letter is the initial letter of the epoch and the second (lower-case) letter is the initial letter of the stage. These are noted beside the stage names in the list below.
Currently, from the New Zealand perspective we are in the Haweran stage of the Wanganui epoch which is within the internationally defined Holocene epoch of the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era. The Haweran, which started some 340,000 years ago, is named after the North Island town of Hawera. The New Zealand stages and epochs are not the same as internationally defined periods and epochs (e.g. the Wanganui epoch started at 5.33 Ma which is within the Neogene period and matches the start of the international Pliocene epoch, but contains also the international Holocene and Pleistocene epochs).
List of New Zealand geologic time epochs and stagesedit
Times given indicate the start of the respective stages and epochs. Several of these stages are further divided into upper and lower or upper, middle, and lower, although this has not been noted below unless unique names have been given to these sub-stages. As with the international geologic scale, these epochs and stages are largely named for locales where rock dating from these time periods is in evidence, with stage names predominantly but not always named for locales close to their epoch's namesake site. Where known, these places are also linked in the list below.[2]
Stages prior to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period use either international (Devonian/Silurian) or Australian (Ordovician/Cambrian) geologic stage names; very little New Zealand rock is known from these geologic periods.
^ This stage is sometimes further divided into Mangaoran (lower) and Waikatoan (upper). These are named after Mangaora Inlet (an arm of Kawhia Harbour) and the Waikato River.
^ This stage is sometimes further divided into Kiriteherean (lower) and Marokopan (upper). These are named after the Marokopa River and the nearby Kiritehere Stream.
^ Until the late 1960s, the Flettian and Barettian stages were together known as the Braxtonian stage (see Waterhouse 1969). This was named for Braxton Burn, a stream near Mossburn.
Where not subdivided usual reason is no stages recognised due to absent record
^Cooper, R. A. (2004). "The New Zealand geological timescale". Institute of Geological and. Nuclear Sciences Monograph. 22: 1–284.
^ abRaine, JI; Beu, AG; Boyes, AF; Campbell, HJ; Cooper, RA; Crampton, JS; Crundwell, MP; Hollis, CJ; Morgans, HEG; Mortimer, N (2015). "New Zealand Geological Timescale NZGT 2015/1". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 58 (4): 398–403. doi:10.1080/00288306.2015.1086391. S2CID 131209497.
^Raine, Ian (2015-03-20). "New Zealand geologic timescale poster 2015 (PDF format)" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-09-03.
Other Referencesedit
Bishop, D.G., and Turnbull, I.M. (compilers) (1996). Geology of the Dunedin Area. Lower Hutt, NZ: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences. ISBN0-478-09521-X.
Hollis, C.J., Beu, A.G., Crampton, J.S., Crundwell, M.P., Morgans, H.E.G., Raine, J.I., Jones, C.M., Boyes, A.F. (2010). Calibration of the New Zealand Cretaceous - Cenozoic Timescale to GTS2004, GNS Science Report, 2010/43, 20p.
Waterhouse, J.B. (1969). "World correlations of New Zealand Permian stages," New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 12:4, pp. 713–737
External linksedit
Raine, Ian (2015-03-20). "New Zealand geologic timescale poster 2015 (PDF format)" (PDF).
April 09, 2024
zealand, geologic, time, scale, while, also, using, international, geologic, time, scale, many, nations, especially, those, with, isolated, therefore, standard, prehistories, their, systems, dividing, geologic, time, into, epochs, faunal, stages, international. While also using the international geologic time scale many nations especially those with isolated and therefore non standard prehistories use their own systems of dividing geologic time into epochs and faunal stages International geologic time scale for context with proportional representation of eons eonothems and eras erathems mentioned on this page Currently we are in the Cenozoic abbreviated to Cz era The image also shows some notable events in Earth s history and the general evolution of life Ma represents one million Earth years In New Zealand these epochs and stages use local place names mainly Maori in origin back to the Permian Prior to this time names mostly align to those in the Australian geologic time scale and are not divided into epochs 1 In practice these earlier terms are rarely used as most New Zealand geology is of a more recent origin In all cases New Zealand uses the same periods as those used internationally the renaming only applies to subdivisions of these periods Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries and the exceptions are almost all within the Cenozoic Era New Zealand updates