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Pinus brutia

February 16, 2024

Pinus brutia, commonly known as the Turkish pine and Calabrian pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but certain varieties are naturalized as far east as Afghanistan.[2] It is also known as East Mediterranean pine, Afghan pine, and Brutia pine. The name "Calabrian pine" comes from an introduced grove in the Calabria region of southern Italy; historically this region was called Bruttium, which is likely where the specific epithet "brutia" comes from.[2] Pinus brutia bears many similarities with other, closely related species such as Pinus halepensis and Pinus canariensis. Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former.[3]

Pinus brutia
Turkish pine foliage and cones
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Section: P. sect. Pinus
Subsection: Pinus subsect. Pinaster
Species:
P. brutia
Binomial name
Pinus brutia
Distribution

Description edit

Pinus brutia is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft), exceptionally 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft). The young bark is thin and red-orange, maturing to grey-brown to orange in color, fissured to flaky in texture. The leaves are needle-like, slender, 10–16 centimetres (4–6+1⁄4 inches) long, dark green to yellow-green.[2][4] The needles come in fascicles of two and rarely three,[2][5] the latter specimens showing similarities in cone structure to the related Pinus canariensis.[5]

The male cones are squat, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long.[4][6] The female cones are short, with rigid, woody scales, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) broad, maturing from green to red-orange.[6][5] They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4, and generally open within two years of fertilization.[2][6] The seeds are usually wind dispersed, dropping from the cones after they open, but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal. Frankis believes Krüper's nuthatch assists these trees in dispersal.[2]

  •  
    Mature bark showing red-brown fissures
  •  
    Mature female cones
  •  
    Male (pollen) cones
  •  
    Foliage
  •  
    An old specimen from Adana Province, Turkey

Varieties edit

Pinus brutia is closely related to Pinus halepensis, and female P. brutia cones have been shown to accept and hybridize with P. halepensis pollen. In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of P. halepensis.[5] The species is now treated as distinct, and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with P. halepensis.[3]

 
P. brutia var. eldarica specimen in Las Vegas.
  • Pinus brutia var. brutia: Typical form, with longer needles, 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in). Found across Eastern Mediterranean.[6]
  • Pinus brutia var. pityusa: Found in smaller stands along the eastern Black Sea coast, near Pitsunda. Very similar to var. brutia.[5][6]
  • Pinus brutia var. pendulifolia: Muğla, Turkey.[6] Exceptionally long needles, 24–29 cm (9.4–11.4 in), that hang in pendules similar to P. canariensis.[2]
  • Pinus brutia var. eldarica, Afghan Pine: native to Azerbaijan and Georgia and naturalized in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[2] Smaller cones, 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in).[6][7] Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P. brutia or a species of its own. Due to its tolerance of drought and poor soil, it is widely planted as an ornamental in both southwestern US and Europe.[6][8]

Taxonomy edit

Italian botanist Michele Tenore described the species in 1811. While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet, Frankis believes Tenore named it after the historical region of Brutium, now Calabria, where an introduced population has become naturalized.[2]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Pinus brutia on the coast of Thasos, Greece

The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria,[9] the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea, Crete, Crimea, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus.[10] It generally occurs at low altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft), up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the south of its range.[citation needed]

Ecology edit

Pinus brutia is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[11]

The Krüper's nuthatch, a rare nuthatch, is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding; the ranges of the two species are largely coincident.[citation needed]

P. brutia is resistant to the Israeli pine bast scale insect Matsucoccus josephi and is a major host for Thaumetopoea caterpillars.

The species covers 175,000 hectares (430,000 acres) in Cyprus, roughly ~90% of all woodland coverage on the island.[12] It forms ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous species of fungi, and its logs and branches are excellent substrates for many kinds of decomposing organisms.

Uses edit

 
Pinus brutia on the mountains near Aleppo

Honey edit

Turkish pine is host to a sap-sucking aphid Marchalina hellenica. Under normal circumstances, this insect does no significant damage to the pine, but is of great importance for the excess sugar it secretes. This sugar, "honeydew", is collected by honey bees which make it into a richly flavoured and valuable honey, "pine honey" (Turkish, çam balı), with reputed medicinal benefits.

