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Protea montana

January 01, 1970

Protea montana also known as the Swartberg sugarbush,[4][5] is a flowering plant of the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae, which is endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa.[4][3] In Afrikaans it is known as swartbergsuikerbos.[citation needed]

Protea montana
Protea montana developing inflorescence
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Protea
Species:
P. montana
Binomial name
Protea montana
Synonyms[3]

Taxonomy edit

Protea montana was first scientifically collected at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) elevation by the German plant collector and horticulturalist Johann Franz Drège in August 1829,[note 1] when he was exploring the eastern flanks of the Groot Swartberg Mountains with Karl Zeyher in the area of the farm of Vrolykheid.[6][7][8][9][10] When he returned to Europe from Africa, he detailed his botanical adventures in his 1843 work Zwei pflanzengeographische Documente, which detailed where he collected what each month in a brief diary-like format. This work is the first in which the name P. montana was published. In an index appended to the back of the book, Drège attributes the name to Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, but aside from this, nothing else is published about it,[6] thus the name was officially an invalid nomen nudum. This situation was rectified by the Swiss taxonomist Carl Meissner in 1856, when he validated the name with a formal species description in the Prodromus book series of botanical taxonomy begun by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.[11]

Type edit

Drège made a number of different dried and flattened exsiccata specimen sheets from his Vrolykheid collection, and these he traded or sold across Europe. One sheet found its way into the herbarium of George Bentham, and when he decided to get rid of his collection in 1854 he donated it to the Kew Botanical Gardens, where, in the herbarium there, it still remains housed today. It was designated an isotype by the South African botanist Edwin Percy Phillips, but half a century later, in 1960 the South African botanist Hedley Brian Rycroft realised that the sheet was composed of parts from different individual plants: one part was in fact P. amplexicaulis.[8][9][10][note 2]

Classification edit

P. montana was classified in Protea section Crinitae by Tony Rebelo in 1995, what he calls the "eastern ground sugarbushes", along with P. foliosa, P. intonsa and P. vogtsiae.[12]

Description edit

Habitus edit

 
habitus

This plant is a low, prostrate shrub forming sprawling mats up to 4 metres (13 ft) wide.[5][12] The main stem is subterranean.[7] The stems branching from that branch themselves numerous times,[12] but only grow above-ground to leaf and flower-bearing parts which are 4 inches (10 cm) long.[7]

Leaves edit

 
leaves

It has linear to oblanceolate leaves,[7][12] indistinctly veined and ending in a sharp mucronate point, which grow up to 1.75–3 inches (4.4–7.6 cm) in length, and 1.6 to 3.7mm in width. The base of the leaves attenuates gradually to the broadest point. The leaves are adpressly hairy, soon becoming glabrous.[7]

Flowers edit

 
flower head

The inflorescences are specialised structures called pseudanthia, also known simply as flower heads, containing hundred of reduced flowers, called florets. These flower heads are sessile in this species, lacking a peduncle and growing directly from the stem. The flower heads are 2 inches (5.1 cm) long and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, and are completely covered in leaves. The inflorescences are surrounded by six to seven series of petal-like appendages known as 'involucral bracts'. The outer bracts are ovate and covered in silky-pubescent hairs, and grow until they become long and leaf-like. The inner bracts are oblong to spathulate-oblong, are fringed with ciliate hairs along their margins, have the same type of silky-pubescent indumentum on their outside surfaces and are the same length as the actual flowers.[7]

The plant is monoecious, both sexes occur in each flower.[5] The petals and sepals of the florets are fused into a tube-like, 23.3mm long perianth-sheath which is membranous, dilated and glabrous at the very base, but otherwise largely covered in reddish pubescence. The sheath is furthermore dilated, having three keels and five veins on the lower part. The sheath has a lip (pollen-presenter) which is 10.6mm long. The lip has three prongs, and is glabrous on the lower portion except for the ciliate margin, but increasingly covered in pubescence near the apex, and ending in a dense woolly tuft. The two prongs at the sides are 4.2mm long, linear in shape and woolly, whereas the middle prong is 2.1mm long, linear and woolly. All of the stamens are fertile. The filament is 1mm long and swollen. The anthers are linear and 5.3mm long. The apical glands are 0.5mm long, ovate in shape, and end in a somewhat sharp apex. The ovary is 4.2mm long, oblong-elliptic, and covered with long, reddish-brown hairs. The style is 23.3mm long, falcate and glabrous, narrowing from the base upwards and flattened at the upper parts. The finely channeled stigma is 5.3 long, ends in a blunt point, and almost imperceptibly joins and becomes the style.[7]

