fbpx
Wikipedia

Process and Reality

Process and Reality is a book by Alfred North Whitehead, in which the author propounds a philosophy of organism, also called process philosophy. The book, published in 1929, is a revision of the Gifford Lectures he gave in 1927–28.

Process and Reality

We diverge from Descartes by holding that what he has described as primary attributes of physical bodies, are really the forms of internal relationships between actual occasions. Such a change of thought is the shift from materialism to Organic Realism, as a basic idea of physical science.

— Process and Reality, 1929, p. 471.

Whitehead's Process and Reality edit

Whitehead's background was an unusual one for a speculative philosopher. Educated as a mathematician, he became, through his co-authorship with his student and disciple Bertrand Russell and publication in 1913 of Principia Mathematica, a major logician. Later he wrote extensively on physics and its philosophy, proposing a theory of gravity in Minkowski space as a logically possible alternative to Einstein's general theory of relativity. Whitehead's Process and Reality[1] is perhaps his philosophical master work.

The following is an attempt to provide an accessible outline of some of the main ideas in Whitehead's Process and Reality, based on the book itself, but guided by a general reading of secondary sources, especially I. Leclerc's Whitehead's Metaphysics. An Introductory Exposition.[2] Whitehead often speaks of the metaphysics of Process and Reality as 'the philosophy of organism'.

The cosmology elaborated in Process and Reality posits an ontology based on the two kinds of existence of entity, that of actual entity and that of abstract entity or abstraction.

The ultimate abstract principle of actual existence for Whitehead is creativity. Actual existence is a process of becoming, and “'becoming' is a creative advance into novelty”.[3] It is manifest in what can be called 'singular causality'. This term may be contrasted with 'nomic causality'. An example of singular causation is that I woke this morning because my alarm clock rang. An example of nomic causation is that alarm clocks generally wake people in the morning. Aristotle recognises singular causality as efficient causality. For Whitehead, there are many contributory singular causes for an event. A further contributory singular cause of my being awoken by my alarm clock this morning was that I was lying asleep near it until it rang.

An actual entity is a general philosophical term for an utterly determinate and completely concrete individual particular of the actually existing world or universe of changeable entities considered in terms of singular causality, about which categorical statements can be made. Whitehead's most far-reaching and profound and radical contribution to metaphysics is his invention of a better way of choosing the actual entities. Whitehead chooses a way of defining the actual entities that makes them all alike, qua actual entities, with a single exception, God.

For example, for Aristotle, the actual entities were the substances, such as Socrates (a particular citizen of Athens) and Bucephalus (a particular horse belonging to Alexander the Great). Besides Aristotle's ontology of substances, another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in Leibniz' monads, said to be 'windowless'.

Whitehead's actual entities edit

For Whitehead, the actual entities exist as the only foundational elements of reality, the ultimately existing facts of the world. Nothing "either in fact or in efficacy"[4] underlies or lies beyond the actual entities; rather they underlie all reality.[5]

The actual entities are of two kinds, temporal and atemporal.

With one exception, all actual entities for Whitehead are temporal and are occasions of experience (which are not to be confused with consciousness, or with mere subjectivity). This 'actual entity' idea is most distinctly characteristic of the metaphysics of Process and Reality, and requires of the newly approaching reader a philosophically unprejudiced approach. An entity that people commonly think of as a simple concrete object, or that Aristotle would think of as a substance – a human being included – is in this ontology considered to be a composite of indefinitely many occasions of experience.

The one exceptional actual entity is at once temporal and atemporal: God. He is objectively immortal, as well as being immanent in the world. He is objectified in each temporal actual entity; but He is not an eternal object. Whitehead uses the term 'actual occasion' to refer only to purely temporal actual entities, those other than God.[6]

The occasions of experience are of four grades. The first comprises processes in a physical vacuum such as the propagation of an electromagnetic wave or gravitational influence across empty space. The occasions of experience of the second grade involve just inanimate matter. The occasions of experience of the third grade involve living organisms. Occasions of experience of the fourth grade involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy, which means more or less what are often called the qualia of subjective experience. So far as we know, experience in the mode of presentational immediacy occurs in only more evolved animals. That some occasions of experience involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy is the one and only reason why Whitehead makes the occasions of experience his actual entities; for the actual entities must be of the ultimately general kind. Consequently, it is inessential that an occasion of experience have an aspect in the mode of presentational immediacy; occasions in the grades one, two, and three lack that aspect. The highest grade of experience "is to be identified with the canalized importance of free conceptual functionings".[7]

