Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
January 26, 2023
The Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國臨時政府; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Línshí Zhèngfǔ) was a provisional government established during the Xinhai Revolution by the revolutionaries in 1912. After the success of the Wuchang uprising, revolutionary provincial assembly representatives held a conference in the district of Wuchang, China, which framed the organizational outline of the Provisional Government.
In November 1911 the revolutionary group in the Wuchang District of Wuhan, China, led by Li Yuanhong came together with the revolutionary group in Shanghai led by Chen Qimei and Cheng Dequan (程德全) to prepare for the establishment of a new central government. The districts of Wuhan would unify in 1927.[1] The group in Wuchang wanted to establish a government in Wuchang, while the group in Shanghai wanted a government in Shanghai. By November 20 the two groups compromised and recognized Hubei as the central government and proposed everyone go to Wuchang.[1] By November 28, Hankou and Hanyanghad fallen back to the Qing, so for safety the revolutionaries convened their first conference at the British concession in Hankou on November 30.[2] Tan Renfeng (譚人鳳) was the chairman of the session.[2] Twenty-three representatives from the 11 provinces participated. The representatives decided to frame the organizational outline of the Provisional Government, and they elected Lei Fen (雷奮), Ma Junwu, and Wang Zhengting (王正廷) to prepare the draft.[2][3]
Because on December 2 the revolutionary forces were able to capture Nanking in the uprising, the revolutionaries decided to make it the site of the new provisional government.[4] The conference passed the outline the very next day, which consisted three chapters and twenty-one clauses. It also confirmed that the new government would be a republic. It was announced that the provincial representatives would meet in Nanking in seven days to elect a provisional government.[2]
President selection
Sun Yat-sen's office at the Presidential Palace, Nanjing
Instead of attending Nanking's assembly, Song Jiaoren and Chen Qimei gathered the provincial representatives in Shanghai and held an assembly on December 4.[2] On December 25, Sun Yat-sen, accompanied by general Homer Lea, his closest foreign adviser, returned to Shanghai.[5] On December 29, the presidential election was held in Nanking. According to the first article of the "Provisional Government Organization Outline", the Provisional President was to be elected by representatives from the provinces of China; the candidate who received more than 2/3 of the votes would be elected. Each province was entitled to one vote only. 45 representatives from seventeen provinces participated in this election, and Sun Yat-sen received 16 valid votes out of 17.
Establishment of government
A conference of the cabinets in Nanking Provisional Government
There were additional appointments, such as Hu Hanmin as the Secretary of the President, Song Jiaoren as the Director-general of Law-making, and Huang Fusheng as the Director-general of Printing. The speaker of the Provisional Senate was Lin Sen.
Northern transition
Dong'anmen Gate incident
The revolutionaries were trying to lure Yuan Shikai to the south. By making Yuan the president of the southern Nanking-based provisional government, he would have to give up his military power base in the north.[6] In February 1912, troops were looting shops and stealing from rich commercial areas.[7] They then burned down the Dong'anmen gate (東安門) on the wall surrounding the Imperial City.[6] Thousands of people were killed.[7] This mutiny was actually ordered by Yuan and Cao Kun.[6] Yuan intimidated the revolutionaries and made it clear that the new government would have to go to him in Peking, he was not going to the south.[7] This was an excuse to move the capital of the new republic from Nanking back to Peking.
End of provisional government
Provisional President Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai, the Premier of the Qing government, negotiated with the revolutionaries in exchange of the post of the president. Avoiding a civil war, the revolutionaries agreed to Yuan's plan of the unified China under Yuan's government. On 8 March 1912 the Provisional Senate passed the Provisional Constitution to limit Yuan's power in the future. On March 10, the Senate elected Yuan as the second Provisional President of the Republic.[8] The power of the Nanking Government and the Provisional Senate hence transitioned to the Beiyang government in Peking, which signified the dissolution of the Provisional Government. The transition to the north in the next few years would be challenging with factions, warlords, constitutional movements and many other issues.
^ abPomerantz-Zhang, Linda. [1992] (1992). Wu Tingfang (1842-1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN962-209-287-X, 9789622092877. pg 207- 209.
