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Viridiplantae

September 28, 2023

For an explanation of very similar terms, see plant and green algae.

Viridiplantae (literally "green plants")[5] constitute a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprises approximately 450,000–500,000 species that play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[6] They include the green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged from within them.[7][8][9] Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group. However it is accurate to think of land plants as a kind of algae.[10] Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.[10][11][12][13][14] They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. Corroborating this, a basal phagotroph archaeplastida group has been found in the Rhodelphydia.[15]

Viridiplantae
An assortment of thallophyte Viridiplantae in a rock pool, Taiwan
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
(unranked): Archaeplastida
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Subgroups
Synonyms
  • Plantae, Copeland, 1938, 1956[1][2]
  • Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969[3]
  • Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978[4]
  • Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004
  • Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005
  • Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981[5]
  • Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007
  • Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836
  • Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948
  • Euplanta Barkley, 1949
  • Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964
  • Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966
  • Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969

In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom,[16] under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.[17] The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae.[18][19] Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.

Phylogeny and classification Edit

Simplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[20]

Cladogram Edit

In 2019, a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1,153 plant species was proposed.[22] The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced. Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as paraphyletic (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis.[23][24] The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick et al. 2018,[25] and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.[26][27]

Ancestrally, the green algae were flagellates.[20]

References Edit

  1. ^ Copeland HF (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 13 (4): 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568. S2CID 84634277.
  2. ^ Copeland HF (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6.
  3. ^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). (PDF). Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
  4. ^ van den Hoek C, Jahns HM (1978). Einführung in die Phykologie (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 9783135511016.
  5. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–81. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
  6. ^ Leebens-Mack JH, Barker MS, Carpenter EJ, Deyholos MK, Gitzendanner MA, Graham SW, et al. (One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative) (October 2019). "One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants". Nature. 574 (7780): 679–685. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC 6872490. PMID 31645766.
  7. ^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O (February 2009). "Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 39. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39. PMC 2652445. PMID 19216746.
  8. ^ Becker B (2007). Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of Cytology. Vol. 264. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920.
  9. ^ Kim E, Graham LE (July 2008). Redfield RJ (ed.). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431.
  10. ^ a b Delwiche CF, Timme RE (June 2011). "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–22. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID 21640897.
  11. ^ "Charophycean Green Algae Home Page". www.life.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  12. ^ Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG (February 2014). "From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23. PMC 3933183. PMID 24533922.
  13. ^ Delwiche CF, Cooper ED (October 2015). "The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora". Current Biology. 25 (19): R899–910. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029. PMID 26439353.
  14. ^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
  15. ^ Bowles, Alexander M. C.; Williamson, Christopher J.; Williams, Tom A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2022-10-31). "The origin and early evolution of plants". Trends in Plant Science. 28 (3): 312–329. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.009. hdl:10871/131900. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 36328872. S2CID 253303816.
  16. ^ "Viridiplantae". Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  17. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873. S2CID 8060916.
  18. ^ Simon A, Glöckner G, Felder M, Melkonian M, Becker B (February 2006). "EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride (Streptophyta): implications for the evolution of green plants (Viridiplantae)". BMC Plant Biology. 6: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-6-2. PMC 1413533. PMID 16476162.
  19. ^ Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH (September 2017). "Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (37): E7737–E7745. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
  20. ^ a b Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. S2CID 17603352.
  21. ^ Marin B (September 2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons". Protist. 163 (5): 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID 22192529.
  22. ^ Leebens-Mack, M.; Barker, M.; Carpenter, E.; et al. (2019). "One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants". Nature. 574 (7780): 679–685. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC 6872490. PMID 31645766.
  23. ^ Liang, Zhe; et al. (2019). "Mesostigma viride Genome and Transcriptome Provide Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Streptophyta". Advanced Science. 7 (1): 1901850. doi:10.1002/advs.201901850. PMC 6947507. PMID 31921561.
  24. ^ Wang, Sibo; et al. (2020). "Genomes of early-diverging streptophyte algae shed light on plant terrestrialization". Nature Plants. 6 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0560-3. PMC 7027972. PMID 31844283.
  25. ^ Puttick, Mark; et al. (2018). "The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte". Current Biology. 28 (5): 733–745. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063. PMID 29456145.
  26. ^ Zhang, Jian; et al. (2020). "The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution". Nature Plants. 6 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4. PMC 7027989. PMID 32042158.
  27. ^ Li, Fay Wei; et al. (2020). "Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts". Nature Plants. 6 (3): 259–272. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2. PMC 8075897. PMID 32170292.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Viridiplantae.