There is no mind-matter duality in this ontology, because "mind" is simply seen as an abstraction from an occasion of experience which has also a material aspect, which is of course simply another abstraction from it; thus the mental and the material aspects are abstractions from one and the same concrete occasion of experience. The brain is part of the body, both being abstractions of a kind known as persistent physical objects, neither being actual entities. Though not recognised by Aristotle, there is biological evidence, written about by Galen,[8] that the human brain is an essential seat of human experience in the mode of presentational immediacy. We may say that the brain has a material and a mental aspect, all three being abstractions from their indefinitely many constitutive occasions of experience, which are actual entities.[9]

Inherent in each actual entity is its respective dimension of time. Potentially, each occasion of experience is causally consequential on every other occasion of experience that precedes it in time, and has as its causal consequences every other occasion of experience that follows; thus it has been said that Whitehead's occasions of experience are 'all window', in contrast to Leibniz's 'windowless' monads. In time defined relative to it, each occasion of experience is causally influenced by prior occasions of experiences, and causally influences future occasions of experience. An occasion of experience consists of a process of prehending other occasions of experience, reacting to them.

The causal outcomes obey the usual well-respected rule that the causes precede the effects in time. Some pairs of processes cannot be connected by cause-and-effect relations, and they are said to be spatially separated. This is in perfect agreement with the viewpoint of the Einstein theory of special relativity and with the Minkowski geometry of spacetime.[10] It is clear that Whitehead respected these ideas, as may be seen for example in his 1919 book An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge[11] as well as in Process and Reality. Time in this view is relative to an inertial reference frame, different reference frames defining different versions of time.

The actual entity, the occasion of experience, is logically atomic in the sense that it cannot be cut and separated into two other occasions of experience. This kind of logical atomicity is perfectly compatible with indefinitely many spatiotemporal overlaps of occasions of experience. One can explain this atomicity by saying that an occasion of experience has an internal causal structure that could not be reproduced in each of the two complementary sections into which it might be cut. Nevertheless, an actual entity can completely contain indefinitely many other actual entities.[12]

Whitehead's theory of extension concerns the spatio-temporal features of his occasions of experience. Fundamental to both Newtonian and to quantum theoretical mechanics is the concept of velocity. The measurement of a velocity requires a finite spatiotemporal extent. Because it has no finite spatiotemporal extent, a single point of Minkowski space cannot be an occasion of experience, but is an abstraction from an infinite set of overlapping or contained occasions of experience, as explained in Process and Reality.[1] Though the occasions of experience are atomic, they are not necessarily separate in extension, spatiotemporally, from one another. Indefinitely many occasions of experience can overlap in Minkowski space.

An example of a nexus of temporally overlapping occasions of experience is what Whitehead calls an enduring physical object, which corresponds closely with an Aristotelian substance. An enduring physical object temporally has an earliest and a last member. Every member (apart from the earliest) is a causal consequence of the earliest member of the nexus, and every member (apart from the last) of such a nexus is a causal antecedent of the last. There are indefinitely many other causal antecedents and consequences of the enduring physical object, which overlap, but are not members, of the nexus. No member of the nexus is spatially separate from any other member. Within the nexus are indefinitely many continuous streams of overlapping nexūs, each stream including the earliest and the last member of the enduring physical object. Thus an enduring physical object, like an Aristotelian substance, undergoes changes and adventures during the course of its existence.[13]

Another aspect of the atomicity of occasions of experience is that they do not change. An actual entity is what it is. An occasion of experience can be described as a process of change, but is itself unchangeable.[14]

Whitehead's abstractions edit

Whitehead's abstractions are conceptual entities that are abstracted from or derived from and founded upon his actual entities. Abstractions are themselves not actual entities, but are the only entities that can be real.

