Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

"Prince Adolphus" redirects here. For Prince Adolphus of Teck, see Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge.

Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, KG, GCB, GCMG, GCH, PC (Adolphus Frederick; 24 February 1774 – 8 July 1850) was the tenth child and seventh son of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death. He served as Viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover successively on behalf of his elder brothers King George IV and King William IV.

Prince Adolphus
Duke of Cambridge (more)
Portrait by William Beechey, 1808
Viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover
In office 24 October 1816 – 20 June 1837
Monarchs	George III George IV William IV
Preceded by	General von Bülow
Succeeded by	position abolished
Born	(1774-02-24)24 February 1774 Buckingham House, London, Great Britain
Died	8 July 1850(1850-07-08) (aged 76) Cambridge House, Piccadilly, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Burial	17 July 1850 St Anne's Church, Kew, Surrey 10 January 1930 Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse	Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel ​ ​ (m. 1818)​
Issue	Prince George, Duke of Cambridge Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
Names Adolphus Frederick
House	Hanover
Father	George III
Mother	Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Military career
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom Kingdom of Hanover
Service/branch	Hanoverian Army British Army
Years of active service	1791–1813
Rank	Field Marshal (active service)
Commands held	Hanoverian Guards
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars Battle of Hondschoote Coalition Wars War of the Second Coalition War of the Sixth Coalition

Prince Adolphus married Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel in 1818, by whom he had three children: Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, Princess Augusta of Cambridge and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, who was the mother of Princess Mary of Teck (Queen Mary), the wife of King George V.

Early life

 

Portrait of Prince Adolphus, by Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1782

Prince Adolphus was born in February 1774 at Buckingham House, then known as the "Queen's House",^[1] in the City and Liberty of Westminster, now within Greater London. He was the youngest son of King George III and Queen Charlotte to survive childhood.

Adolphus was baptized on 24 March 1774 in the Great Council Chamber at St James's Palace by Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were Prince John Adolphus of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (his great-uncle, for whom the Earl of Hertford, Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy), Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel (his first cousin once removed, for whom the Earl of Jersey, Extra Lord of the Bedchamber, stood proxy) and Princess Wilhelmina of Orange (the wife of his first cousin once removed, for whom Elizabeth Howard, Dowager Countess of Effingham, former Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte, stood proxy).^{[citation needed]}

Adolphus was tutored at home until summer 1786, when he was sent to the University of Göttingen in Germany, along with his brothers Prince Ernest (created Duke of Cumberland in 1799) and Prince Augustus (created Duke of Sussex in 1801).^[1]

 

Prince Adolphus aged four, with his two younger sisters Mary and Sophia in 1778

Military career

Adolphus was made honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the Hanoverian Guard Foot Regiment 1789–1803, but his military training began in 1791, when he and Prince Ernest went to Hanover to study under the supervision of the Hanoverian commander Field Marshal Wilhelm von Freytag. He remained on Freytag's staff during the Flanders Campaign in 1793. His first taste of action was at Famars on 23 May. He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Hondschoote 6 September, but was quickly rescued. As a Hanoverian General-Major, he commanded a Hessian brigade under his paternal great-uncle, General Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn in Autumn 1794, then commanded the Hanoverian Guards during the retreat through Holland. Remaining in Germany, he commanded a brigade of the Corps of Observation from 22 October 1796 until 12 January 1798. He was made a British Army colonel in 1794, and lieutenant general on 24 August 1798. In 1800 – whilst stationed in the Electorate of Hanover – he attended the founding of a village (part of the settlement of the moorlands north of Bremen), which was named after him: Adolphsdorf (since 1974 a component locality of Grasberg).^[2]

During the War of the Second Coalition against France (1799–1802), Adolphus traveled to Berlin in 1801, in order to prevent the impending Prussian occupation of the Electorate.^[1] France demanded it, as it was stipulated in the Peace of Basel (1795), obliging Prussia to ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line at the river Main, including Hanover. Regular Hanoverian troops, therefore, had been commandeered to join the multilateral so-called "Demarcation Army". His efforts were in vain.^[1] In 1803, he was senior army commander, and replaced Wallmoden as commander on the Weser on 1 June. With the advance of French forces on one side and 24,000 Prussian soldiers on the other, the situation was hopeless. Cambridge refused to become involved in discussions of capitulation, handed over his command to Hammerstein (Ompteda claims he was forced to resign^[3]), and withdrew to England. A plan to recruit additional soldiers in Hanover to be commanded by the Prince had also failed.