September 28, 2023
viridiplantae, explanation, very, similar, terms, plant, green, algae, literally, green, plants, constitute, clade, eukaryotic, organisms, that, comprises, approximately, species, that, play, important, roles, both, terrestrial, aquatic, ecosystems, they, incl. For an explanation of very similar terms see plant and green algae Viridiplantae literally green plants 5 constitute a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprises approximately 450 000 500 000 species that play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems 6 They include the green algae which are primarily aquatic and the land plants embryophytes which emerged from within them 7 8 9 Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants rendering them a paraphyletic group However it is accurate to think of land plants as a kind of algae 10 Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae some authors are starting to include them 10 11 12 13 14 They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins Corroborating this a basal phagotroph archaeplastida group has been found in the Rhodelphydia 15 ViridiplantaeAn assortment of thallophyte Viridiplantae in a rock pool TaiwanScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaClade Diaphoretickes unranked Archaeplastida unranked ViridiplantaeCavalier Smith 1981SubgroupsPrasinodermophyta Chlorophyta Streptophyta Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia streptofilum Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae EmbryophytaSynonymsPlantae Copeland 1938 1956 1 2 Euchlorophyta Whittaker 1969 3 Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek amp Jahns 1978 4 Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982 emend Bremer 1985 emend Lewis and McCourt 2004 Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997 Chloroplastida Adl et al 2005 Viridiplantae Cavalier Smith 1981 5 Phyta Barkley 1939 emed Holt amp Uidica 2007 Cormophyta Endlicher 1836 Cormobionta Rothmaler 1948 Euplanta Barkley 1949 Telomobionta Takhtajan 1964 Embryobionta Cronquist et al 1966 Metaphyta Whittaker 1969In some classification systems the group has been treated as a kingdom 16 under various names e g Viridiplantae Chlorobionta or simply Plantae the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae Adlet al who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005 introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants as understood traditionally 17 The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae 18 19 Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae Phylogeny and classification EditSimplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae according to Leliaert et al 2012 20 Viridiplantae Chlorophyta core chlorophytes Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Dasycladales Bryopsidales Trentepohliales Ulvales Ulotrichales Oltmannsiellopsidales Chlorophyceae Oedogoniales Chaetophorales Chaetopeltidales Chlamydomonadales Sphaeropleales Trebouxiophyceae Chlorellales Oocystaceae Microthamniales Trebouxiales Prasiola clade Chlorodendrophyceae Chlorodendrales Pedinophyceae 21 prasinophytes paraphyletic Pyramimonadales Mamiellophyceae Pycnococcaceae Nephroselmidophyceae Prasinococcales Palmophyllales Streptophyta Charophytes Mesostigmatophyceae Mesostigmatales Chlorokybales Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmoplastophyta Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta land plants Cladogram Edit In 2019 a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1 153 plant species was proposed 22 The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced Both the chlorophyte algae and the streptophyte algae are treated as paraphyletic vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram in this analysis 23 24 The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick et al 2018 25 and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced 26 27 Archaeplastida Rhodophyta nbsp Glaucophyta nbsp Viridiplantae PrasinodermophytaChlorophyta nbsp MesostigmatophyceaeChlorokybophyceaeSpirotaenia nbsp Klebsormidiales nbsp Chara nbsp ColeochaetalesZygnematophyceae nbsp Embryophytes Bryophytes Hornworts nbsp Liverworts nbsp Mosses nbsp Lycophytes nbsp Ferns nbsp Spermatophytes Gymnosperms nbsp Angiosperms nbsp seed plants land plants green plants chlorophyte algae streptophyte algae Ancestrally the green algae were flagellates 20 References Edit Copeland HF 1938 The kingdoms of organisms The Quarterly Review of Biology 13 4 383 420 doi 10 1086 394568 S2CID 84634277 Copeland HF 1956 The Classification of Lower Organisms Palo Alto Pacific Books p 6 Whittaker RH January 1969 New concepts of kingdoms or organisms Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms PDF Science 163 3863 150 60 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 403 5430 doi 10 1126 science 163 3863 150 PMID 5762760 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 11 17 Retrieved 2015 01 31 van den Hoek C Jahns HM 1978 Einfuhrung in die Phykologie in German Stuttgart