Pteridospermatophyta, also called "pteridosperms" or "seed ferns" are a polyphyletic[1] grouping of extinct seed-producing plants. The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type are the lyginopterids of late Devonian age.[2] They flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous Period, though Komlopteris seem to have survived into Eocene times, based on fossil finds in Tasmania.[3]
With regard to the enduring utility of this division, many palaeobotanists still use the pteridosperm grouping in an informal sense to refer to the seed plants that are not angiosperms, coniferoids (conifers or cordaites), ginkgophytes or cycadophytes (cycads or bennettites). This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups whose systematic relationships remain speculative, as they can be classified as pteridosperms with no valid implications being made as to their systematic affinities. Also, from a purely curatorial perspective the term pteridosperms is a useful shorthand for describing the fern-like fronds that were probably produced by seed plants, which are commonly found in many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.
Their discovery attracted considerable attention at the time, as the pteridosperms were the first extinct group of vascular plants to be identified solely from the fossil record. In the 19th century the Carboniferous Period was often referred to as the "Age of Ferns" but these discoveries during the first decade of the 20th century made it clear that the "Age of Pteridosperms" was perhaps a better description.
During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds, such as the Corystospermaceae. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as the Glossopteridales and Gigantopteridales, which was stretching the concept. In the context of modern phylogenetic models,[10] the groups often referred to as pteridosperms appear to be liberally spread across a range of clades, and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic 'grade-group' with no common lineage.[clarification needed] One of the few characters that may unify the group is that the ovules were borne in a cupule, a group of enclosing branches, but this has not been confirmed for all "pteridosperm" groups.
It has been speculated that some seed fern groups may be close to the ancestry of flowering plants (angiosperms). A 2009 study concluded that "phylogenetic analysis techniques have surpassed the hard data needed to formulate meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses" regarding the relationships of "seed ferns" to living plant groups.[11]
^Rothwell G. W.; Scheckler S. E.; Gillespie W. H. (1989). "Elkinsia gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules". Botanical Gazette. 150 (2): 170–189. doi:10.1086/337763. S2CID 84303226.
^McLoughlin S.; Carpenter R.J.; Jordan G.J.; Hill R.S. (2008). "Seed ferns survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania". American Journal of Botany. 95 (4): 465–471. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.4.465. PMID 21632371.
^Oliver, F.W.; Scott, D.H. (1904). "On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to Lyginodendron". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. 197 (225–238): 193–247. doi:10.1098/rstb.1905.0008.
^Kidston R (1904). "On the fructification of Neuropteris heterophylla, Brongniart". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 197 (225–238): 1–5. doi:10.1098/rstb.1905.0001.
^White D (1904). "The seeds of Aneimites". Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection. 47: 322–331.
^Taylor, Edith L., et al. “Mesozoic Seed Ferns: Old Paradigms, New Discoveries.” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, vol. 133, no. 1, 2006, pp. 62–82. JSTOR, JSTOR 20063823. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
^Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006), "Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny", Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 33: 119–168, doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2, S2CID 86395036
^Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N. (January 2009). "Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there?". American Journal of Botany. 96 (1): 237–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800202. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21628187.
^Wang, Jun; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W. (2010-01-22). "Nystroemiaceae, a new family of Permian gymnosperms from China with an unusual combination of features". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 301–309. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0913. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842674. PMID 19656793.
^Vega, Juan Carlos; Archangelsky, Sergio (2001-04-25). "Austrocalyxaeae, a new pteridoserm family from Gondwana". Palaeontographica Abteilung B. 257 (1–6): 1–16. doi:10.1127/palb/257/2001/1. S2CID 248282839.
^ abcdeAnderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M. (2003). "Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications". Strelitzia. 15: 1–308.
^Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1973). "4.—On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian, Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69 (4): 91–108. doi:10.1017/S008045680001499X. ISSN 0080-4568. S2CID 129792299.
^Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1975). "10.—Triradioxylon—a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 69 (10): 231–249. doi:10.1017/S0080456800015179. ISSN 0080-4568.
^Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007). "Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology" (PDF). Strelitzia. 20: 1–280.
