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List of feeding behaviours

March 23, 2023

Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin vorare, meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγεῖν (phagein), meaning "to eat".

Circular dendrogram of feeding behaviours
A mosquito drinking blood (hematophagy) from a human (note the droplet of plasma being expelled as a waste)
A rosy boa eating a mouse whole
A red kangaroo eating grass
The robberfly is an insectivore, shown here having grabbed a leaf beetle
An American robin eating a worm
Hummingbirds primarily drink nectar
A krill filter feeding
A Myrmicaria brunnea feeding on sugar crystals

Evolutionary history

The evolution of feeding is varied with some feeding strategies evolving several times in independent lineages. In terrestrial vertebrates, the earliest forms were large amphibious piscivores 400 million years ago. While amphibians continued to feed on fish and later insects, reptiles began exploring two new food types, other tetrapods (carnivory), and later, plants (herbivory). Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation (in contrast, a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials).[1]

Evolutionary adaptations

The specialization of organisms towards specific food sources is one of the major causes of evolution of form and function, such as:

Classification

By mode of ingestion

There are many modes of feeding that animals exhibit, including:

  • Filter feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water
  • Deposit feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil
  • Fluid feeding: obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms' fluids
  • Bulk feeding: obtaining nutrients by eating all of an organism.
  • Ram feeding and suction feeding: ingesting prey via the fluids around it.

By mode of digestion

  • Extra-cellular digestion: excreting digesting enzymes and then reabsorbing the products
  • Myzocytosis: one cell pierces another using a feeding tube, and sucks out cytoplasm
  • Phagocytosis: engulfing food matter into living cells, where it is digested

By food type

"Polyphagy" redirects here. For increased appetite as a medical symptom, see polyphagia.

Polyphagy is the ability of an animal to eat a variety of food, whereas monophagy is the intolerance of every food except of one specific type (see generalist and specialist species).

Another classification refers to the specific food animals specialize in eating, such as:

The eating of non-living or decaying matter:

There are also several unusual feeding behaviours, either normal, opportunistic, or pathological, such as:

An opportunistic feeder sustains itself from a number of different food sources, because the species is behaviourally sufficiently flexible.

Storage behaviours

Some animals exhibit hoarding and caching behaviours in which they store or hide food for later use.

See also

References

  1. ^ Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" (PDF). Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Notes