Landmark edit

The "Lone Pine", a prominent landmark tree at an ANZAC First World War battle at Gallipoli, was this species. Cones from the battlefield were taken home to Australia, and plants sourced from the seeds were planted as living memorials.

"Lone Pine" memorials, based on cones brought back from Gallipoli, may use this species or Aleppo pine. Some memorials utilise other species altogether.[13]

Forestry edit

It is widely planted for timber, both in its native area (it is the most important tree in forestry in Turkey and Cyprus) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region east to Pakistan. The timber is used for many purposes including carpentry, industry, general constructions, firewood and pulp.[14] In Israel it is sometimes preferred to the wider-used Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) because of its resistance to Matsucoccus josephi. It is also known for being well suited to recreational sites.

Cultivation edit

Pinus brutia is a popular ornamental tree, extensively planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas (such as southern California, Utah, New Mexico and Nevada, as well as throughout Arizona and central Texas in the United States), where its considerable heat and drought tolerance is highly valued. The subspecies eldarica is the most drought tolerant form, used in Afghanistan, Iran and more recently in the Southwestern United States. In this region, P. brutia subsp. eldarica is referred to as "Eldarica pine", "Afghan pine" or "Mondell pine" (after Mondell Bennett, a commercial tree grower in New Mexico who popularized the species starting in 1969).[15]

References edit

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus brutia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42347A2974345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42347A2974345.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Frankis, Michael (1999). "367. PINUS BRUTIA: Pinaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 16 (3): 173–184. ISSN 1355-4905.
  3. ^ a b Olsson, Sanna; Lorenzo, Zaida; Zabal-Aguirre, Mario; Piotti, Andrea; Vendramin, Giovanni G.; González-Martínez, Santiago C.; Grivet, Delphine (2021-07-01). "Evolutionary history of the mediterranean Pinus halepensis-brutia species complex using gene-resequencing and transcriptomic approaches". Plant Molecular Biology. 106 (4): 367–380. doi:10.1007/s11103-021-01155-7. hdl:10261/288206. ISSN 1573-5028.
  4. ^ a b "Pinus brutia Ten". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Pinus brutia". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pinus brutia - Trees and Shrubs Online". www.treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  7. ^ "Afghan Pine | Woody Plant Finder | Comprehensive Landscape Plant Directory | Plant Finders | Plant Resources Home | TTU". www.depts.ttu.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  8. ^ "Texas A&M Forest Service - Trees of Texas - List of Trees". texastreeid.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  9. ^ "Pinus brutia". Red Book of Bulgaria. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Pinus brutia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  11. ^ Bonari, Gianmaria; Fernández‐González, Federico; Çoban, Süleyman; Monteiro‐Henriques, Tiago; Bergmeier, Erwin; Didukh, Yakiv P.; Xystrakis, Fotios; Angiolini, Claudia; Chytrý, Kryštof; Acosta, Alicia T.R.; Agrillo, Emiliano (January 2021). Ewald, Jörg (ed.). "Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation". Applied Vegetation Science. 24 (1). doi:10.1111/avsc.12544. hdl:10400.5/21923. ISSN 1402-2001. S2CID 228839165.
  12. ^ Loizides, Michael (2021-07-23). "Basidiomycete diversity within Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) ecosystems on the island of Cyprus". Mycotaxon. 136 (2): 543. doi:10.5248/136.543. S2CID 238789537.
  13. ^ Wilcox, Mike; Spencer David (May 2007). "Stand up for the real Anzac Lone Pine Of Gallipoli" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Forestry: 3–9. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  14. ^ Fady, B.; Semerci, H. & Vendramin, G.G. (2003). "Aleppo and Brutia pines - Pinus halepensis/Pinus brutia" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use.
  15. ^ Widmoyer, Fred B. (1984-05-11). "History of Pinus Eldarica in the United States" (PDF). Southwest Christmas Tree Industry Research Needs and Commercial Opportunities: Proceedings of the Symposium held May 11, 1984, Tucson, Arizona. New Mexico State University. Retrieved 5 May 2012.