will always be behind any significant international updates in the International Geological Time Scale Although the New Zealand geologic time scale has not been formally adopted it has been widely used by earth scientists geologists and palaeontologists in New Zealand since J S Crampton proposed it in 1995 The most recent calibrated update was in 2015 2 3 A standard abbreviation is used for these epochs and stages These are usually in the form Xx where the first letter is the initial letter of the epoch and the second lower case letter is the initial letter of the stage These are noted beside the stage names in the list below Currently from the New Zealand perspective we are in the Haweran stage of the Wanganui epoch which is within the internationally defined Holocene epoch of the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era The Haweran which started some 340 000 years ago is named after the North Island town of Hawera The New Zealand stages and epochs are not the same as internationally defined periods and epochs e g the Wanganui epoch started at 5 33 Ma which is within the Neogene period and matches the start of the international Pliocene epoch but contains also the international Holocene and Pleistocene epochs Contents 1 List of New Zealand geologic time epochs and stages 1 1 Cenozoic Era 1 2 Mesozoic Era 1 2 1 Cretaceous Period 1 2 2 Jurassic Period 1 2 3 Triassic Period 1 3 Palaeozoic Era 1 3 1 Permian Period 1 3 2 Carboniferous Period 1 3 3 Devonian Period 1 3 4 Silurian Period 1 3 5 Ordovician Period 1 3 6 Cambrian Period 1 4 Proterozoic Archaean and Hadaean Aeons 1 5 Footnotes to time scale 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Other References 4 External linksList of New Zealand geologic time epochs and stages editTimes given indicate the start of the respective stages and epochs Several of these stages are further divided into upper and lower or upper middle and lower although this has not been noted below unless unique names have been given to these sub stages As with the international geologic scale these epochs and stages are largely named for locales where rock dating from these time periods is in evidence with stage names predominantly but not always named for locales close to their epoch s namesake site Where known these places are also linked in the list below 2 Cenozoic Era edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma International equivalent Named afterWanganui epoch W 5 33 Pliocene Pleistocene and Holocene Wanganui Wanganui Basin Haweran stage Wq 0 34 HaweraCastlecliffian stage Wc 1 63 Castlecliff suburb of Wanganui Nukumaruan stage Wn 2 40 Nukumaru near WaitotaraMangapanian stage Wm 3 00 Mangapani near WaitotaraWaipipian stage Wp 3 70 Waipipi Beach near WaverleyOpoitian stage Wo 5 33 Opoiti near WairoaTaranaki epoch T 11 04 Upper Miocene TaranakiKapitean stage Tk 7 2 Kapitea Creek near KumaraTongaporutuan stage Tt 11 04 TongaporutuSouthland epoch S 15 9 Middle Miocene SouthlandWaiauan stage Sw 13 05 Waiau RiverLillburnian stage Sl 15 1 Lill BurnClifdenian stage Sc 15 9 ClifdenPareora epoch P 21 7 Lower Miocene PareoraAltonian stage Pl 18 7 Alton BurnOtaian stage Po 21 7 OtaioLandon epoch L 34 6 Oligocene to Lower Miocene Landon Creek PukeuriWaitakian stage Lw 25 2 Waitaki RiverDuntroonian stage Ld 27 3 DuntroonWhaingaroan stage Lwh 34 6 Whaingaroa Raglan Harbour Arnold epoch A 42 6 Middle to Upper Eocene Arnold RiverRunangan stage Ar 36 7 RunangaKaiatan stage Ak 39 1 Kaiata near GreymouthBortonian stage Ab 42 6 BortonsDannevirke epoch D 66 0 Lower Palaeocene to Middle Eocene DannevirkePorangan stage Dp 45 7 PorangaHeretaungan stage Dh 48 9 HeretaungaMangaorapan stage Dm 52 0 Mangaorapa southern Hawke s BayWaipawan stage Dw 56 0 WaipawaTeurian stage Dt 66 0 Te UriMesozoic Era edit Cretaceous Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Named afterMata epoch M 86 5Haumurian stage Mh 83 6 Haumuri BluffPiripauan stage Mp 86 5 Piripaua Spyglass Point Kaikoura DistrictRaukumara epoch R 95 2 Raukumara RangeTeratan stage Rt 90 5 Te Rata Gisborne DistrictMangaotanean stage Rm 93 7 Mangaotane Gisborne DistrictArowhanan stage Ra 95 2 Arowhana Gisborne DistrictClarence epoch C 108 4 Waiau Toa Clarence RiverNgaterian stage Cn 99 5 Ngateretere Bay of Plenty RegionMotuan stage Cm 103 3 Motu RiverUrutawan stage Cu 108 4 Urutawa a hill north of MatawaiTaitai epoch U 145 0 Taitai a hill near RuatoriaKorangan stage Uk 117 5 Koranga RiverUndifferentiated Taitai 145 0Jurassic Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Named afterOteke epoch O 150 0 Otaka Stream WaikatoPuaroan stage 1 Op 150 0 Puaroa Stream WaikatoKawhia epoch K 176 0 Kawhia HarbourOhauan stage Ko 154 5 Nathan Point Ohaua Kawhia HarbourHeterian stage Kh 164 3 Heteri Point Kawhia HarbourTemaikan stage Kt 176 0 Te Maika Kawhia HarbourHerangi epoch H 201 3 Herangi Aotea HarbourUruroan stage Hu 188 9 Ururoa Point Kawhia HarbourAratauran stage Ha 201 