Similar species edit

P. montana is the only mat-forming species in the section Crinitae, but the leaves are similar to those of P. intonsa, which also occurs in the same mountain ranges; this is a much smaller, tuft-forming species with almost completely subterranean stems.[12] In his original 1856 species description, working from incomplete herbarium sheets, Meissner states he finds the species to be dubious, and questions if it was not some variety of P. scolymocephala.[11] Drège himself appears to have confused P. montana with P. amplexicaulis, as one flower head of that species is mixed with the P. montana material on the specimen housed at Kew,[9][10] and in 1897 Phillips also (briefly) misidentified a Kew specimen of P. scabriuscula as P. montana.[13]

Distribution edit

Protea montana is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa.[4] It is found in the Swartberg and Kammanassie Mountains.[4][5] The extent of occurrence (the total area of the region in which it might be found) is 1447 km2, but the amount of area it actually occupies, the area of occupancy, is only 112 km2. Only occurring near mountain summits, the different population fragments are scattered throughout the range, especially being fragmented in the Kammanassie Mountains.[4] The spatial distribution is as solitary plants found sporadically in the landscape.[5]

Ecology edit

The mature plants are killed by the periodic wildfires which pass over their range, but the seeds can survive such an event. The blooms are produced from February to June.[5] The florets are pollinated by rodents. The seeds are stored in the old, dry, fire-resistant infructescence,[4][5] and are released from them after two years,[5] after fires have passed through the land.[4] The seeds are dispersed by means of the wind.[4][5]

In 1829 Drège originally collected it growing in rocky locations,[8][9] together with the other plant species Restio laniger, Seriphium plumosum, Leucadendron dregei, and a Sorocephalus, Erica, Hoplophyllum and Calopsis of some kind.[6]

Habitat edit

It is found on mountain tops and their steep upper slopes, between 1,600 and 2,000 metres in altitude.[4][5]It occurs in montane fynbos habitat in sandstone-derived substrates, on south-facing slopes.[4]

Gallery edit

Conservation edit

It is rare.[5] Threats to its continued survival are the planting of trees (afforestation), invasive plants and a wildfire management regime which is too frequent to allow the plants time to mature and set seed.[4]

In 2005 Bomhard et al. predicted, based on their reading of models projecting the effects of climate change, that 30% of the population of the time would be extirpated by 2020, which would then qualify the species for upgrading its conservation status from 'not threatened' to 'vulnerable' according to the IUCN conservation status standards. Bomhard et al. argued that the projected possibility of future population reduction should go to counting as actual population reduction in the present, and that species which their computer model had so designated (223 of 227) should be upgraded as much rarer.[14] In 2009 the South African National Biodiversity Institute complied with this, and formally assessed the conservation status of the species for the Red List of South African Plants as 'vulnerable'. In the 2019 re-assessment, SANBI mischaracterises the Bomhard study and moved up the date when the species would be reduced by 30% to 2025, maintaining the conservation status as 'vulnerable'. The total population numbers were thought to be decreasing in 2019, especially on the Kammanassie Mountains.[4]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The date 1840 is written on the herbarium specimen sheet at Kew, but this is doubtlessly not the collection date, as Drège had long returned to Europe by that time. Note Kew has indexed the same sheet three times.
  2. ^ Note Kew has indexed the same sheet differently three times.

