Gifford Lectures

The Gifford Lectures (/ˈɡɪfərd/) are an annual series of lectures which were established in 1887 by the will of Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford at the four ancient universities of Scotland: St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Their purpose is to "promote and diffuse the study of natural theology in the widest sense of the term – in other words, the knowledge of God." A Gifford lectures appointment is one of the most prestigious honours in Scottish academia.^[1][2][3]

University calendars record that at the four Scottish universities, the Gifford Lectures are to be "public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community (for a tuition fee^[4]) without matriculation. Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral".^[5] The lectures are normally presented as a series over an academic year and given with the intent that the edited content be published in book form. A number of these works have become classics in the fields of theology or philosophy and the relationship between religion and science.

In 1889, those attending the Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews were described as "mixed" and included women as well as male undergraduates.^[6] The first woman appointed was Hannah Arendt who presented in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.^[7]

A comparable lecture series is the John Locke Lectures, which are delivered annually at the University of Oxford.

List of lectures

Aberdeen

Year	Speaker(s)	Lecture(s)^[8]	ISBN
1889–91	E.B. Tylor	The Natural History of Religion
1892–94	Andrew Martin Fairbairn	The Philosophy of the Christian Religion
1896–98	James Ward	Naturalism and Agnosticism
1898–00	Josiah Royce	The World and the Individual
1904–06	James Adam	The Religious Teachers of Greece
1907–08	Hans Driesch	The Science and Philosophy of the Organism
1911–13	Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison	The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy
1914–15	William Ritchie Sorley	Moral Values and the Idea of God
1930–32	Etienne Gilson	The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy
1936–38	Karl Barth	The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
1939–40	Arthur Darby Nock	Hellenistic Religion - The Two Phases
1949–50	Gabriel Marcel	The Mystery of Being and Faith and Reality	ISBN 1-890318-85-X ISBN 1-890318-86-8
1951–52	Michael Polanyi	Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy	ISBN 0-226-67288-3
1953–54	Paul Tillich	Systematic Theology (3 vols.)	ISBN 0-226-80337-6 ISBN 0-226-80338-4 ISBN 0-226-80339-2
1963–65	Alister Hardy	The Living Stream and The Divine Flame
1965–67	Raymond Aron	La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action
1970–72	Arend Theordore van Leeuwen	The Critique of Heaven and Earth
1972–74	Hannah Arendt	Life of the Mind
1982–84	Richard Swinburne	The Evolution of the Soul	ISBN 0-19-823698-0
1984–85	Freeman Dyson	Infinite In All Directions	ISBN 0-06-072889-2
1989–91	Ian Barbour	Religion in an Age of Science	ISBN 0-06-060383-6
1992–93	Jaroslav Pelikan	Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism	ISBN 0-300-06255-9
1994–95	John W. Rogerson	Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894
	M. A. Stewart	New Light and Enlightenment
	Peter Jones	Science and Religion before and after Hume
	James H. Burns	The Order of Nature
	Alexander Broadie	The Shadow of Scotus
1997–98	Russell Stannard	The God Experiment
2000–01	John S. Habgood	The Concept of Nature
2003	Eleonore Stump	Wandering in the Darkness
2003–04	John Haldane	Mind, Soul and Deity
2007	Stephen Pattison	Seeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual Artefacts	ISBN 978-0-334-04149-8
2009	Alister McGrath	A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology	ISBN 978-0-664-23310-5
2012	Sarah Coakley	Sacrifice Regained: Evolution, Cooperation and God
2014	David N. Livingstone	Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution	ISBN 978-1-421-41326-6
2016	Mona Siddiqui	Struggle, Suffering and Hope: Explorations in Islamic and Christian Traditions	ISBN 978-1-316-51854-0
2017	David Novak	Athens and Jerusalem: God, Humans, and Nature	ISBN 978-1-487-50617-9
2018	N. T. Wright	Discerning the Dawn: History, Eschatology and New Creation, published as History and Eschatology: Jesus and the Promise of Natural Theology, 2019	ISBN 978-1-4813-0962-2
2022	John Dupré	A Brief History of Form
	Tim Whitmarsh	Religion and Ancient Mediterranean Thought
	Lisa Sideris	Unnatural Theology in the Anthropocene
	Robert McCauley	Religions and their Cognitive Kin
	John Witte Jr.	A New Calvinist Reformation of Rights
2024	Miri Rubin	The Feminine and the Religious Imagination
2025	Miroslav Volf	TBC
2026	Catherine Pickstock	TBC

