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Populus deltoides

February 15, 2024

Populus deltoides, the eastern cottonwood[2] or necklace poplar,[3] is a species of cottonwood poplar native to North America, growing throughout the eastern, central, and southwestern United States as well as the southern Canadian prairies, the southernmost part of eastern Canada, and northeastern Mexico.[4]

Eastern cottonwood
Foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Populus
Section: Populus sect. Aigeiros
Species:
P. deltoides
Binomial name
Populus deltoides
Native range, subsp. wislizeni not shown

Description edit

Populus deltoides is a large tree growing to 20–30 m (65–100 ft) tall and with a trunk up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter, one of the largest North American hardwood trees. The bark is silvery-white, smooth or lightly fissured when young, becoming dark gray and deeply fissured on old trees.

 
Bark of a mature tree

The twigs are grayish-yellow and stout, with large triangular leaf scars. The winter buds are slender, pointed, 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) long, yellowish brown, and resinous. It is one of the fastest growing trees in North America. In Mississippi River bottoms, height growth of 3–5 m (10–15 ft) per year for a few years has been seen. Sustained height growth of 1.5-meter (5 ft) height growth and 2.5-centimeter (1 in) diameter growth per year for 25 years is common.

The leaves are large, deltoid (triangular), 4–10 cm (1+1⁄2–4 in) long and 4–11 cm (1+1⁄2–4+1⁄4 in) broad with a truncated (flattened) base and a petiole 3–12 cm (1+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long. The leaf is very coarsely toothed, the teeth are curved and gland tipped, and the petiole is flat; they are dark green in the summer and turn yellow in the fall (but many cottonwoods in dry locations drop their leaves early from the combination of drought and leaf rust, making their fall color dull or absent). Due to the flat stem of the leaf, the leaf has the tendency to shake from even the slightest breeze. This is one of the identifying characteristics.[5]

It is dioecious, with the flowers (catkins) produced on single-sex trees in early spring. The male (pollen) catkins are reddish-purple and 8–10 cm (3+1⁄4–4 in) long; the female catkins are green, 7–13 cm (2+3⁄4–5 in) long at pollination, maturing 15–20 cm (6–7+3⁄4 in) long with several 6-to-15-millimeter (1⁄4-to-9⁄16-inch) seed capsules (samaras) in early summer, which split open to release the numerous small seeds attached to cotton-like strands. A single tree may release 40 million seeds a season.[6][7][8]

Variation edit

The species is divided into three subspecies[4][9] or up to five varieties.[10] The subspecies classification is as follows:

  • Populus deltoides subsp. deltoides, eastern cottonwood is found in southeastern Canada (the south of Ontario and Quebec) and the eastern United States (throughout, west to North Dakota to Texas).
  • P. d. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw., the plains cottonwood (syn. P. deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb.; P. sargentii Dode) ranges from southcentral Canada (southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) to the central United States and south to northern New Mexico and Texas. It is the state tree of Wyoming.
  • P. d. wislizeni (S.Watson) Eckenw., the Rio Grande cottonwood (syn. P. wislizeni (S.Watson) Sarg.; P. fremontii var. wislizeni S.Watson) grows from southern Colorado south through Texas to northeastern Mexico (Chihuahua, San Luis Potosi), and west to Arizona (presence in California, listed by GRIN,[4] is doubtful, not included in the Jepson Flora of California[11]). (Note: Some sources mistakenly spell the epithet "wislizenii". Correct spelling is with one "i", per ICN article 60C.2.[12])

Ecology edit

It needs bare soil and full sun for successful germination and establishment; in natural conditions, it usually grows near rivers, with mud banks left after floods providing ideal conditions for seedling germination; human soil cultivation has allowed it to increase its range away from such habitats.[8]

Unlike related species such as quaking aspen, it does not propagate through clonal colonies, but will resprout readily when cut down.

The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera.

Uses edit

The wood of eastern cottonwood is typical of the Populus family in its softness, weighing just 0.45 g/cm3 (28 pounds per cubic foot). It is utilized for things like plywood and interior parts of furniture.

General Custer fed his horses and mules the bark during the 1868–69 winter campaign against Native American tribes south of Arkansas. According to Charles Goodnight, cowboys afflicted with gastric disorders would make an astringent tea from the inner bark.[13]

Oldest and largest edit

 
Seeds and seed hairs from an eastern cottonwood

Eastern cottonwoods typically live 70–100 years, but they have the potential to live 200–400 years in ideal conditions.

The Balmville Tree (felled in 2015 at approximately 316 years old) was the oldest eastern cottonwood in the United States.[14]

  • The US national champion Populus deltoides var. deltoides is located in Beatrice, Nebraska and measures 27 m (88 ft) tall, 33 m (108 ft) wide.[15]
  • The US national champion Populus deltoides var. monilifera is located in Ravalli County, Montana and measures 34 m (112 ft) tall, 29 m (94 ft) wide.[16]
  • The US national champion Populus deltoides var. wislizeni is located in Bernalillo County, New Mexico and measures 26 m (84 ft) tall, 25 m (83 ft) wide.[17]

The largest recorded cottonwood tree in the world is the Frimley Park tree located in Hastings, New Zealand and measures 42 m (138 ft) tall, 34 m (111 ft) wide and 10.2 m (33.4 ft) in girth.[18] This cottonwood was planted in the 1870s.