^ abcdeK. S. Liew. [1971] (1971). Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution. University of California Press. ISBN0-520-01760-9, ISBN978-0-520-01760-3. pg 131-136.
^Wu Yuzhang. [2001] (2001). Recollections of the Revolution of 1911: A Great Democratic Revolution of China. The Minerva Group publishing. ISBN0-89875-531-X, 9780898755312. pg 132.
^Bergère, Marie-Claire. Lloyd, Janet (2000). Sun Yat-sen. Stanford University Press. ISBN0-8047-4011-9. pg 210.
^ abcWang, Jun. [2010] (2010). Beijing record: a physical and political history of planning modern Beijing. World Scientific publishing. ISBN981-4295-72-8, ISBN978-981-4295-72-7. pg 73.
^ abcHaw, Stephen G. [2007] (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-39906-7. pg 100.
^Fu, Zhengyuan. [1993] (1993). Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics: Zhengyuan Fu. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-44228-1, ISBN978-0-521-44228-2. p. 154.
External links
Media related to Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912) at Wikimedia Commons
January 26, 2023
provisional, government, republic, china, 1912, provisional, government, republic, china, chinese, 中華民國臨時政府, pinyin, zhōnghuá, mínguó, línshí, zhèngfǔ, provisional, government, established, during, xinhai, revolution, revolutionaries, 1912, after, success, wuc. The Provisional Government of the Republic of China Chinese 中華民國臨時政府 pinyin Zhōnghua Minguo Linshi Zhengfǔ was a provisional government established during the Xinhai Revolution by the revolutionaries in 1912 After the success of the Wuchang uprising revolutionary provincial assembly representatives held a conference in the district of Wuchang China which framed the organizational outline of the Provisional Government The Five Races Under One Union flag used by the government Republic of China Provisional Government Republic of China in Traditional top and Simplified bottom Chinese charactersTraditional Chinese中華民國Simplified Chinese中华民国PostalChunghwa MinkuoTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōnghua minguoWade GilesChung1 hua2 min2 kuo2IPA ʈʂʊ ŋxwa mi n kwo Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationJung waah mahn gwokSouthern MinHokkien POJTiong hoa Bin kokTai loTiong hua bin kok Contents 1 Planning 2 President selection 3 Establishment of government 4 Northern transition 4 1 Dong anmen Gate incident 4 2 End of provisional government 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksPlanning EditIn November 1911 the revolutionary group in the Wuchang District of Wuhan China led by Li Yuanhong came together with the revolutionary group in Shanghai led by Chen Qimei and Cheng Dequan 程德全 to prepare for the establishment of a new central government The districts of Wuhan would unify in 1927 1 The group in Wuchang wanted to establish a government in Wuchang while the group in Shanghai wanted a government in Shanghai By November 20 the two groups compromised and recognized Hubei as the central government and proposed everyone go to Wuchang 1 By November 28 Hankou and Hanyang had fallen back to the Qing so for safety the revolutionaries convened their first conference at the British concession in Hankou on November 30 2 Tan Renfeng 譚人鳳 was the chairman of the session 2 Twenty three representatives from the 11 provinces participated The representatives decided to frame the organizational outline of the Provisional Government and they elected Lei Fen 雷奮 Ma Junwu and Wang Zhengting 王正廷 to prepare the draft 2 3 Because on December 2 the revolutionary forces were able to capture Nanking in the uprising the revolutionaries decided to make it the site of the new provisional government 4 The conference passed the outline the very next day which consisted three chapters and twenty one clauses It also confirmed that the new government would be a republic It was announced that the provincial representatives would meet in Nanking in seven days to elect a provisional government 2 President selection Edit Sun Yat sen s office at the Presidential Palace Nanjing Main article 1911 Republic of China provisional presidential election Instead of attending Nanking s assembly Song Jiaoren and Chen Qimei gathered the provincial representatives in Shanghai and held an assembly on December 4 2 On December 25 Sun Yat sen accompanied by general Homer Lea his closest foreign adviser returned to Shanghai 5 On December 29 the presidential election was held in Nanking According to the first article of the Provisional Government Organization Outline the Provisional President was to be elected by representatives from