Edinburgh

Year	Speaker(s)	Lecture(s)^[9]	ISBN
1889–90	James Hutchison Stirling	Philosophy and Theology
1891	George Gabriel Stokes	Natural Theology
1892–94	Otto Pfleiderer	Philosophy and Development of Religion
1896–98	Cornelis Tiele	On the Elements of the Science of Religion	ISBN 0-404-60480-3
1900–02	William James	The Varieties of Religious Experience	ISBN 0-679-64011-8
1909–10	William Warde Fowler	The Religious Experience of the Roman People	ISBN 0-8154-0372-0
1911–12	Bernard Bosanquet	The Principle of Individuality and Value	ISBN 0-527-10036-6
1913–14	Henri Bergson	The Problem of Personality
1915–16	William Mitchell Ramsay	Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization	ISBN 0-89005-173-9
1919–21	George Stout	Mind and Matter pub. 1931
1921–23	Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison	Studies in the Philosophy of Religion	ISBN 0-404-60474-9
1923–35	James George Frazer	The Worship of Nature	ISBN 1-56459-532-3
1926–27	Arthur Eddington	The Nature of the Physical World	ISBN 0-472-06015-5
1927–28	Alfred North Whitehead	Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology	ISBN 0-02-934570-7
1928–29	John Dewey	The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action	ISBN 1-4179-0845-9
1934–35	Albert Schweitzer	The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics (unpublished)
1937–38	Charles Sherrington	Man on His Nature	ISBN 0-521-06436-8
1938–40	Reinhold Niebuhr	The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation	ISBN 0-664-25709-7
1947–49	Christopher Dawson	Vol. 1 Religion and Culture Vol. 2 Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (1950)	ISBN 0-404-60498-6 ISBN 0-385-42110-9
1949–50	Niels Bohr	Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics	ISBN 1-881987-14-0
1950–52	Charles Earle Raven	Natural Religion and Christian Theology
1952–53	Arnold J. Toynbee	An Historian's Approach to Religion	ISBN 0-19-215260-2
1954–55	Rudolf Bultmann	History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity	ISBN 0-8371-8123-2
1961–62	John Baillie	The Sense of the Presence of God
1970–71	Eric Lionel Mascall	The Openness of Being	ISBN 0-232-51159-4
1973–74	Owen Chadwick	The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century	ISBN 0-521-39829-0
1974–76	Stanley Jaki	The Road of Science and the Ways to God	ISBN 0-226-39145-0
1978–79	Sir John Eccles	The Human Mystery and The Human Psyche	ISBN 0-387-09954-9
1979–80	Ninian Smart	The Varieties of Religious Identity, published as Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation	ISBN 0-06-067402-4
1980–81	Seyyed Hossein Nasr	Knowledge and the Sacred	ISBN 0-7914-0177-4
1981–82	Iris Murdoch	Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals	ISBN 0-14-017232-7
1983–84	David Daiches	God and the Poets	ISBN 0-19-812825-8
1984–85	Jurgen Moltmann	God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God	ISBN 0-8006-2823-3
1985–86	Paul Ricoeur	Oneself as another	ISBN 0-226-71329-6
1986–87	John Hick	An Interpretation of Religion	ISBN 0-300-10668-8
1987–88	Alasdair MacIntyre	Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry	ISBN 0-7156-2337-0
1988–89	Raimon Panikkar	Trinity and Theism	ISBN 978-1-57075-855-3
1989–90	Mary Douglas	Claims on God: published (much revised) as In the Wilderness	ISBN 1-85075-444-6
1991–92	Annemarie Schimmel	Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam	ISBN 978-0791419823
1992–93	Martha C. Nussbaum	Upheavals of Thought: A Theory of the Emotions
1993–94	John Polkinghorne	Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker	ISBN 0-281-04714-6
1995–96	G. A. Cohen	If you're an Egalitarian, how come you're so Rich?	ISBN 0-674-00693-3
1996–97	Richard Sorabji	Emotions and How to Cope with Them, published as Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation	ISBN 0-19-825005-3
1997–98	Holmes Rolston III	Genes, Genesis and God	ISBN 0-521-64674-X
1998–99	Charles Taylor	Living in a Secular Age, published as A Secular Age	ISBN 0-674-02676-4
1999–00	David Tracy	This side of God
2000–01	Onora O'Neill	Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics
2001–02	Mohammed Arkoun	Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason
2002–03	Michael Ignatieff	The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror	ISBN 0-691-11751-9
2003–04	J. Wentzel van Huyssteen	Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology	ISBN 0-8028-3246-6
2004–05	Margaret Anstee Stephen Toulmin Noam Chomsky	Delivered a series of lectures dedicated to Edward Said who was scheduled to give the 2004–05 series before his death in 2003
2005–06	Jean Bethke Elshtain	Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self
2006–07	Simon Conway Morris	Darwin 's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation
	Jonathan Riley-Smith	The Crusades and Christianity
2007–08	Alexander Nehamas	"Because it was he, because it was I": Friendship and Its Place in Life
2008	Robert M. Veatch	Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict
2008–09	Diana Eck	The Age of Pluralism [April–May 2009]
2009–10	Michael Gazzaniga	Mental Life [October 2009]
	Terry Eagleton	The God Debate [March 2010]
2010–11	Peter Harrison	Science, Religion and the Modern World, published as The Territories of Science and Religion	ISBN 978-0226184487
	Gordon Brown	The Future of Jobs and Justice
2011–12	Lord Sutherland of Houndwood	David Hume and Civil Society
	Diarmaid MacCulloch	Silence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog
	Jim Al-Khalili	Alan Turing: Legacy of a Code Breaker – one-off joint lecture between the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the School of Informatics
2012–13	Bruno Latour	"Once Out of Nature" - Natural Religion as a Pleonasm
	Steven Pinker	The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity^[10]
2013–14	Onora O'Neill	From Toleration to Freedom of Expression
	Rowan Williams	Making representations: religious faith and the habits of language
	Catherine O'Regan	"What is Caesar's?" Adjudicating faith in modern constitutional democracies
2014–15	Jeremy Waldron	One Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality
	Helga Nowotny	Beyond Innovation. Temporalities. Re-use. Emergence.
2015–16	Kathryn Tanner	Christianity and the New Spirit of Capitalism
2016–17	Richard English	Nationalism, Terrorism and Religion
	Jeffrey Stout	Religion Unbound: Ideals and Powers from Cicero to King
2017–18	Agustín Fuentes	Why We Believe: evolution, making meaning, and the development of human natures
	Elaine Howard Ecklund	Science and Religion in Global Public Life
2018–19	Mary Beard	The Ancient World and Us: From Fear and Loathing to Enlightenment and Ethics
2019–20	Michael Welker	In God's Image: Anthropology
2020–21	David Hempton	Networks, Nodes, and Nuclei in the History of Christianity, c. 1500-2020
2021–22	Susan Neiman	Heroism for a Time of Victims
2022–23	John Dupré	A Process Perspective on Human Life
2023–24	Cornel West	A Jazz-soaked Philosophy for our Catastrophic Times: From Socrates to Coltrane
2024–25	Alexandra Walsham	TBC
2025–26	Paula Fredriksen	TBC