An abstraction is a conceptual entity that involves more than one single actual entity. Whitehead's ontology refers to importantly structured collections of actual entities as nexuses of actual entities. Collection of actual entities into a nexus emphasises some aspect of those entities, and that emphasis is an abstraction, because it means that some aspects of the actual entities are emphasised or dragged away from their actuality, while other aspects are de-emphasised.

Whitehead admitted indefinitely many eternal objects. An example of an eternal object is a number, such as the number 'two'. Whitehead held that eternal objects are abstractions of a very high degree. Many abstractions, including eternal objects, are potential ingredients of processes.

Relation between actual entities and abstractions stated in the ontological principle edit

For Whitehead, besides its temporal generation by the actual entities which are its contributory causes, a process may be considered as a concrescence of abstract ingredient eternal objects. God enters into every temporal actual entity.

Whitehead's ontological principle is that whatever reality pertains to an abstraction is derived from the actual entities upon which it is founded or of which it is comprised.[15]

A source of an aphorism edit

The book is also the source of the frequently heard aphoristic reference to Western philosophy all being “footnotes to Plato":

The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.

— Process and Reality, Free Press, 1978, p. 39.

Publication data edit

The several originally published editions of Process and Reality were from New York and from Cambridge UK. There were many textual errors, partly due to Whitehead's imperfect handwriting and lack of interest in proof-reading. A largely corrected scholarly redaction was eventually prepared and published as Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (1929). 1979 corrected edition, edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne, Free Press, ISBN 0-02-934570-7.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Whitehead, A.N. (1929). Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology. Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927–1928, Macmillan, New York, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
  2. ^ Leclerc, I. (1958). Whitehead's Metaphysics. An Introductory Exposition, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, and Macmillan, New York.
  3. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 42.
  4. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 64.
  5. ^ Whitehead (1929) pp. 41, 116.
  6. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 135.
  7. ^ Whitehead (1929) pp. 269–270.
  8. ^ Siegel, R.E. (1973). Galen: On Psychology, Psychopathology, and Function and Diseases of the Nervous System. An Analysis of his Doctrines, Observations, and Experiments, Karger, Basel, ISBN 978-3-8055-1479-8.
  9. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 114.
  10. ^ Naber, G.L. (1992). The Geometry of Minkowski Spacetime. An Introduction to the Mathematics of the Special Theory of Relativity, Springer, New York, ISBN 978-0-387-97848-2
  11. ^ Whitehead, A.N. (1919). An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
  12. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 195.
  13. ^ Whitehead (1929) pp. 52, 87, 285.
  14. ^ Whitehead (1929) p. 52.
  15. ^ Whitehead (1929) pp. 48, 64,68.

Secondary literature edit

  • Biacino L., and Gerla G., 1991, "Connection structures," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 32: 242–247.
  • Clarke, Bowman, 1981, "A calculus of individuals based on 'connection'," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 22: 204–18.
  • ——, 1985, "Individuals and Points," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 26: 61–75.
  • Cobb, John Boswell, Jr., Whitehead Word Book, Claremont, P&F Press, 2008.
  • Leclerc, Ivor, Whitehead's Metaphysics, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1958.
  • Lowe, Victor, 1962. Understanding Whitehead. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  • Mesle, C. Robert, 2008. Process-Relational Philosophy: An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead, Templeton Press, 1st edition, 2008.
  • Nicholas Rescher, 2000. Process Philosophy: A Survey of Basic issues. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Sherburne, Donald W., 1966. A Key to Whitehead's Process and Reality. Macmillan.
  • Simons, Peter, 1987. Parts. Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Stengers, Isabelle, 2011. Thinking with Whitehead: A Free and Wild Creation of Concepts, Michael Chase (tr.), Harvard University Press
  • Weber, Michel, Whitehead’s Pancreativism. The Basics. Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Frankfurt / Paris, ontos verlag, 2006.
  • Weber, Michel, Whitehead’s Pancreativism. Jamesian Applications, Frankfurt / Paris, ontos verlag, 2011.
  • Weber, Michel and Will Desmond (eds.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2008.
  • Van Wyk, Alan and Weber, Michel (eds.), Creativity and Its Discontents. The Response to Whitehead's Process and Reality, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2009.