Symbolism edit

Calling the cottonwood tree "the pioneer of the prairie", the Kansas state legislature designated the cottonwood the official state tree of Kansas in 1937.[19] It became the state tree of Wyoming in 1947,[20] and that of Nebraska since 1972.[21]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Populus deltoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61959821A61959828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61959821A61959828.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Populus deltoides". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  3. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ a b c "Populus deltoides". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  5. ^ Barnes and Wagner, Michigan Trees, University of Michigan Press, 2004
  6. ^ USGS Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains: A successful, simple, reproducible, high frequency micropropagation protocol has been described by Yadav Rakesh et al., 2009 [1] Populus deltoides 2007-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ v-Plants (Chicago Herbarium): Populus deltoides 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Van Haverbeke, David F. (1990). "Populus deltoides". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
  9. ^ Eckenwalder, J.E. (1977). "North American cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) of sections Abaso and Aigeiros". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 58 (3): 193–208. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.29239.
  10. ^ The Plant List: A working list of all plant species, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden
  11. ^ Jepson Flora: Populus; clicking 'next taxon' through the genus shows no entry for this taxon)
  12. ^ J. McMeill et al. (eds). 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6
  13. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 335–36.
  14. ^ Sparks, Leonard (August 6, 2015). "Sad farewell to Balmville Tree". Times-Herald Record. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  15. ^ American Forests (2013). . Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  16. ^ American Forests (2012). . Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  17. ^ American Forests (2012). . Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  18. ^ "Tree Information". The Zealand Tree Register. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  19. ^ "Tidbits". Ludington Daily News. Aug 4, 2001. p. 33. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  20. ^ Wyoming facts and symbols, State of Wyoming, retrieved 6 December 2019
  21. ^ "Nebraska Secretary of State". 3 October 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Populus deltoides at Wikimedia Commons
  • Video footage of Eastern Cottonwood