Glasgow

Year	Speaker(s)	Lecture(s)^[11]	ISBN
1888–92	Friedrich Max Müller	1888: Natural Religion Vol. 1 & 2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion
1892–96	John Caird	The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol. 1 & 2
1896–98	Alexander Balmain Bruce	The Moral Order of the World and The Providential Order of the World
1900–02	Edward Caird	The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers
1914	Arthur Balfour	Theism and Humanism	ISBN 1-58742-005-8
1916–18	Samuel Alexander	Space, Time, and Deity	ISBN 0-7661-8701-2 ISBN 0-7661-8702-0
1922	Arthur Balfour	Theism and Thought
1927–28	J. S. Haldane	The Sciences and Philosophy	ISBN 0-404-60479-X
1932–34	William Temple	Nature, Man and God
1952–54	John Macmurray	The Form of the Personal Vol.1 & 2: The Self as Agent and Persons in Relation	ISBN 1-57392-337-0 ISBN 1-57392-625-6
1959	Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker	The Relevance of Science
1965	Herbert Butterfield	Historical Writing and Christian Beliefs and Human Beliefs and the Development of Historical Writing^[12]
1970	Richard William Southern	The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought
1974-76	Basil Mitchell	Morality, Religious and Secular
1981	Stephen R. L. Clark	From Athens to Jerusalem
1985	Carl Sagan	The Search for Who We Are	ISBN 1-59420-107-2
1986	Donald M. MacKay	Behind the Eye^[13]
1988	Don Cupitt	Nature and Culture
	Richard Dawkins	Worlds in Microcosm
1992	Mary Warnock	Imagination and Understanding, published as Imagination and Time	ISBN 0-631-19019-8
1993–94	Keith Ward	Religion and Revelation	ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3
1995–96	Geoffrey Cantor John Hedley Brooke	Reconstructing Nature
1997–98	R. J. Berry	Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything
1999–00	Ralph McInerny	Characters in Search of Their Author
2001	Lynne Baker Brian Hebblethwaite Philip Johnson-Laird George Lakoff Michael Ruse	The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding
2003–04	Simon Blackburn	Reason's Empire
2005	Lenn Goodman Abdulaziz Sachedina John E. Hare	Thou Shall Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself
2007–08	David Fergusson	Religion and Its Recent Critics published as Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation	ISBN 978-0-19-956938-0
2008–09	Charles Taylor	The Necessity of Secularist Regimes
2009–10	Gianni Vattimo	The End of Reality
2012	Vilayanur Ramachandran	Body and Mind: Insights from Neuroscience
2014	Jean-Luc Marion	Givenness and Revelation
2015	Perry Schmidt-Leukel	Interreligious Theology: The Future Shape of Theology
2016	Sean M. Carroll	The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself
2018	Judith Butler	My Life, Your Life: Equality and the Philosophy of Non-Violence
2019	Kevin Hart	Philosophia and Religions
	Mark Pagel	Wired for Culture: The Origins of the Human Social Mind, or Why Humans Occupied the World
2020	T.J. Clark	Heaven on Earth: Painting and the Life to Come
2022	Manthia Diawara Terri Geis	Towards a New Sacred
	Jack Halberstam	Collapse, Demolition, and the Queer Geographies and Unworlding: An Aesthetics of Collapse
2023	Mark Williams	The Japanese Religious Melting Pot and the Significance of Christianity
	Jean-Luc Marion Kevin Hart	Revelation and Contemplation

St Andrews

Year	Speaker(s)	Lecture(s)^[14]	ISBN
1889–90	Andrew Lang	The Making of Religion^[15]
1890–92	Edward Caird	The Evolution of Religion
1894–96	Lewis Campbell
1899–01	Rodolfo Lanciani	New Tales of Old Rome
1902–04	Richard Haldane	The Pathway to Reality	ISBN 0-404-60459-5
1907–09	James Ward	The Realm of Ends or Pluralism and Theism