External links edit

process, reality, book, alfred, north, whitehead, which, author, propounds, philosophy, organism, also, called, process, philosophy, book, published, 1929, revision, gifford, lectures, gave, 1927, diverge, from, descartes, holding, that, what, described, prima. Process and Reality is a book by Alfred North Whitehead in which the author propounds a philosophy of organism also called process philosophy The book published in 1929 is a revision of the Gifford Lectures he gave in 1927 28 Process and Reality We diverge from Descartes by holding that what he has described as primary attributes of physical bodies are really the forms of internal relationships between actual occasions Such a change of thought is the shift from materialism to Organic Realism as a basic idea of physical science Process and Reality 1929 p 471 Contents 1 Whitehead s Process and Reality 1 1 Whitehead s actual entities 1 2 Whitehead s abstractions 1 3 Relation between actual entities and abstractions stated in the ontological principle 2 A source of an aphorism 3 Publication data 4 See also 5 References 6 Secondary literature 7 External linksWhitehead s Process and Reality editWhitehead s background was an unusual one for a speculative philosopher Educated as a mathematician he became through his co authorship with his student and disciple Bertrand Russell and publication in 1913 of Principia Mathematica a major logician Later he wrote extensively on physics and its philosophy proposing a theory of gravity in Minkowski space as a logically possible alternative to Einstein s general theory of relativity Whitehead s Process and Reality 1 is perhaps his philosophical master work The following is an attempt to provide an accessible outline of some of the main ideas in Whitehead s Process and Reality based on the book itself but guided by a general reading of secondary sources especially I Leclerc s Whitehead s Metaphysics An Introductory Exposition 2 Whitehead often speaks of the metaphysics of Process and Reality as the philosophy of organism The cosmology elaborated in Process and Reality posits an ontology based on the two kinds of existence of entity that of actual entity and that of abstract entity or abstraction The ultimate abstract principle of actual existence for Whitehead is creativity Actual existence is a process of becoming and becoming is a creative advance into novelty 3 It is manifest in what can be called singular causality This term may be contrasted with nomic causality An example of singular causation is that I woke this morning because my alarm clock rang An example of nomic causation is that alarm clocks generally wake people in the morning Aristotle recognises singular causality as efficient causality For Whitehead there are many contributory singular causes for an event A further contributory singular cause of my being awoken by my alarm clock this morning was that I was lying asleep near it until it rang An actual entity is a general philosophical term for an utterly determinate and completely concrete individual particular of the actually existing world or universe of changeable entities considered in terms of singular causality about which categorical statements can be made Whitehead s most far reaching and profound and radical contribution to metaphysics is his invention of a better way of choosing the actual entities Whitehead chooses a way of defining the actual entities that makes them all alike qua actual entities with a single exception God For example for Aristotle the actual entities were the substances such as Socrates a particular citizen of Athens and Bucephalus a particular horse belonging to Alexander the Great Besides Aristotle s ontology of substances another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in Leibniz monads said to be windowless Whitehead s actual entities edit For Whitehead the actual entities exist as the only foundational elements of reality the ultimately existing facts of the world Nothing either in fact or in efficacy 4 underlies or lies beyond the actual entities rather they underlie all reality 5 The actual entities are of two kinds temporal and atemporal With one exception all actual entities for Whitehead are temporal and are occasions of experience which are not to be confused with consciousness or with mere subjectivity This actual entity idea is most distinctly characteristic of the metaphysics of Process and Reality and requires of the newly approaching reader a philosophically unprejudiced approach An entity that people commonly think of as a simple concrete object or that Aristotle would think of as a substance a human being included is in this ontology considered to be a composite of indefinitely many occasions of experience The one exceptional actual entity is at once temporal and atemporal God He is objectively immortal as well as being immanent in the world He is objectified in each temporal actual entity but He is not an eternal object Whitehead uses the term actual occasion to refer only to purely temporal actual entities those other than God 6 The occasions of experience are of four grades The first comprises processes in a physical vacuum such as the propagation of an electromagnetic wave or gravitational influence across empty space The occasions of experience of the second grade involve just inanimate