3 Arataura Point near Kawhia HarbourTriassic Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Named afterBalfour epoch B 227 5 BalfourOtapirian stage Bo 208 5 Otapiri near WintonWarepan stage 2 Bw 217 0 Warepa near BalcluthaOtamitan stage Bm 221 0 Otamita Stream Hokonui HillsOretian stage Br 227 5 Ōreti RiverGore epoch G 251 5 GoreKaihikuan stage Gk 238 0 Kaihiku Stream The CatlinsEtalian stage Ge 246 0 Etal Hill north of NightcapsMalakovian stage Gm 249 0 Malakoff Hill near OhaiNelsonian stage Gn 251 5 NelsonMakarewan stage see Permian Period below Palaeozoic Era edit Permian Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Named afterD Urville epoch YD 259 8 D Urville IslandMakarewan stage YDm 253 2 Makarewa RiverWaiitian stage YDw 254 2 Wai iti RiverPuruhauan stage YDp 259 8 Puruhaua Stream The CatlinsAparima epoch 3 YA 288 5 Aparima RiverFlettian stage YAf 266 0 Flett s Hut Takitimu RangeBarettian stage YAr 276 0 Barrett s Hut Takitimu RangeMangapirian stage YAm 285 0 Mangapiri Downs east of Lake MonowaiTelfordian stage YAt 288 5 Telford Burn Takitimu RangePre Telfordian epoch not subdivided into stages Ypt 298 9Carboniferous Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Carboniferous Period not subdivided F 358 9Devonian Period edit Stages prior to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period use either international Devonian Silurian or Australian Ordovician Cambrian geologic stage names very little New Zealand rock is known from these geologic periods Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Upper or Late Devonian epoch JU 382 7Famennian stage Jfa 372 2Frasnian stage Jfr 382 7Middle or Mid Devonian epoch JM 293 3Givetian stage Jgi 387 7Eifelian stage Jei 393 3Lower or Early Devonian epoch JL 419 2Emsian stage Jem 407 6Pragian stage Jpr 410 8Lochkovian stage Jlo 419 2Silurian Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Pridoli epoch not subdivided into stages Epr 423 0Ludlow epoch EluLudfordian stage Eld 425 6Gorstian stage Ego 427 4Wenlock epoch EweHomerian stage 430 5Sheinwoodian stage 433 4Llandovery epoch ElaTelychian stage 438 5Aeronian stage 440 8Rhuddanian stage 443 8Ordovician Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Late or Upper Ordovician epochBolindian stage Vbo 448 4Eastonian stage Vea 453 0Gisbornian stage Vgi 448 4Middle Ordovician epochDarriwilian stage Vda 467 3Yapeenian stage Vya 468 3Castlemainian stage Vca 470 0Early or Lower Ordovician epochChewtonian stage Vch 472 4Bendigonian stage Vbe 476 0Lancefieldian stage Vla 484 3Warendan stage Vwa 485 4Cambrian Period edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Datsonian stage Xda 486 8Payntonian stage Xpa 489 5Iverian stage Xiv 494 0Idamean stage Xid 497 0Mindyallan stage Xmi 499 0Boomerangian stage Xbo 500 5Undillan stage Xun 503 0Floran stage Xfl 504 5Templetonian stage Xte 508 0Ordian stage Xor 511 5Early Cambrian not subdivided XL 542 0Proterozoic Archaean and Hadaean Aeons edit Name Abbreviation Start date Ma Not subdivided Z 4600Footnotes to time scale edit This stage is sometimes further divided into Mangaoran lower and Waikatoan upper These are named after Mangaora Inlet an arm of Kawhia Harbour and the Waikato River This stage is sometimes further divided into Kiriteherean lower and Marokopan upper These are named after the Marokopa River and the nearby Kiritehere Stream Until the late 1960s the Flettian and Barettian stages were together known as the Braxtonian stage see Waterhouse 1969 This was named for Braxton Burn a stream near Mossburn Where not subdivided usual reason is no stages recognised due to absent recordSee also editStratigraphy of New ZealandReferences edit Cooper R A 2004 The New Zealand geological timescale Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 22 1 284 a b Raine JI Beu AG Boyes AF Campbell HJ Cooper RA Crampton JS Crundwell MP Hollis CJ Morgans HEG Mortimer N 2015 New Zealand Geological Timescale NZGT 2015 1 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 58 4 398 403 doi 10 1080 00288306 2015 1086391 S2CID 131209497 Raine Ian 2015 03 20 New Zealand geologic timescale poster 2015 PDF format PDF Retrieved 2022 09 03 Other References edit Bishop D G and Turnbull I M compilers 1996 Geology of the Dunedin Area Lower Hutt NZ Institute of Geological amp Nuclear Sciences ISBN 0 478 09521 X Hollis C J Beu A G Crampton J S Crundwell M P Morgans H E G Raine J I Jones C M Boyes A F 2010 Calibration of the New Zealand Cretaceous Cenozoic Timescale to GTS2004 GNS Science Report 2010 43 20p Waterhouse J B 1969 World correlations of New Zealand Permian stages New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 12 4 pp 713 737External links editRaine Ian 2015 03 20 New Zealand geologic timescale poster 2015 PDF format PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New Zealand geologic time scale amp oldid 1213070513 Jurassic Period, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