1911–13	James George Frazer	The Belief in Immortality
1914–16	J. A. Thomson	The System of Animate Nature
1917–19	William Ralph Inge	The Philosophy of Plotinus	ISBN 1-59244-284-6
1919–20	Lewis Richard Farnell	Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality
1921–22	C. Lloyd Morgan	Emergent Evolution (1923) and Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925)	ISBN 0-404-60468-4
1924–25	Lewis Richard Farnell	The Attributes of God
1926–28	Alfred Edward Taylor	The faith of a moralist, The Theological Implications of Morality; Natural Theology and the Positive Religions (1930)
1929–30	Charles Gore	The Philosophy of the Good Life (1930)
1930–32	Robert Ranulph Marett	Faith, Hope & Charity in Primitive Religion
1935–36	Hensley Henson	Christian Morality
1936–37	Werner Jaeger	The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers (1936)
1937–38	William G. de Burgh	From Morality to Religion
1938	Joseph Bidez	Plato and the Orient
1939–40	Richard Kroner	The Primacy of Faith
1946–48	Emil Brunner	Christianity and Civilisation
1949–50	Herbert James Paton	The Modern Predicament
1951–53	Brand Blanshard	Reason, Belief and Goodness
1953–55	C. A. Campbell	On Selfhood and Godhood
1955–56	Werner Heisenberg	Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science	ISBN 1-57392-694-9
1959–60	Georg Henrik von Wright	Norm and Action (1963)^[16] and The Varieties of Goodness (1963)^[17]
1962–64	Henry Chadwick	Authority in the Early Church
1964–66	John Findlay	The Discipline of the Cave (1966), and The Transcendence of the Cave (1967)	ISBN 978-0-04-111002-9
1967–69	Robert Charles Zaehner	Concordant Discord. The Interdependence of Faiths.
1969–71	William Homan Thorpe	Animal Nature and Human Nature
1972–73	Alfred Ayer	The Central Questions of Philosophy	ISBN 0-03-013116-2
1975–77	Reijer Hooykaas	Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science
1977–78	David Stafford-Clark	Myth, Magic and Denial
1979–80	Frederick Copleston	Religion and the One: Philosophies East and West
1980–81	Gregory Vlastos	Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
1982–83	Donald Geoffrey Charlton	New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800
1983–84	John Macquarrie	In Search of Deity
1984–85	Adolf Grünbaum	Psychoanalytic Theory and Science
1986–87	Antony Flew	The Logic of Mortality
1988–89	Walter Burkert	Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense
1990–91	Hilary Putnam	Renewing Philosophy
1992–93	Arthur Peacocke	Nature, God and Humanity
	Roger Penrose	The Question of Physical Reality
1995	Nicholas Wolterstorff	Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
1996–97	Michael Dummett	Thought and Reality
1998–99	Robert Merrihew Adams	God and Being
	Marilyn McCord Adams	The Coherence of Christology
2000–01	Stanley Hauerwas	With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology	ISBN 1-58743-016-9
2002	Peter van Inwagen	The Problem of Evil	ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7
2004–05	Alvin Plantinga	Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord
2007	Martin Rees	21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges
2010	Roger Scruton	The Face of God
2012	Denis Alexander	Genes, Determinism and God
2015	Linda Zagzebski	Exemplarist Virtue Theory published as Exemplarist Moral Theory	ISBN 978-0-19-065584-6
2017	Michael Rea	Though the Darkness Hide Thee: Seeking the Face of the Invisible God
2019	Mark Johnston	Ontotheology as Antidote for Idolatry
2021	Oliver O'Donovan	The Disappearance of Ethics^[18]
2024	Clare Carlisle	Transcendence for Beginners: Life Writing and Philosophy