March 23, 2023
list, feeding, behaviours, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of feeding behaviours news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Feeding is the process by which organisms typically animals obtain food Terminology often uses either the suffixes vore vory or vorous from Latin vorare meaning to devour or phage phagy or phagous from Greek fageῖn phagein meaning to eat Circular dendrogram of feeding behaviours A mosquito drinking blood hematophagy from a human note the droplet of plasma being expelled as a waste A rosy boa eating a mouse whole A red kangaroo eating grass The robberfly is an insectivore shown here having grabbed a leaf beetle An American robin eating a worm Hummingbirds primarily drink nectar A krill filter feedingA Myrmicaria brunnea feeding on sugar crystals Contents 1 Evolutionary history 2 Evolutionary adaptations 3 Classification 3 1 By mode of ingestion 3 2 By mode of digestion 3 3 By food type 4 Storage behaviours 5 See also 6 References 6 1 NotesEvolutionary history EditThe evolution of feeding is varied with some feeding strategies evolving several times in independent lineages In terrestrial vertebrates the earliest forms were large amphibious piscivores 400 million years ago While amphibians continued to feed on fish and later insects reptiles began exploring two new food types other tetrapods carnivory and later plants herbivory Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods requiring minimal adaptation in contrast a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials 1 Evolutionary adaptations EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The specialization of organisms towards specific food sources is one of the major causes of evolution of form and function such as mouth parts and teeth such as in whales vampire bats leeches mosquitos predatory animals such as felines and fishes etc distinct forms of beaks in birds such as in hawks woodpeckers pelicans hummingbirds parrots kingfishers etc specialized claws and other appendages for apprehending or killing including fingers in primates changes in body colour for facilitating camouflage disguise setting up traps for preys etc changes in the digestive system such as the system of stomachs of herbivores commensalism and symbiosisClassification EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message By mode of ingestion Edit There are many modes of feeding that animals exhibit including Filter feeding obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water Deposit feeding obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil Fluid feeding obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms fluids Bulk feeding obtaining nutrients by eating all of an organism Ram feeding and suction feeding ingesting prey via the fluids around it By mode of digestion Edit Extra cellular digestion excreting digesting enzymes and then reabsorbing the products Myzocytosis one cell pierces another using a feeding tube and sucks out cytoplasm Phagocytosis engulfing food matter into living cells where it is digestedBy food type Edit Polyphagy redirects here For increased appetite as a medical symptom see polyphagia Polyphagy is the ability of an animal to eat a variety of food whereas monophagy is the intolerance of every food except of one specific type see generalist and specialist species Another classification refers to the specific food animals specialize in eating such as Carnivore the eating of animals Araneophagy eating spiders Avivore eating birds Corallivore eating coral Durophagy eating hard shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms Egg predator eating eggs but also see Intrauterine cannibalism below also Ovivore Haematophage Sanguivore eating blood Insectivore eating insects Myrmecophage eating ants and or termites Invertivore eating invertebrates Keratophagy or Ceratophagy eating horny material such as wool by cloths moths or snakes eating their own skin after ecdysis Lepidophagy eating fish scales Molluscivore eating molluscs Mucophagy eating mucus Ophiophagy eating snakes Piscivore eating fish Anurophagy eating frogs Spongivore eating sponges Teuthophagore eating mainly squid and other cephalopods Vermivore eating worms Zooplanktonivore eating zooplankton Herbivore the eating of plants Exudativore eating plant and or insect exudates gum sap lerp etc Gumivore eating tree gum Folivore eating leaves Florivore eating flower tissue prior to seed coat formation Frugivore eating fruits Graminivore eating grasses Granivore eating seeds Nectarivore eating nectar Palynivore eating pollen Phytoplanktonivore eating phytoplankton Xylophage eating wood Omnivore the eating of both plants animals fungi bacteria etc The term means all eater By amount of meat in diet Hypercarnivore more than 70 meat Mesocarnivore 30 70 meat Hypocarnivore less than 30 meat Fungivore the eating of fungus Bacterivore the eating of bacteriaThe eating of non living or decaying matter Coprophage eating faeces Detritivore eating decomposing material Geophagia eating inorganic earth Osteophage eating bones Saprophage eating decaying organic matter Scavenger eating carrionThere are also several unusual feeding behaviours either normal opportunistic or pathological such as Cannibalism feeding on members of the same species Anthropophagy the practice of eating human flesh Intrauterine cannibalism Oophagy or Ovophagy the embryo foetus eats sibling eggs Embryophagy the foetus eats sibling embryos Filial cannibalism Self cannibalism feeding on parts of one s own body see also autophagy Sexual cannibalism cannibalism after mating Kleptoparasitism stealing food from another animal Kleptopharmacophagy act of stealing chemical compounds for consumption Lignophagia eating wood typically a pathological condition in some domestic animals Paedophagy eating young animals Pica appetite for largely non nutritive substances e g clay or hair sometimes in pregnancy or in pathological states typically a medical or veterinary concern Placentophagy eating placenta Trophallaxis eating food regurgitated by another animal Zoopharmacognosy self medication by eating plants soils and insects to treat and prevent disease An opportunistic feeder sustains itself from a number of different food sources because the species is behaviourally sufficiently flexible Storage behaviours EditSome animals exhibit hoarding and caching behaviours in which they store or hide food for later use See also EditConsumer resource systems Dinosaur diet and feeding List of abnormal behaviours in animals Ingestive behaviors the physiological behaviors of feedingReferences Edit Sahney S Benton M J amp Falcon Lang H J 2010 Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica PDF Geology 38 12 1079 1082 doi 10 1130 G31182 1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Notes Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of feeding behaviours amp oldid 1134590335 By food type, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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