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Protea

August 20, 2023

This article is about the plant genus. For further uses, see Protea (disambiguation).

Protea (/ˈproʊtiːə/[1]) is a genus of South African flowering plants, also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos).

Protea
The original South African "suikerbossie" (sugarbush) Protea repens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Proteoideae
Tribe: Proteeae
Genus: Protea
L.
Species

See text

Etymology

The genus Protea was named in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus, possibly after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his form at will, possibly because they have such a wide variety of forms. Linnaeus's genus was formed by merging a number of genera previously published by Herman Boerhaave, although precisely which of Boerhaave's genera were included in Linnaeus's Protea varied with each of Linnaeus's publications.

Taxonomy

 
Protea eximia

The family Proteaceae to which Protea species belong is an ancient one among angiosperms. Evidence from pollen fossils suggests Proteaceae ancestors grew in Gondwana, in the Upper Cretaceous, 75–80 million years ago.[2] The Proteaceae are divided into two subfamilies: the Proteoideae, best represented in southern Africa, and the Grevilleoideae, concentrated in Australia and South America and the other smaller segments of Gondwana that are now part of eastern Asia. Africa shares only one genus with Madagascar, whereas South America and Australia share many common genera – this indicates they separated from Africa before they separated from each other.

Distribution

Most proteas occur south of the Limpopo River. However, Protea caffra kilimandscharica is found in the chaparral zone of Mount Kenya National Park. About 92% of the species occurs only in the Cape Floristic Region, a narrow belt of mountainous coastal land from Clanwilliam to Grahamstown, South Africa. The extraordinary richness and diversity of species characteristic of the Cape flora are thought to be caused in part by the diverse landscape, where populations can become isolated from each other and in time develop into separate species.

Botanical history

Proteas attracted the attention of botanists visiting the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century. Many species were introduced to Europe in the 18th century, enjoying a unique popularity at the time amongst botanists.

Cultivation

Proteas are currently cultivated in over 20 countries. Cultivation is restricted to Mediterranean and subtropical climates.[3] Three categories of traits have to be considered before developing a new cultivar. The yield or production capacity of the cultivar must be considered. The ease of handling and packaging of the cut stems and the last category is to consider the perceived market value of the cultivar[4] The cultivation of a Protea plant is time-consuming, so good planning when developing the cross combinations and goals are of great importance of the breeding programme.[5]

Some protea flower species, like the king protea flower, are self-pollinating flowers. Other protea species, however, such as P. cordata, P. decurrens, and P. scabra are self-incompatible, thus rely on cross-pollination for successive seed set. The main vectors responsible for the transfer of pollen in protea cultivation are birds, insects, and wind. Some Protea species exhibit both self-pollination and cross-pollination as a method of reproduction. Cross-pollination is preferred, though, as a method of reproduction because it provides genetic diversity in the population. When cultivating proteas, breeders use hand pollination as a controlled method to transfer pollen from one flower to another.

Proteas usually flower during spring. The general structure of their flower heads consists of a mass of flowers on a woody receptacle. The ovary is protected by the receptacle, thus is not seen when looking at the flower, but the anthers are present at the top of the flower, which can then easily transfer the pollen to the vectors. The common Proteaceae plants, e.g. Protea, Leucospermum, and Leucadendron are diploid organisms, thus they can freely hybridise with closely related species to form new cultivars. Unusually, not all the genera within the family Proteaceae are able to hybridise freely; for example, Leucadendron species cannot be crossed with Leucospermum species because of the difference in their haploid chromosome number (13 and 12, respectively). This genetic incompatibility results in pollinated flowers that yield either no fruit, or seedless fruit, as the resulting plant embryos, from the incompatible pollen and ovum, fail to develop.

Classification

Within the huge family Proteaceae, they are a member of the subfamily Proteoideae, which has Southern African and Australian members.

Species

 
Protea caffra, the common protea
Main article: List of Protea species

(listed by section: a 'section' has a name in two parts, consisting of the genus name and an epithet).