matter The occasions of experience of the third grade involve living organisms Occasions of experience of the fourth grade involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy which means more or less what are often called the qualia of subjective experience So far as we know experience in the mode of presentational immediacy occurs in only more evolved animals That some occasions of experience involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy is the one and only reason why Whitehead makes the occasions of experience his actual entities for the actual entities must be of the ultimately general kind Consequently it is inessential that an occasion of experience have an aspect in the mode of presentational immediacy occasions in the grades one two and three lack that aspect The highest grade of experience is to be identified with the canalized importance of free conceptual functionings 7 There is no mind matter duality in this ontology because mind is simply seen as an abstraction from an occasion of experience which has also a material aspect which is of course simply another abstraction from it thus the mental and the material aspects are abstractions from one and the same concrete occasion of experience The brain is part of the body both being abstractions of a kind known as persistent physical objects neither being actual entities Though not recognised by Aristotle there is biological evidence written about by Galen 8 that the human brain is an essential seat of human experience in the mode of presentational immediacy We may say that the brain has a material and a mental aspect all three being abstractions from their indefinitely many constitutive occasions of experience which are actual entities 9 Inherent in each actual entity is its respective dimension of time Potentially each occasion of experience is causally consequential on every other occasion of experience that precedes it in time and has as its causal consequences every other occasion of experience that follows thus it has been said that Whitehead s occasions of experience are all window in contrast to Leibniz s windowless monads In time defined relative to it each occasion of experience is causally influenced by prior occasions of experiences and causally influences future occasions of experience An occasion of experience consists of a process of prehending other occasions of experience reacting to them The causal outcomes obey the usual well respected rule that the causes precede the effects in time Some pairs of processes cannot be connected by cause and effect relations and they are said to be spatially separated This is in perfect agreement with the viewpoint of the Einstein theory of special relativity and with the Minkowski geometry of spacetime 10 It is clear that Whitehead respected these ideas as may be seen for example in his 1919 book An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge 11 as well as in Process and Reality Time in this view is relative to an inertial reference frame different reference frames defining different versions of time The actual entity the occasion of experience is logically atomic in the sense that it cannot be cut and separated into two other occasions of experience This kind of logical atomicity is perfectly compatible with indefinitely many spatiotemporal overlaps of occasions of experience One can explain this atomicity by saying that an occasion of experience has an internal causal structure that could not be reproduced in each of the two complementary sections into which it might be cut Nevertheless an actual entity can completely contain indefinitely many other actual entities 12 Whitehead s theory of extension concerns the spatio temporal features of his occasions of experience Fundamental to both Newtonian and to quantum theoretical mechanics is the concept of velocity The measurement of a velocity requires a finite spatiotemporal extent Because it has no finite spatiotemporal extent a single point of Minkowski space cannot be an occasion of experience but is an abstraction from an infinite set of overlapping or contained occasions of experience as explained in Process and Reality 1 Though the occasions of experience are atomic they are not necessarily separate in extension spatiotemporally from one another Indefinitely many occasions of experience can overlap in Minkowski space An example of a nexus of temporally overlapping occasions of experience is what Whitehead calls an enduring physical object which corresponds closely with an Aristotelian substance An enduring physical object temporally has an earliest and a last member Every member apart from the earliest is a causal consequence of the earliest member of the nexus and every member apart from the last of such a nexus is a causal antecedent of the last There are indefinitely many other causal antecedents and consequences of the enduring physical object which overlap but are not members of the nexus No member of the nexus is spatially separate from any other member Within the nexus are indefinitely many continuous streams of overlapping nexus each stream including the earliest and the last member of the enduring physical object Thus an enduring physical object like an Aristotelian substance undergoes changes and adventures during the course of its existence 13 Another aspect of the