Georg Thieme Verlag ISBN 9783135511016 a b Cavalier Smith T 1981 Eukaryote kingdoms seven or nine Bio Systems 14 3 4 461 81 doi 10 1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 PMID 7337818 Leebens Mack JH Barker MS Carpenter EJ Deyholos MK Gitzendanner MA Graham SW et al One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative October 2019 One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants Nature 574 7780 679 685 doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1693 2 PMC 6872490 PMID 31645766 Cocquyt E Verbruggen H Leliaert F Zechman FW Sabbe K De Clerck O February 2009 Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 39 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 39 PMC 2652445 PMID 19216746 Becker B 2007 Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants Viridiplantae International Review of Cytology Vol 264 pp 1 24 doi 10 1016 S0074 7696 07 64001 7 ISBN 9780123742636 PMID 17964920 Kim E Graham LE July 2008 Redfield RJ ed EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata PLOS ONE 3 7 e2621 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2621K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002621 PMC 2440802 PMID 18612431 a b Delwiche CF Timme RE June 2011 Plants Current Biology 21 11 R417 22 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 04 021 PMID 21640897 Charophycean Green Algae Home Page www life umd edu Retrieved 2018 02 24 Ruhfel BR Gitzendanner MA Soltis PS Soltis DE Burleigh JG February 2014 From algae to angiosperms inferring the phylogeny of green plants Viridiplantae from 360 plastid genomes BMC Evolutionary Biology 14 23 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 14 23 PMC 3933183 PMID 24533922 Delwiche CF Cooper ED October 2015 The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora Current Biology 25 19 R899 910 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 08 029 PMID 26439353 Parfrey LW Lahr DJ Knoll AH Katz LA August 2011 Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 33 13624 9 Bibcode 2011PNAS 10813624P doi 10 1073 pnas 1110633108 PMC 3158185 PMID 21810989 Bowles Alexander M C Williamson Christopher J Williams Tom A Lenton Timothy M Donoghue Philip C J 2022 10 31 The origin and early evolution of plants Trends in Plant Science 28 3 312 329 doi 10 1016 j tplants 2022 09 009 hdl 10871 131900 ISSN 1360 1385 PMID 36328872 S2CID 253303816 Viridiplantae Retrieved 2009 03 08 Adl SM Simpson AG Farmer MA Andersen RA Anderson OR Barta JR et al 2005 The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 5 399 451 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2005 00053 x PMID 16248873 S2CID 8060916 Simon A Glockner G Felder M Melkonian M Becker B February 2006 EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride Streptophyta implications for the evolution of green plants Viridiplantae BMC Plant Biology 6 2 doi 10 1186 1471 2229 6 2 PMC 1413533 PMID 16476162 Sanchez Baracaldo P Raven JA Pisani D Knoll AH September 2017 Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low salinity habitats Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 37 E7737 E7745 doi 10 1073 pnas 1620089114 PMC 5603991 PMID 28808007 a b Leliaert F Smith DR Moreau H Herron MD Verbruggen H Delwiche CF De Clerck O 2012 Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae PDF Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31 1 46 doi 10 1080 07352689 2011 615705 S2CID 17603352 Marin B September 2012 Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae Viridiplantae revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid encoded rRNA operons Protist 163 5 778 805 doi 10 1016 j protis 2011 11 004 PMID 22192529 Leebens Mack M Barker M Carpenter E et al 2019 One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants Nature 574 7780 679 685 doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1693 2 PMC 6872490 PMID 31645766 Liang Zhe et al 2019 Mesostigma viride Genome and Transcriptome Provide Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Streptophyta Advanced Science 7 1 1901850 doi 10 1002 advs 201901850 PMC 6947507 PMID 31921561 Wang Sibo et al 2020 Genomes of early diverging streptophyte algae shed light on plant terrestrialization Nature Plants 6 2 95 106 doi 10 1038 s41477 019 0560 3 PMC 7027972 PMID 31844283 Puttick Mark et al 2018 The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte Current Biology 28 5 733 745 doi 10 1016 j cub 2018 01 063 PMID 29456145 Zhang Jian et al 2020 The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution Nature Plants 6 2 107 118 doi 10 1038 s41477 019 0588 4 PMC 7027989 PMID 32042158 Li Fay Wei et al 2020 Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts Nature Plants 6 3 259 272 doi 10 1038 s41477 020 0618 2 PMC 8075897 PMID 32170292 nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Viridiplantae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Viridiplantae amp oldid 1172493572, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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