 
Dried head of P. madiensis shedding mature fruit

References

  1. ^ "Protea". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
    Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ^ Dettmann, Mary E.; Jarzen, David M. (1 April 1991). "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests". Can. J. Bot. 69 (4): 901–906. doi:10.1139/b91-116.
  3. ^ Malan, G. 2012. Protea cultivation from concept to carton, p. 21
  4. ^ Littlejohn, G. M. (2002). Breeding Technology for Protea. Fynbos Research. Page 1.
  5. ^ Littlejohn, G. M. (2002). Breeding Technology for Protea. Fynbos Research. Page 1

External links

  •   Media related to Protea at Wikimedia Commons
  • Protea Atlas Project: a project to map the distribution of South African plant species, using Protea as a flagship.
  • ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser
  • Photographs of flowers from many species of Protea

August 20, 2023
protea, this, article, about, plant, genus, further, uses, disambiguation, genus, south, african, flowering, plants, also, called, sugarbushes, afrikaans, suikerbos, original, south, african, suikerbossie, sugarbush, repensscientific, classificationkingdom, pl. This article is about the plant genus For further uses see Protea disambiguation Protea ˈ p r oʊ t iː e 1 is a genus of South African flowering plants also called sugarbushes Afrikaans suikerbos ProteaThe original South African suikerbossie sugarbush Protea repensScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder ProtealesFamily ProteaceaeSubfamily ProteoideaeTribe ProteeaeGenus ProteaL SpeciesSee text Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Botanical history 5 Cultivation 6 Classification 7 Species 8 References 9 External linksEtymology EditThe genus Protea was named in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus possibly after the Greek god Proteus who could change his form at will possibly because they have such a wide variety of forms Linnaeus s genus was formed by merging a number of genera previously published by Herman Boerhaave although precisely which of Boerhaave s genera were included in Linnaeus s Protea varied with each of Linnaeus s publications Taxonomy Edit Protea eximiaThe family Proteaceae to which Protea species belong is an ancient one among angiosperms Evidence from pollen fossils suggests Proteaceae ancestors grew in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous 75 80 million years ago 2 The Proteaceae are divided into two subfamilies the Proteoideae best represented in southern Africa and the Grevilleoideae concentrated in Australia and South America and the other smaller segments of Gondwana that are now part of eastern Asia Africa shares only one genus with Madagascar whereas South America and Australia share many common genera this indicates they separated from Africa before they separated from each other Distribution EditMost proteas occur south of the Limpopo River However Protea caffra kilimandscharicais found in the chaparral zone of Mount Kenya National Park About 92 of the species occurs only in the Cape Floristic Region a narrow belt of mountainous coastal land from Clanwilliam to Grahamstown South Africa The extraordinary richness and diversity of species characteristic of the Cape flora are thought to be caused in part by the diverse landscape where populations can become isolated from each other and in time develop into separate species Botanical history EditProteas attracted the attention of botanists visiting the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century Many species were introduced to Europe in the 18th century enjoying a unique popularity at the time amongst botanists Cultivation EditProteas are currently cultivated in over 20 countries Cultivation is restricted to Mediterranean and subtropical climates 3 Three categories of traits have to be considered before developing a new cultivar The yield or production capacity of the cultivar must be considered The ease of handling and packaging of the cut stems and the last category is to consider the perceived market value of the cultivar 4 The cultivation of a Proteaplant is time consuming so good planning when developing the cross combinations and goals are of great importance of the breeding programme 5 Some protea flower species like the king protea flower are self pollinating flowers Other protea species however such as P cordata P decurrens and P scabra are self incompatible thus rely on cross pollination for successive seed set The main vectors responsible for the transfer of pollen in protea cultivation are birds insects and wind Some Protea species exhibit both self pollination and cross pollination as a method of reproduction Cross pollination is preferred though as a method of reproduction because it provides genetic diversity in the population When cultivating proteas breeders use hand pollination as a controlled method to transfer pollen from one flower to another Proteas usually flower during spring The general structure of their flower heads consists of a mass of flowers on a woody receptacle The ovary is protected by the receptacle thus is not seen when looking at the flower but the anthers are present at the top of the flower which can then easily transfer the pollen to the vectors The common Proteaceae plants e g Protea Leucospermum