In 1803, Adolphus was appointed as commander-in-chief of the newly founded King's German Legion, and in 1813, he became field marshal.^[1] George III appointed Prince Adolphus a Knight of the Garter on 2 June 1776, and created him Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 24 November 1801.^[1]

The Duke served as colonel-in-chief of the Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards (Coldstream Guards after 1855) from September 1805, and as colonel-in-chief of the 60th (The Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot from January 1824. After the collapse of Napoleon's empire, he was Military Governor of Hanover from 4 November 1813 – 24 October 1816, then Governor General of Hanover from 24 October 1816 – 20 June 1837 (viceroy from 22 February 1831). He was made Field Marshal 26 November 1813. While he was Viceroy, the Duke became patron of the Cambridge-Dragoner, 'Cambridge Dragoons'. Regiment of the Hanoverian Army. This regiment was stationed in Celle, and their barracks, Cambridge-Dragoner Kaserne, were used by the Bundeswehr until 1995. The "March of the Hannoversches Cambridge-Dragoner-Regiment " is part of the Bundeswehr's traditional music repertoire.

Marriage

After the death of Princess Charlotte in 1817, the Duke was set the task of finding a bride for his eldest unmarried brother, the Duke of Clarence (later William IV), in the hope of securing heirs to the throne—Charlotte had been the only legitimate grandchild of George III, despite the fact that the King had twelve surviving children. After several false starts, the Duke of Clarence settled on Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The way was cleared for the Duke of Cambridge to find a bride for himself.

The Duke of Cambridge was married first at Kassel, Hesse on 7 May and then at Buckingham Palace on 1 June 1818 to his second cousin Augusta (25 July 1797 – 6 April 1889), the third daughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse.

Viceroy

From 1816 to 1837, the Duke of Cambridge served as viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover on behalf of his elder brothers, George IV and later William IV.^[1] When his niece succeeded to the British throne on 20 June 1837 as Queen Victoria, the 122-year union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended, due to Hanover being under Salic Law; the succession of Ernest Augustus as King of Hanover saw the Duke of Cambridge's period as viceroy end, and he returned to Britain.^[1]

Death

The Duke of Cambridge died on 8 July 1850 at Cambridge House, Piccadilly, London, and was buried in a specially-constructed extension to St Anne's Church, Kew.^[1][4] The Duchess was buried alongside him in 1889. Their remains were removed to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1930.^[5] The Prince's only son, Prince George, succeeded to his peerages.

Honours

• KG: Knight of the Garter, 2 June 1786^[6]
• GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 2 January 1815^[7]
• GCMG: Grand Master of St Michael and St George, 20 June 1825; Principal Knight Grand Cross, 16 August 1832^[8]
• PC: Privy Counsellor, 1802
• GCH: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 12 August 1815^[9]

Foreign

• Knight of the Black Eagle, 21 September 1823 (Prussia)^[10]
• Knight of St. Andrew, 1844 (Russia)
• Knight Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 6 May 1818 (Hesse-Kassel)^[11]

Arms

The Duke's arms were the Royal Arms of the House of Hanover, with a three-point label of difference. The first and third points containing two hearts, and the centre point bearing a red cross. His arms were adopted by his younger daughter, Princess Mary Adelaide, and her heirs included them in their arms quartered with the arms of the Duke of Teck.

 

Coat of arms of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, used from 1801 until his death.

Issue

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge had three children:

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge	26 March 1819	17 March 1904	married 1847, Sarah Louisa Fairbrother; had issue (this marriage was contracted in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act and was not recognised in law).
Princess Augusta of Cambridge	19 July 1822	4 December 1916	married 1843, Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had issue
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge	27 November 1833	27 October 1897	married 1866, Francis, Duke of Teck; had issue, including Mary of Teck, later Queen consort of the United Kingdom.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge^[12]

8. George II of Great Britain 4. Frederick, Prince of Wales 9. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2. George III 10. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 5. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 11. Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 1. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 12. Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 6. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg 13. Princess Christiana Emilia Antonia of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 3. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 14. Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen 7. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen 15. Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach

Family tree

v t e Family tree of Dukes and Marquesses of Cambridge

King James VI and I (1566–1625) Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662) Queen of Bohemia King Charles I (1600–1649) Duke of Gloucester (4th creation) and Earl of Cambridge (5th creation), 1659 Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714) King Charles II (1630–1685) King James VII and II (1633–1701) Henry Stuart (1640–1660) Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Cambridge Dukedom of Gloucester (4th creation) and Earl of Cambridge (5th creation) extinct, 1660 Duke of Cambridge (1st creation), Earl of Cambridge (6th creation), and Baron of Dauntsey (1st creation), 1664 Duke of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earl of Cambridge (7th creation), and Baron of Dauntsey (2nd creation), 1667 King George I (1660–1727) Charles Stuart (1660–1661) styled Duke of Cambridge James Stuart (1663–1667) Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge, Baron of Dauntsey Edgar Stuart (1667–1671) Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge, Baron of Dauntsey Charles Stuart (1677) styled Duke of Cambridge Dukedom of Cambridge (1st creation), Earldom of Cambridge (6th creation), and Barony of Dauntsey (1st creation) extinct, 1667 Dukedom of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earldom of Cambridge (7th creation), and Barony of Dauntsey (2nd creation) extinct,, 1671 Duke of Cambridge (3rd creation) and Marquess of Cambridge (1st creation), 1706 Prince George (1683–1760) Duke and Marquess of Cambridge later King George II Dukedom of Cambridge (3rd creation) and Marquessate of Cambridge (1st creation) merged with the Crown, 1727 Prince Frederick (1707–1751) Prince of Wales George III (1738-1820) Duke of Cambridge (4th creation), Earl of Tipperary and Baron Culloden (1st creation), 1801 Prince Edward (1767–1820) Duke of Kent and Strathearn Prince Adolphus (1774–1850) 1st Duke of Cambridge, 1st Earl of Tipperary, 1st Baron Culloden Queen Victoria (1819–1901) Prince George (1819–1904) 2nd Duke of Cambridge, 2nd Earl of Tipperary, 2nd Baron Culloden Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (1833–1897) Dukedom of Cambridge (4th creation), Earldom of Tipperary, and Barony Culloden (1st creation extinct, 1904 King Edward VII (1841–1910) Marquess of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earl of Eltham (1st creation), and Viscount Northallerton, 1917 King George V (1865–1936) Mary of Teck (1867–1953) Adolphus Cambridge (1868–1927) Duke of Teck, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, 1st Earl of Eltham, 1st Viscount Northallerton King Edward VIII (1894–1972) King George VI (1895–1952) George Francis Hugh Cambridge (1895–1981) 2nd Marquess of Cambridge, 2nd Earl of Eltham, 2nd Viscount Northallerton Marquessate of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earldom of Eltham (2nd creation), Viscountcy Northallerton extinct, 1981 Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022) King Charles III (b. 1948) Duke of Cambridge (5th creation), Earl of Strathearn (Mountbatten-Windsor line), and Baron Carrickfergus, 2011 Prince William (b. 1982) Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, Earl of Chester, Baron Carrickfergus Prince George of Wales (b. 2013) Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Cambridge

See also

• British Royal Family
• House of Hanover
• Duke of Cambridge
• Cambridge Bay, Nunavut
• Adolphustown, Ontario, Canada.

Further reading

• Eilers Koenig, Marlene (October 2020). "The Marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge". Royalty Digest Quarterly.

References

1. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. Johannes Kessels, "Fast wie eine Königsfamilie: Neue Majestäten heißen alle Helmke oder Kück", in: Wümme-Zeitung; 2. Juni 2009.
3. Ompteda, p. 131
4. Cambridge Mausoleum
5. "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St George - Windsor Castle. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
6. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 48
7. Shaw, p. 182
8. Shaw, p. 331
9. Shaw, p. 447
10. Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 18
11. Kurhessisches Staats- und Addreß-Handbuch: auf das Jahr ... 1827. Verlag des Waisenhauses. 1827. p. 17.
12. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.

• "Archival material relating to Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge". UK National Archives.  
• Portraits of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge at the National Portrait Gallery, London  

Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born: 24 February 1774 Died: 8 July 1850
Court offices
Preceded by General von Bülow as governor, with the Privy Council	Viceroy of Hanover 1811–1837	Office abolished Ernest Augustus becomes resident monarch
Military offices
Preceded by The Duke of York and Albany	Colonel of the Coldstream Guards 1805–1850	Succeeded by The Earl of Strafford
Academic offices
Preceded by The 1st Viscount Melville	Chancellor of the University of St Andrews 1811–1814	Succeeded by The 2nd Viscount Melville
Other offices
Preceded by The Duke of York and Albany	President of the Foundling Hospital^[1] 1827–1850	Succeeded by The Duke of Cambridge
Honorary titles
Preceded by Sir Thomas Maitland	Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George 1825–1850	Succeeded by The Duke of Cambridge
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Duke of Cambridge 4th creation 1801–1850	Succeeded by Prince George

1. "The Foundling Hospital Pages 10-24 Survey of London: Volume 24, the Parish of St Pancras Part 4: King's Cross Neighbourhood". British History Online. LCC 1952. Retrieved 10 June 2023.