References edit

  1. ^ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (2020). "Protea montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113210805A185548058. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113210805A185548058.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Protea montana". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Protea montana E.Mey. ex Meisn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (31 March 2019). "Swartberg Sugarbush". Red List of South African Plants. version 2020.1. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Eastern Ground Sugarbushes - Proteas". Protea Atlas Project Website. 11 March 1998. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Drège, Jean François (1843). Zwei pflanzengeographische Documente (in German). Regensburg: Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft (Flora). pp. 63, 213. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.87612.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Stapf, Otto; Phillips, Edwin Percy (January 1912). "CXVII. Proteaceæ". In Thiselton-Dyer, William Turner (ed.). Flora Capensis; being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria & Port Natal. 5. Vol. 1. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. pp. 605, 606. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.821.
  8. ^ a b c "Specimen Details K000423649". Kew Herbarium Catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d "Specimen Details K000423648". Kew Herbarium Catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. ^ a b c "Specimen Details K000423650". Kew Herbarium Catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  11. ^ a b Meissner, Carl Daniel Friedrich (October 1856). "Ordo CLXIV. Proteaceæ (1)". In de Candolle, Alphonse (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta (in Latin). Vol. 14. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 240. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.286.
  12. ^ a b c d e Peter, Craig I.; Dold, A. P.; Melidonis, Caitlin A.; Abraham, Susan (2017). "Protea foliosa" (PDF). Flowering Plants of Africa. 65: 42–48. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  13. ^ "Specimen Details K000423611". Kew Herbarium Catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  14. ^ Bomhard, Bastian; Richardson, David M.; Donaldson, John S.; Hughes, Greg O.; Midgley, Guy F.; Raimondo, Domitilla C.; Rebelo, Anthony G.; Rouget, Mathieu; Thuiller, Wilfried (25 July 2005). "Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa". Global Change Biology. 11 (9): 1452–1468. Bibcode:2005GCBio..11.1452B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x. hdl:10019.1/116833. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Protea montana at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
protea, montana, also, known, swartberg, sugarbush, flowering, plant, genus, protea, within, family, proteaceae, which, endemic, southwestern, cape, region, south, africa, afrikaans, known, swartbergsuikerbos, citation, needed, developing, inflorescence, conse. Protea montana also known as the Swartberg sugarbush 4 5 is a flowering plant of the genus Protea within the family Proteaceae which is endemic to the southwestern Cape Region of South Africa 4 3 In Afrikaans it is known as swartbergsuikerbos citation needed Protea montana Protea montana developing inflorescence Conservation status Vulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Proteales Family Proteaceae Genus Protea Species P montana Binomial name Protea montanaE Mey ex Meisn 2 Synonyms 3 Protea tugwelliae E Phillips Scolymocephalus montanus E Mey ex Meisn Kuntze Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Type 1 2 Classification 2 Description 2 1 Habitus 2 2 Leaves 2 3 Flowers 2 4 Similar species 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 4 1 Habitat 5 Gallery 6 Conservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksTaxonomy editProtea montana was first scientifically collected at 5 000 feet 1 500 m elevation by the German plant collector and horticulturalist Johann Franz Drege in August 1829 note 1 when he was exploring the eastern flanks of the Groot Swartberg Mountains with Karl Zeyher in the area of the farm of Vrolykheid 6 7 8 9 10 When he returned to Europe from Africa he detailed his botanical adventures in his 1843 work Zwei pflanzengeographische Documente which detailed where he collected what each month in a brief diary like format This work is the first in which the name P montana was published In an index appended to the back of the book Drege attributes the name to Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer but aside from this nothing else is published about it 6 thus the name was officially an invalid nomen nudum This situation was rectified by the Swiss taxonomist Carl Meissner in 1856 when he validated the name with a formal species description in the Prodromus book series of botanical taxonomy begun by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle 11 Type edit Drege made a number of different dried and flattened exsiccata specimen sheets from his Vrolykheid collection