and Leucadendron are diploid organisms thus they can freely hybridise with closely related species to form new cultivars Unusually not all the genera within the family Proteaceae are able to hybridise freely for example Leucadendron species cannot be crossed with Leucospermum species because of the difference in their haploid chromosome number 13 and 12 respectively This genetic incompatibility results in pollinated flowers that yield either no fruit or seedless fruit as the resulting plant embryos from the incompatible pollen and ovum fail to develop Classification EditWithin the huge family Proteaceae they are a member of the subfamily Proteoideae which has Southern African and Australian members Species Edit The template below Unreferenced is being considered for merging See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Protea caffra the common proteaMain article List of Protea species listed by section a section has a name in two parts consisting of the genus name and an epithet Protea sect Leiocephalae Protea caffra common protea Protea dracomontana Drakensberg sugarbush Protea glabra Clanwilliam sugarbush Protea inopina large nut sugarbush Protea nitida wagon tree Protea nubigena cloud sugarbush Protea parvula dainty sugarbush Protea petiolaris sickle leaf sugarbush Protea rupicola krantz sugarbush Protea simplex dwarf grassland sugarbush Protea sect Paludosae Protea enervis Chimanimani sugarbush Dried head of P madiensis shedding mature fruitProtea sect Patentiflorae Protea angolensis woodland sugarbush Protea comptonii saddleback sugarbush Protea curvata Barberton sugarbush Protea laetans Blyde sugarbush Protea madiensis tall woodland sugarbush Protea rubropilosa Transvaal sugarbush Protea rupestris rocket sugarbush Protea sect Lasiocephalae Protea gaguedi African sugarbush Protea welwitschii dwarf savanna sugarbush Protea sect Cristatae Protea asymmetrica Inyanga sugarbush Protea wentzeliana Wentzel s sugarbush Protea sect Protea Protea cynaroides king protea Protea sect Paracynaroides Protea cryophila snow protea Protea pruinosa frosted sugarbush Protea scabriuscula hoary sugarbush Protea scolopendriifolia Hart s tongue fern sugarbush Protea sect Ligulatae Protea burchellii Burchell s sugarbush Protea compacta Bot River sugarbush Protea eximia broad leaf sugarbush Protea longifolia long leaf sugarbush Protea obtusifolia limestone sugarbush Protea pudens bashful sugarbush Protea roupelliae silver sugarbush Protea susannae stink leaf sugarbush Protea sect Melliferae Protea aristata Ladysmith sugarbush Protea lanceolata Lance leaf sugarbush Protea repens common sugarbush Honey flower Sugarbush Protea sect Speciosae Protea coronata green sugarbush Protea grandiceps red sugarbush Protea holosericea saw edge sugarbush Protea laurifolia gray leaf sugarbush Protea lepidocarpodendron black beard sugarbush Protea lorifolia strap leaf sugarbush Protea magnifica queen sugarbush Protea neriifolia oleander leaf protea narrow leaf sugarbush Protea speciosa brown beard sugarbush Protea stokoei pink sugarbush Protea sect Exsertae Protea aurea common shuttlecock sugarbush Protea lacticolor Hottentot sugarbush Protea mundii forest sugarbush Protea punctata water sugarbush Protea subvestita waterlily sugarbush Protea venusta creeping beauty Protea sect Microgeantae Protea acaulos common ground sugarbush Protea convexa large leaf sugarbush Protea laevis smooth leaf sugarbush Protea revoluta rolled leaf sugarbush Protea angustata Kleinmond sugarbush Protea sect Crinitae Protea foliosa leafy sugarbush Protea intonsa tufted sugarbush Protea montana Swartberg sugarbush Protea tenax tenacious sugarbush Protea vogtsiae Kouga sugarbush Protea sect Pinifolia Protea acuminata blackrim sugarbush Protea canaliculata groove leaf sugarbush Protea nana mountain rose sugarbush Protea pityphylla Ceres sugarbush Protea scolymocephala thistle sugarbush Protea witzenbergiana swan sugarbush Protea sect Craterifolia Protea effusa Marloth s sugarbush Protea namaquana Kamiesberg sugarbush Protea pendula arid sugarbush Protea recondita hidden sugarbush Protea sulphurea sulphur sugarbush Protea sect Obvallatae Protea caespitosa bishop sugarbush Protea sect Subacaules Protea aspera rough leaf sugarbush Protea denticulata tooth leaf sugarbush Protea lorea thong leaf sugarbush Protea piscina Visgat sugarbush Protea restionifolia reed leaf sugarbush Protea scabra sandpaper leaf sugarbush Protea scorzonerifolia channel leaf sugarbush References Edit Protea Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 Dettmann Mary E Jarzen David M 1 April 1991 Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests Can J Bot 69 4 901 906 doi 10 1139 b91 116 Malan G 2012 Protea cultivation from concept to carton p 21 Littlejohn G M 2002 Breeding Technology for Protea Fynbos Research Page 1 Littlejohn G M 2002 Breeding Technology for Protea Fynbos Research Page 1External links Edit Media related to Protea at Wikimedia Commons Protea Atlas Project a project to map the distribution of South African plant species using Protea as a flagship ncbi nlm nih gov Taxonomy Browser Photographs of flowers from many species of Protea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Protea amp oldid 1163192750, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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