atomicity of occasions of experience is that they do not change An actual entity is what it is An occasion of experience can be described as a process of change but is itself unchangeable 14 Whitehead s abstractions edit Whitehead s abstractions are conceptual entities that are abstracted from or derived from and founded upon his actual entities Abstractions are themselves not actual entities but are the only entities that can be real An abstraction is a conceptual entity that involves more than one single actual entity Whitehead s ontology refers to importantly structured collections of actual entities as nexuses of actual entities Collection of actual entities into a nexus emphasises some aspect of those entities and that emphasis is an abstraction because it means that some aspects of the actual entities are emphasised or dragged away from their actuality while other aspects are de emphasised Whitehead admitted indefinitely many eternal objects An example of an eternal object is a number such as the number two Whitehead held that eternal objects are abstractions of a very high degree Many abstractions including eternal objects are potential ingredients of processes Relation between actual entities and abstractions stated in the ontological principle edit For Whitehead besides its temporal generation by the actual entities which are its contributory causes a process may be considered as a concrescence of abstract ingredient eternal objects God enters into every temporal actual entity Whitehead s ontological principle is that whatever reality pertains to an abstraction is derived from the actual entities upon which it is founded or of which it is comprised 15 A source of an aphorism editThe book is also the source of the frequently heard aphoristic reference to Western philosophy all being footnotes to Plato The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato Process and Reality Free Press 1978 p 39 Publication data editThe several originally published editions of Process and Reality were from New York and from Cambridge UK There were many textual errors partly due to Whitehead s imperfect handwriting and lack of interest in proof reading A largely corrected scholarly redaction was eventually prepared and published as Process and Reality An Essay in Cosmology 1929 1979 corrected edition edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W Sherburne Free Press ISBN 0 02 934570 7 See also editMereotopology Michel Weber Whitehead s point free geometryReferences edit a b Whitehead A N 1929 Process and Reality An Essay in Cosmology Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 1928 Macmillan New York Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK Leclerc I 1958 Whitehead s Metaphysics An Introductory Exposition George Allen and Unwin Ltd London and Macmillan New York Whitehead 1929 p 42 Whitehead 1929 p 64 Whitehead 1929 pp 41 116 Whitehead 1929 p 135 Whitehead 1929 pp 269 270 Siegel R E 1973 Galen On Psychology Psychopathology and Function and Diseases of the Nervous System An Analysis of his Doctrines Observations and Experiments Karger Basel ISBN 978 3 8055 1479 8 Whitehead 1929 p 114 Naber G L 1992 The Geometry of Minkowski Spacetime An Introduction to the Mathematics of the Special Theory of Relativity Springer New York ISBN 978 0 387 97848 2 Whitehead A N 1919 An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK Whitehead 1929 p 195 Whitehead 1929 pp 52 87 285 Whitehead 1929 p 52 Whitehead 1929 pp 48 64 68 Secondary literature editBiacino L and Gerla G 1991 Connection structures Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 32 242 247 Clarke Bowman 1981 A calculus of individuals based on connection Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 22 204 18 1985 Individuals and Points Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 26 61 75 Cobb John Boswell Jr Whitehead Word Book Claremont P amp F Press 2008 Leclerc Ivor Whitehead s Metaphysics George Allen and Unwin Ltd 1958 Lowe Victor 1962 Understanding Whitehead Johns Hopkins Univ Press Mesle C Robert 2008 Process Relational Philosophy An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead Templeton Press 1st edition 2008 Nicholas Rescher 2000 Process Philosophy A Survey of Basic issues Univ of Pittsburgh Press Sherburne Donald W 1966 A Key to Whitehead s Process and Reality Macmillan Simons Peter 1987 Parts Oxford Univ Press Stengers Isabelle 2011 Thinking with Whitehead A Free and Wild Creation of Concepts Michael Chase tr Harvard University Press Weber Michel Whitehead s Pancreativism The Basics Foreword by Nicholas Rescher Frankfurt Paris ontos verlag 2006 Weber Michel Whitehead s Pancreativism Jamesian Applications Frankfurt Paris ontos verlag 2011 Weber Michel and Will Desmond eds Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought Frankfurt Lancaster ontos verlag 2008 Van Wyk Alan and Weber Michel eds Creativity and Its Discontents The Response to Whitehead s Process and Reality Frankfurt Lancaster ontos verlag 2009 External links editInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Process Philosophy by J R Hustwit Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Process Philosophy by Nicholas Rescher Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Process and Reality amp oldid 1217730527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.