and these he traded or sold across Europe One sheet found its way into the herbarium of George Bentham and when he decided to get rid of his collection in 1854 he donated it to the Kew Botanical Gardens where in the herbarium there it still remains housed today It was designated an isotype by the South African botanist Edwin Percy Phillips but half a century later in 1960 the South African botanist Hedley Brian Rycroft realised that the sheet was composed of parts from different individual plants one part was in fact P amplexicaulis 8 9 10 note 2 Classification edit P montana was classified in Protea section Crinitae by Tony Rebelo in 1995 what he calls the eastern ground sugarbushes along with P foliosa P intonsa and P vogtsiae 12 Description editHabitus edit nbsp habitus This plant is a low prostrate shrub forming sprawling mats up to 4 metres 13 ft wide 5 12 The main stem is subterranean 7 The stems branching from that branch themselves numerous times 12 but only grow above ground to leaf and flower bearing parts which are 4 inches 10 cm long 7 Leaves edit nbsp leaves It has linear to oblanceolate leaves 7 12 indistinctly veined and ending in a sharp mucronate point which grow up to 1 75 3 inches 4 4 7 6 cm in length and 1 6 to 3 7mm in width The base of the leaves attenuates gradually to the broadest point The leaves are adpressly hairy soon becoming glabrous 7 Flowers edit nbsp flower head The inflorescences are specialised structures called pseudanthia also known simply as flower heads containing hundred of reduced flowers called florets These flower heads are sessile in this species lacking a peduncle and growing directly from the stem The flower heads are 2 inches 5 1 cm long and 1 5 inches 3 8 cm in diameter and are completely covered in leaves The inflorescences are surrounded by six to seven series of petal like appendages known as involucral bracts The outer bracts are ovate and covered in silky pubescent hairs and grow until they become long and leaf like The inner bracts are oblong to spathulate oblong are fringed with ciliate hairs along their margins have the same type of silky pubescent indumentum on their outside surfaces and are the same length as the actual flowers 7 The plant is monoecious both sexes occur in each flower 5 The petals and sepals of the florets are fused into a tube like 23 3mm long perianth sheath which is membranous dilated and glabrous at the very base but otherwise largely covered in reddish pubescence The sheath is furthermore dilated having three keels and five veins on the lower part The sheath has a lip pollen presenter which is 10 6mm long The lip has three prongs and is glabrous on the lower portion except for the ciliate margin but increasingly covered in pubescence near the apex and ending in a dense woolly tuft The two prongs at the sides are 4 2mm long linear in shape and woolly whereas the middle prong is 2 1mm long linear and woolly All of the stamens are fertile The filament is 1mm long and swollen The anthers are linear and 5 3mm long The apical glands are 0 5mm long ovate in shape and end in a somewhat sharp apex The ovary is 4 2mm long oblong elliptic and covered with long reddish brown hairs The style is 23 3mm long falcate and glabrous narrowing from the base upwards and flattened at the upper parts The finely channeled stigma is 5 3 long ends in a blunt point and almost imperceptibly joins and becomes the style 7 Similar species edit P montana is the only mat forming species in the section Crinitae but the leaves are similar to those of P intonsa which also occurs in the same mountain ranges this is a much smaller tuft forming species with almost completely subterranean stems 12 In his original 1856 species description working from incomplete herbarium sheets Meissner states he finds the species to be dubious and questions if it was not some variety of P scolymocephala 11 Drege himself appears to have confused P montana with P amplexicaulis as one flower head of that species is mixed with the P montana material on the specimen housed at Kew 9 10 and in 1897 Phillips also briefly misidentified a Kew specimen of P scabriuscula as P montana 13 Distribution editProtea montana is endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa 4 It is found in the Swartberg and Kammanassie Mountains 4 5 The extent of occurrence the total area of the region in which it might be found is 1447 km2 but the amount of area it actually occupies the area of occupancy is only 112 km2 Only occurring near mountain summits the different population fragments are scattered throughout the range especially being fragmented in the Kammanassie Mountains 4 The spatial distribution is as solitary plants found sporadically in the landscape 5 Ecology editThe mature plants are killed by the periodic wildfires which pass over their range but the seeds can survive such an event The blooms are produced from February to June 5 The florets are pollinated by rodents The seeds are stored in the old dry fire resistant infructescence 4 5 and are released from them after two years 5 after fires have passed through the land 4 The seeds are dispersed