the provinces of China the candidate who received more than 2 3 of the votes would be elected Each province was entitled to one vote only 45 representatives from seventeen provinces participated in this election and Sun Yat sen received 16 valid votes out of 17 Establishment of government Edit A conference of the cabinets in Nanking Provisional Government On 1 January 1912 Sun Yat sen announced the establishment of the Republic of China in Nanking and he was inaugurated as the Provisional President of the Republic General Li Yuanhong was made Provisional Vice President Under the Provisional Government there were ten ministries Huang Xing was appointed both as the Minister of the Army and as Chief of Staff Huang Zhongying as the Minister of the Navy Wang Chonghui as the Minister of Foreign Affairs Wu Tingfang as the Minister of the Judiciary Chen Jingtao as the Minister of Finance Cheng Dequan as the Minister of Internal Affairs Cai Yuanpei as the Minister of Education Zhang Jian as the Minister of Commerce Tang Soqian as the Minister of Communications There were additional appointments such as Hu Hanmin as the Secretary of the President Song Jiaoren as the Director general of Law making and Huang Fusheng as the Director general of Printing The speaker of the Provisional Senate was Lin Sen Northern transition EditDong anmen Gate incident Edit The revolutionaries were trying to lure Yuan Shikai to the south By making Yuan the president of the southern Nanking based provisional government he would have to give up his military power base in the north 6 In February 1912 troops were looting shops and stealing from rich commercial areas 7 They then burned down the Dong anmen gate 東安門 on the wall surrounding the Imperial City 6 Thousands of people were killed 7 This mutiny was actually ordered by Yuan and Cao Kun 6 Yuan intimidated the revolutionaries and made it clear that the new government would have to go to him in Peking he was not going to the south 7 This was an excuse to move the capital of the new republic from Nanking back to Peking End of provisional government Edit Provisional President Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai the Premier of the Qing government negotiated with the revolutionaries in exchange of the post of the president Avoiding a civil war the revolutionaries agreed to Yuan s plan of the unified China under Yuan s government On 8 March 1912 the Provisional Senate passed the Provisional Constitution to limit Yuan s power in the future On March 10 the Senate elected Yuan as the second Provisional President of the Republic 8 The power of the Nanking Government and the Provisional Senate hence transitioned to the Beiyang government in Peking which signified the dissolution of the Provisional Government The transition to the north in the next few years would be challenging with factions warlords constitutional movements and many other issues See also Edit China portal Taiwan portalXinhai Revolution Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China History of the Republic of ChinaReferences Edit a b Pomerantz Zhang Linda 1992 1992 Wu Tingfang 1842 1922 reform and modernization in modern Chinese history Hong Kong University Press ISBN 962 209 287 X 9789622092877 pg 207 209 a b c d e K S Liew 1971 1971 Struggle for democracy Sung Chiao jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution University of California Press ISBN 0 520 01760 9 ISBN 978 0 520 01760 3 pg 131 136 張耀杰 2010 2010 懸案百年 宋教仁案與國民黨 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 publishing ISBN 986 86815 0 2 ISBN 978 986 86815 0 7 pg xviii Wu Yuzhang 2001 2001 Recollections of the Revolution of 1911 A Great Democratic Revolution of China The Minerva Group publishing ISBN 0 89875 531 X 9780898755312 pg 132 Bergere Marie Claire Lloyd Janet 2000 Sun Yat sen Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 4011 9 pg 210 a b c Wang Jun 2010 2010 Beijing record a physical and political history of planning modern Beijing World Scientific publishing ISBN 981 4295 72 8 ISBN 978 981 4295 72 7 pg 73 a b c Haw Stephen G 2007 2007 Beijing a Concise History Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 39906 7 pg 100 Fu Zhengyuan 1993 1993 Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics Zhengyuan Fu Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 44228 1 ISBN 978 0 521 44228 2 p 154 External links Edit Media related to Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1912 at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1912 amp oldid 1134948893, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