External linksedit
Seed ferns
January 01, 1970
pteridospermatophyta, also, called, pteridosperms, seed, ferns, polyphyletic, grouping, extinct, seed, producing, plants, earliest, fossil, evidence, plants, this, type, lyginopterids, late, devonian, they, flourished, particularly, during, carboniferous, perm. Pteridospermatophyta also called pteridosperms or seed ferns are a polyphyletic 1 grouping of extinct seed producing plants The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type are the lyginopterids of late Devonian age 2 They flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous Period though Komlopteris seem to have survived into Eocene times based on fossil finds in Tasmania 3 PteridospermatophytaTemporal range 376 50 Ma Preęž’ ęž’ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Devonian Early Eocene Fossil seed fern leaves of Neuropteris Medullosales from the Late Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio Life restoration of Lepidopteris Peltaspermales Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Spermatophytes Division Pteridospermatophyta Groups included Calamopityales Callistophytales Caytoniales Gigantopteridales Glossopteridales Lyginopteridales Medullosales Peltaspermales Corystospermales also referred to as Umkomasiales Petriellales Excluded Magnoliopsida flowering plants Cycadales cycads Ginkgoales ginkgos Pinophyta conifers Gnetophyta Bennettitales Czekanowskiales Cordaitales Synonyms Pteridospermatopsida With regard to the enduring utility of this division many palaeobotanists still use the pteridosperm grouping in an informal sense to refer to the seed plants that are not angiosperms coniferoids conifers or cordaites ginkgophytes or cycadophytes cycads or bennettites This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups whose systematic relationships remain speculative as they can be classified as pteridosperms with no valid implications being made as to their systematic affinities Also from a purely curatorial perspective the term pteridosperms is a useful shorthand for describing the fern like fronds that were probably produced by seed plants which are commonly found in many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras Contents 1 History of classification 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Major groups 2 2 Other minor groups 3 References 4 External linksHistory of classification editThe concept of pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when palaeobotanists came to realise that many Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features more reminiscent of the modern day seed plants the cycads In 1899 the German palaeobotanist Henry Potonie coined the term Cycadofilices cycad ferns for such fossils suggesting that they were a group of non seed plants intermediate between the ferns and cycads 4 Shortly afterwards the British palaeobotanists Frank Oliver and Dukinfield Henry Scott with the assistance of Oliver s student at the time Marie Stopes made the critical discovery that some of these fronds genus Lyginopteris were associated with seeds genus Lagenostoma that had identical and very distinctive glandular hairs and concluded that both fronds and seeds belonged to the same plant 5 Soon additional evidence came to light suggesting that seeds were also attached to the Carboniferous fern like fronds Dicksonites 6 Neuropteris 7 and Aneimites 8 Initially it was still thought that they were transitional fossils intermediate between the ferns and cycads and especially in the English speaking world they were referred to as seed ferns or pteridosperms Today despite being regarded by most palaeobotanists as only distantly related to ferns these spurious names have nonetheless established themselves Nowadays four orders of Palaeozoic seed plants tend to be referred to as pteridosperms Lyginopteridales Medullosales Callistophytales and Peltaspermales with Mesozoic seed ferns including the Petriellales Corystospermales and Caytoniales 9 Their discovery attracted considerable attention at the time as the pteridosperms were the first extinct group of vascular plants to be identified solely from the fossil record In the 19th century the Carboniferous Period was often referred to as the Age of Ferns but these discoveries during the first decade of the 20th century made it clear that the Age of Pteridosperms was perhaps a better description During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern like fronds such as the Corystospermaceae Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as the Glossopteridales and Gigantopteridales which was stretching the concept In the context of modern phylogenetic models 10 the groups often referred to as pteridosperms appear to be liberally spread across a range of clades and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic grade group with no common lineage clarification needed One of the few characters that may unify the group is that the ovules were borne in a cupule a group of enclosing branches but this has not been confirmed for all pteridosperm groups It has been speculated that some seed fern groups may be close to the ancestry of flowering plants angiosperms A 2009 study concluded that phylogenetic analysis techniques have surpassed the hard data needed to formulate meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the relationships of seed ferns to living plant groups 11 Taxonomy editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp Pteridospermatophyte fossil Major groups edit Order Calamopityales Nemejc 1963 Order Corystospermales Petriella 1981 Umkomasiales Doweld 2001 Order Callistophytales Rothwell 1981 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Poroxylales Nemejc 1968 Order Petriellales Taylor et al 1994 Order Peltaspermales Taylor 1981 Lepidopteridales Nemejc 1968 Order Gigantopteridales Li amp Yao 1983 Gigantonomiales Meyen 1987 Order Pentoxylales Pilger amp Melchior 1954 Order Glossopteridales Plumstead 1956 Order Caytoniales Gothan 1932 Order Medullosales Corsin 1960 Order Lyginopteridales Corsin 1960 Havlena 1961 Lagenostomatales Seward ex Long 1975 Lyginodendrales Nemejc 1968 Sphenopteridales Schimper 1869 