by means of the wind 4 5 In 1829 Drege originally collected it growing in rocky locations 8 9 together with the other plant species Restio laniger Seriphium plumosum Leucadendron dregei and a Sorocephalus Erica Hoplophyllum and Calopsis of some kind 6 Habitat edit It is found on mountain tops and their steep upper slopes between 1 600 and 2 000 metres in altitude 4 5 It occurs in montane fynbos habitat in sandstone derived substrates on south facing slopes 4 Gallery edit nbsp developing inflorescence nbsp flower heads nbsp flower headsConservation editIt is rare 5 Threats to its continued survival are the planting of trees afforestation invasive plants and a wildfire management regime which is too frequent to allow the plants time to mature and set seed 4 In 2005 Bomhard et al predicted based on their reading of models projecting the effects of climate change that 30 of the population of the time would be extirpated by 2020 which would then qualify the species for upgrading its conservation status from not threatened to vulnerable according to the IUCN conservation status standards Bomhard et al argued that the projected possibility of future population reduction should go to counting as actual population reduction in the present and that species which their computer model had so designated 223 of 227 should be upgraded as much rarer 14 In 2009 the South African National Biodiversity Institute complied with this and formally assessed the conservation status of the species for the Red List of South African Plants as vulnerable In the 2019 re assessment SANBI mischaracterises the Bomhard study and moved up the date when the species would be reduced by 30 to 2025 maintaining the conservation status as vulnerable The total population numbers were thought to be decreasing in 2019 especially on the Kammanassie Mountains 4 See also editList of Protea speciesNotes edit The date 1840 is written on the herbarium specimen sheet at Kew but this is doubtlessly not the collection date as Drege had long returned to Europe by that time Note Kew has indexed the same sheet three times Note Kew has indexed the same sheet differently three times References edit Rebelo A G Mtshali H von Staden L 2020 Protea montana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T113210805A185548058 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T113210805A185548058 en Retrieved 18 November 2021 Protea montana International Plant Names Index The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Harvard University Herbaria amp Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens Retrieved 9 September 2020 a b Protea montana E Mey ex Meisn Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2017 Retrieved 9 September 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l Rebelo A G Mtshali H von Staden L 31 March 2019 Swartberg Sugarbush Red List of South African Plants version 2020 1 South African National Biodiversity Institute Retrieved 9 September 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k Eastern Ground Sugarbushes Proteas Protea Atlas Project Website 11 March 1998 Retrieved 28 April 2020 a b c Drege Jean Francois 1843 Zwei pflanzengeographische Documente in German Regensburg Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft Flora pp 63 213 doi 10 5962 bhl title 87612 a b c d e f g Stapf Otto Phillips Edwin Percy January 1912 CXVII Proteaceae In Thiselton Dyer William Turner ed Flora Capensis being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony Caffraria amp Port Natal 5 Vol 1 London Lovell Reeve amp Co pp 605 606 doi 10 5962 bhl title 821 a b c Specimen Details K000423649 Kew Herbarium Catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 10 September 2020 a b c d Specimen Details K000423648 Kew Herbarium Catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 10 September 2020 a b c Specimen Details K000423650 Kew Herbarium Catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 10 September 2020 a b Meissner Carl Daniel Friedrich October 1856 Ordo CLXIV Proteaceae 1 In de Candolle Alphonse ed Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta in Latin Vol 14 Paris Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz p 240 doi 10 5962 bhl title 286 a b c d e Peter Craig I Dold A P Melidonis Caitlin A Abraham Susan 2017 Protea foliosa PDF Flowering Plants of Africa 65 42 48 Retrieved 9 September 2020 Specimen Details K000423611 Kew Herbarium Catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 10 September 2020 Bomhard Bastian Richardson David M Donaldson John S Hughes Greg O Midgley Guy F Raimondo Domitilla C Rebelo Anthony G Rouget Mathieu Thuiller Wilfried 25 July 2005 Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region South Africa Global Change Biology 11 9 1452 1468 Bibcode 2005GCBio 11 1452B doi 10 1111 j 1365 2486 2005 00997 x hdl 10019 1 116833 Retrieved 10 September 2020 External links edit nbsp Media related to Protea montana at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Protea montana amp oldid 1119932087, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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