Support from Templeton Religion Trust

Established at the behest of John Templeton, the Gifford Lectures website was designed to increase the strategic impact of the Gifford program. Developed and managed by Templeton Press through May 2021, the website is now managed through a grant from Templeton Religion Trust.

References

1. Long, Eugene Thomas (1988). "Lord Gifford and his Lectures: The First Year (1888-1889)". Studies in Scottish Literature. 23 (1).
2. Spurway, Neil (2013). "Gifford Lectures". Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_471.
3. "HDS Dean Hempton to Deliver Prestigious Gifford Lectures". Harvard Divinity School. 29 September 2021.
4. "100 Years of Lectures on Natural Theology - Lord Adam Gifford's Will TRUST DISPOSITION and SETTLEMENT of the late Adam Gifford, sometime one of the Senators of the College of Justice, Scotland, dated 21st August 1885". The Gifford Lectures. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2022. I [Lord Adam Gifford] suggest that the fee should be as small as is consistent with the due management of the lectureships, and the due appreciation of the lectures. Besides a general and popular audience, I advise that the lecturers also have a special class of students conducted in the usual way, and instructed by examination and thesis, written and oral.
5. The St. Andrews University Calendar for the Year 1922. University of St Andrews. 1922. p. 46. ...the lectures are to be public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community without matriculation...Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral.
6. Hutchinson -Boyd, A. (1892). 25 Years At St Andrews. p. 324-26. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Our First Gifford Lecturer [at the University of St Andrews - Andrew Lang] - ...a large mixed audience, men and women, undergraduates and grown-ups and aged folk...
7. Addison, Sam (n.d.). "Home :: Lecturers & Authors :: Hannah Arendt". The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 25 February 2021. Arendt, the first female Gifford Lecturer, delivered her lectures in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.
8. "The Gifford Lectures". abdn.ac.uk. University of Aberdeen.
9. "Gifford Lectures". ed.ac.uk. University of Edinburgh.
10. "2012-13 Gifford Lecture". Professor Steven Pinker: "The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity". University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science website. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
11. "The Glasgow Gifford Lectures". gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow.
12. "Herbert Butterfield". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
13. Gifford Lectures website entry; retrieved: 2013-08-04 2013-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
14. "The St Andrews Gifford Lectures". st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews.
15. Kahan, D. (18 August 2014). "The Gifford Lectures". The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 31 January 2022. Andrew Lang - The Making of Religion - 1889 to 1890 University of St. Andrews
16. "Norm and Action". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
17. . 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
18. "Gifford lectures 2021". The St Andrews Gifford Lectures. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-28.

Bibliography

• Stanley Jaki, Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect (1987). Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7073-0465-2.
• Larry Witham, The Measure of God: Our Century-Long Struggle to Reconcile Science & Religion (2005), HarperSanFrancisco hardcover: ISBN 0-06-059191-9; reprinted as The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion (2006), paperback: ISBN 0-06-085833-8.

External links

• Gifford Lectures Online featured Lectures from the official website
• Gifford Lectures on YouTube presents playlists of Gifford Lectures in the modern day