February 15, 2024
populus, deltoides, eastern, cottonwood, necklace, poplar, species, cottonwood, poplar, native, north, america, growing, throughout, eastern, central, southwestern, united, states, well, southern, canadian, prairies, southernmost, part, eastern, canada, northe. Populus deltoides the eastern cottonwood 2 or necklace poplar 3 is a species of cottonwood poplar native to North America growing throughout the eastern central and southwestern United States as well as the southern Canadian prairies the southernmost part of eastern Canada and northeastern Mexico 4 Eastern cottonwoodFoliageConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalpighialesFamily SalicaceaeGenus PopulusSection Populus sect AigeirosSpecies P deltoidesBinomial namePopulus deltoidesW Bartram ex MarshallNative range subsp wislizeni not shown Contents 1 Description 2 Variation 3 Ecology 4 Uses 5 Oldest and largest 6 Symbolism 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDescription editPopulus deltoides is a large tree growing to 20 30 m 65 100 ft tall and with a trunk up to 2 8 m 9 ft 2 in diameter one of the largest North American hardwood trees The bark is silvery white smooth or lightly fissured when young becoming dark gray and deeply fissured on old trees nbsp Bark of a mature treeThe twigs are grayish yellow and stout with large triangular leaf scars The winter buds are slender pointed 1 2 cm 1 2 3 4 in long yellowish brown and resinous It is one of the fastest growing trees in North America In Mississippi River bottoms height growth of 3 5 m 10 15 ft per year for a few years has been seen Sustained height growth of 1 5 meter 5 ft height growth and 2 5 centimeter 1 in diameter growth per year for 25 years is common The leaves are large deltoid triangular 4 10 cm 1 1 2 4 in long and 4 11 cm 1 1 2 4 1 4 in broad with a truncated flattened base and a petiole 3 12 cm 1 1 4 4 3 4 in long The leaf is very coarsely toothed the teeth are curved and gland tipped and the petiole is flat they are dark green in the summer and turn yellow in the fall but many cottonwoods in dry locations drop their leaves early from the combination of drought and leaf rust making their fall color dull or absent Due to the flat stem of the leaf the leaf has the tendency to shake from even the slightest breeze This is one of the identifying characteristics 5 It is dioecious with the flowers catkins produced on single sex trees in early spring The male pollen catkins are reddish purple and 8 10 cm 3 1 4 4 in long the female catkins are green 7 13 cm 2 3 4 5 in long at pollination maturing 15 20 cm 6 7 3 4 in long with several 6 to 15 millimeter 1 4 to 9 16 inch seed capsules samaras in early summer which split open to release the numerous small seeds attached to cotton like strands A single tree may release 40 million seeds a season 6 7 8 Variation editThe species is divided into three subspecies 4 9 or up to five varieties 10 The subspecies classification is as follows Populus deltoides subsp deltoides eastern cottonwood is found in southeastern Canada the south of Ontario and Quebec and the eastern United States throughout west to North Dakota to Texas P d monilifera Aiton Eckenw the plains cottonwood syn P deltoides var occidentalis Rydb P sargentii Dode ranges from southcentral Canada southern Alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the central United States and south to northern New Mexico and Texas It is the state tree of Wyoming P d wislizeni S Watson Eckenw the Rio Grande cottonwood syn P wislizeni S Watson Sarg P fremontii var wislizeni S Watson grows from southern Colorado south through Texas to northeastern Mexico Chihuahua San Luis Potosi and west to Arizona presence in California listed by GRIN 4 is doubtful not included in the Jepson Flora of California 11 Note Some sources mistakenly spell the epithet wislizenii Correct spelling is with one i per ICN article 60C 2 12 Ecology editIt needs bare soil and full sun for successful germination and establishment in natural conditions it usually grows near rivers with mud banks left after floods providing ideal conditions for seedling germination human soil cultivation has allowed it to increase its range away from such habitats 8 Unlike related species such as quaking aspen it does not propagate through clonal colonies but will resprout readily when cut down The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera Uses editThe wood of eastern cottonwood is typical of the Populus family in its softness weighing just 0 45 g cm3 28 pounds per cubic foot It is utilized for things like plywood and interior parts of furniture General Custer fed his horses and mules the bark during the 1868 69 winter campaign against Native American tribes south of Arkansas According to Charles Goodnight cowboys afflicted with gastric disorders would make an astringent tea from the inner bark 13 Oldest and largest edit nbsp Seeds and seed hairs from an eastern cottonwoodEastern cottonwoods typically live 70 100 years but they have the potential to live 200 400 years in ideal conditions The Balmville Tree felled in 2015 at approximately 316 years old was the oldest eastern cottonwood in the United States 14 The US national champion Populus deltoides var deltoides is located in Beatrice Nebraska and measures 27 m 88 ft tall 33 m 108 ft wide 15 The US national champion Populus deltoides var monilifera is located in Ravalli County Montana and measures 34 m 112 ft tall 29 m 94 ft wide 16 The US national champion Populus deltoides var wislizeni is located in Bernalillo County New Mexico and measures 26 m 84 ft tall 25 m 83 ft wide 17 The largest recorded cottonwood tree in the world is the Frimley Park tree located in Hastings New Zealand and measures 42 m 138 ft tall 34 m 111 ft wide and 10 2 m 33 4 ft in girth 18 This cottonwood was planted in the 1870s Symbolism editCalling the cottonwood tree the pioneer of the prairie the Kansas state legislature designated the cottonwood the official state tree of Kansas in 1937 19 It became the state tree of Wyoming in 1947 20 and that of Nebraska since 1972 21 See also editPopulus section AigeirosReferences edit Stritch L 2018 Populus deltoides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T61959821A61959828 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T61959821A61959828 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 USDA NRCS n d Populus deltoides The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 31 January 2016 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 a b c Populus deltoides Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Barnes and Wagner Michigan Trees University of Michigan Press 2004 USGS Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains A successful simple reproducible high frequency micropropagation protocol has been described by Yadav Rakesh et al 2009 1 Populus deltoides Archived 2007 12 23 at the Wayback Machine v Plants Chicago Herbarium Populus deltoides Archived 2007 08 13 at the Wayback Machine a b Van Haverbeke David F 1990 Populus deltoides In Burns Russell M Honkala Barbara H eds Hardwoods Silvics of North America Washington D C United States Forest Service USFS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Vol 2 via Southern Research Station Eckenwalder J E 1977 North American cottonwoods Populus Salicaceae of sections Abaso and Aigeiros Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 58 3 193 208 doi 10 5962 bhl part 29239 The Plant List A working list of all plant species Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden Jepson Flora Populus clicking next taxon through the genus shows no entry for this taxon J McMeill et al eds 2012 International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Regnum Vegetabile 154 Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 978 3 87429 425 6 Peattie Donald Culross 1953 A Natural History of Western Trees New York Bonanza Books pp 335 36 Sparks Leonard August 6 2015 Sad farewell to Balmville Tree Times Herald Record Retrieved August 5 2015 American Forests 2013 Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp deltoides Archived from the original on August 16 2016 Retrieved July 14 2016 American Forests 2012 Plains Cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp monilifera Archived from the original on February 23 2016 Retrieved July 14 2016 American Forests 2012 Rio grande Cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp wislizeni Archived from the original on February 23 2016 Retrieved July 14 2016 Tree Information The Zealand Tree Register Retrieved 18 April 2018 Tidbits Ludington Daily News Aug 4 2001 p 33 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Wyoming facts and symbols State of Wyoming retrieved 6 December 2019 Nebraska Secretary of State 3 October 2019 Retrieved 5 November 2019 External links edit nbsp Media related to Populus deltoides at Wikimedia Commons Video footage of Eastern Cottonwood Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Populus deltoides amp oldid 1191426685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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