Family Angaranthaceae Naugolnykh 2012 Family Heterangiaceae Nemejc 1950 nom nud Family Physostomataceae Long 1975 Family Lyginopteridaceae Potonie 1900 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Lagenostomataceae Long 1975 Pityaceae Scott 1909 Lyginodendraceae Scott 1909 Sphenopteridaceae Gopp 1842 Pseudopecopteridaceae Lesquereux 1884 Megaloxylaceae Scott 1909 nom rej Rhetinangiaceae Scott 1923 nom rej Tetratmemaceae Nemejc 1968 Family Moresnetiaceae Nemejc 1963 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Genomospermaceae Long 1975 Elkinsiaceae Rothwell Scheckler amp Gillespie 1989 ex Cleal Hydraspermaceae Other minor groups edit Class incertae sedis Order incertae sedis Family Nystroemiaceae Wang amp Pfefferkorn 2009 12 Nystroemia Halle 1927 Family Austrocalyxaceae Vega amp Archangelsky 2001 13 Austrocalyx Polycalyx Rinconadia Jejenia Fedekurtzia Archangelsky emend Coturel et Cesari 2017 Order Alexiales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 14 Family Alexiaceae Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Alexia Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Order Buteoxylonales Family Buteoxylonaceae Barnard amp Long 1973 15 Buteoxylon Barnard amp Long 1973 Triradioxylon Barnard amp Long 1975 16 Order Dicranophyllales Meyen 1984 emend Anderson Anderson amp Cleal 2007 Family Dicranophyllaceae Nemejc 1959 ex Archangelsky amp Cuneo 1990 Family Trichopityaceae Nemejc 1968 Florin emend Polyspermophyllum Archangelsky and Cuneo 1990 possibly a coniferophyte Order Erdtmanithecales Friis and Pedersen 1996 Order Fredlindiales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 14 Order Hamshawviales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 14 Order Hlatimbiales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 14 Family Hlatimbiaceae Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Hlatimbia Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Batiopteris Anderson amp Anderson 2003 Order Matatiellales Anderson amp Anderson 2003 14 Order Nilssoniales Darrah 1960 possibly cycadopsids Order Phasmatocycadales Doweld 2001 Taeniopteridales Family Phasmatocycadaceae Doweld 2001 Spermopteridaceae Doweld 2001 Lesleya Lesquereux 1879 80 othewise placed as incetae sedis regarding family and order Class Axelrodiopsida Anderson amp Anderson 2007 17 Order Axelrodiales Anderson amp Anderson 2007 Family Axelrodiaceae Anderson amp Anderson 2007 Axelrodia Cornet 1986 Sanmiguelia Brown 1956 Synangispadixis Cornet 1986 Family Zamiostrobacea Anderson amp Anderson 2007 Zamiostrobus Endlicher 1836 Incertae sedis to order and family Gnetopsis Renault et Zeiller 1884 Pullaritheca Rothwell and Wight 1989 Kegelidium Dolianiti 1954 References edit Elgorriaga Andres Escapa Ignacio H Cuneo N Ruben July 2019 Relictual Lepidopteris Peltaspermales from the Early Jurassic Canadon Asfalto Formation Patagonia Argentina International Journal of Plant Sciences 180 6 578 596 doi 10 1086 703461 ISSN 1058 5893 Rothwell G W Scheckler S E Gillespie W H 1989 Elkinsia gen nov a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules Botanical Gazette 150 2 170 189 doi 10 1086 337763 S2CID 84303226 McLoughlin S Carpenter R J Jordan G J Hill R S 2008 Seed ferns survived the end Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania American Journal of Botany 95 4 465 471 doi 10 3732 ajb 95 4 465 PMID 21632371 Potonie H 1899 Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpalaontologie in German Berlin DE a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Oliver F W Scott D H 1904 On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to Lyginodendron Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 197 225 238 193 247 doi 10 1098 rstb 1905 0008 Grand Eury C 1904 Sur les graines Neuropteridees Comptes Rendus de l Academie des Sciences de Paris 140 782 786 Kidston R 1904 On the fructification of Neuropteris heterophylla Brongniart Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 197 225 238 1 5 doi 10 1098 rstb 1905 0001 White D 1904 The seeds of Aneimites Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collection 47 322 331 Taylor Edith L et al Mesozoic Seed Ferns Old Paradigms New Discoveries The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society vol 133 no 1 2006 pp 62 82 JSTOR JSTOR 20063823 Accessed 24 Sept 2023 Hilton J amp Bateman R M 2006 Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed plant phylogeny Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 33 119 168 doi 10 3159 1095 5674 2006 133 119 PATBOS 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 86395036 Taylor Edith L Taylor Thomas N January 2009 Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there American Journal of Botany 96 1 237 251 doi 10 3732 ajb 0800202 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 21628187 Wang Jun Pfefferkorn Hermann W 2010 01 22 Nystroemiaceae a new family of Permian gymnosperms from China with an unusual combination of features Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 277 1679 301 309 doi 10 1098 rspb 2009 0913 ISSN 0962 8452 PMC 2842674 PMID 19656793 Vega Juan Carlos Archangelsky Sergio 2001 04 25 Austrocalyxaeae a new pteridoserm family from Gondwana Palaeontographica Abteilung B 257 1 6 1 16 doi 10 1127 palb 257 2001 1 S2CID 248282839 a b c d e Anderson John M Anderson Heidi M 2003 Heyday of the gymnosperms systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications Strelitzia 15 1 308 Barnard P D W Long A G 1973 4 On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian Scotland Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69 4 91 108 doi 10 1017 S008045680001499X ISSN 0080 4568 S2CID 129792299 Barnard P D W Long A G 1975 10 Triradioxylon a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69 10 231 249 doi 10 1017 S0080456800015179 ISSN 0080 4568 Anderson John M Anderson Heidi M Cleal Chris J 2007 Brief history of the gymnosperms classification biodiversity phytogeography and ecology PDF Strelitzia 20 1 280 External links editSeed fern paleontology Seed ferns Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pteridospermatophyta amp oldid 1206127773, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