Further reading edit

  • Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., & Kartoolinejad, D. (2008). Discrimination of Pinus eldarica MEDW. and its two new species by epicuticular wax, lignin content, electrophoretic isozyme and activity of peroxidase. Feddes Repertorium, 119(7‐8), 644–654. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
  • Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S. G., Ghanati, F., Kartoolinejad, D., & Apple, M. E. (2009). Two new morphotypes of Pinus eldarica: Discrimination by macromorphological and anatomical traits. Dendrobiology, 61, 27–36. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.200811188/full
  • Frankis, M. P. (1999). Pinus brutia. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 16: 173–184.

External links edit

  • Photos of trees in Turkey (scroll down page)
  • Gymnosperm Database - Pinus brutia
  • Pinus brutia - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

February 16, 2024
pinus, brutia, commonly, known, turkish, pine, calabrian, pine, species, pine, native, eastern, mediterranean, region, bulk, range, turkey, certain, varieties, naturalized, east, afghanistan, also, known, east, mediterranean, pine, afghan, pine, brutia, pine, . Pinus brutia commonly known as the Turkish pine and Calabrian pine is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region The bulk of its range is in Turkey but certain varieties are naturalized as far east as Afghanistan 2 It is also known as East Mediterranean pine Afghan pine and Brutia pine The name Calabrian pine comes from an introduced grove in the Calabria region of southern Italy historically this region was called Bruttium which is likely where the specific epithet brutia comes from 2 Pinus brutia bears many similarities with other closely related species such as Pinus halepensis and Pinus canariensis Turkish pine forms a species complex with the former 3 Pinus brutiaTurkish pine foliage and conesConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermaeDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder PinalesFamily PinaceaeGenus PinusSubgenus P subg PinusSection P sect PinusSubsection Pinus subsect PinasterSpecies P brutiaBinomial namePinus brutiaTen Distribution Contents 1 Description 1 1 Varieties 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Uses 5 1 Honey 5 2 Landmark 5 3 Forestry 5 4 Cultivation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription editPinus brutia is a medium size tree reaching 20 35 metres 66 115 feet tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m 3 1 2 ft exceptionally 2 m 6 1 2 ft The young bark is thin and red orange maturing to grey brown to orange in color fissured to flaky in texture The leaves are needle like slender 10 16 centimetres 4 6 1 4 inches long dark green to yellow green 2 4 The needles come in fascicles of two and rarely three 2 5 the latter specimens showing similarities in cone structure to the related Pinus canariensis 5 The male cones are squat 15 20 mm 0 59 0 79 in long 4 6 The female cones are short with rigid woody scales 5 10 cm 2 0 3 9 in long 5 7 cm 2 0 2 8 in broad maturing from green to red orange 6 5 They most often appear in whorls of 3 to 4 and generally open within two years of fertilization 2 6 The seeds are usually wind dispersed dropping from the cones after they open but some trees have been observed with cones that do not open enough to facilitate wind dispersal Frankis believes Kruper s nuthatch assists these trees in dispersal 2 nbsp Mature bark showing red brown fissures nbsp Mature female cones nbsp Male pollen cones nbsp Foliage nbsp An old specimen from Adana Province TurkeyVarieties edit Pinus brutia is closely related to Pinus halepensis and female P brutia cones have been shown to accept and hybridize with P halepensis pollen In the past it has been considered a variety or subspecies of P halepensis 5 The species is now treated as distinct and forms a species complex across the Mediterranean with P halepensis 3 nbsp P brutia var eldarica specimen in Las Vegas Pinus brutia var brutia Typical form with longer needles 10 18 cm 3 9 7 1 in Found across Eastern Mediterranean 6 Pinus brutia var pityusa Found in smaller stands along the eastern Black Sea coast near Pitsunda Very similar to var brutia 5 6 Pinus brutia var pendulifolia Mugla Turkey 6 Exceptionally long needles 24 29 cm 9 4 11 4 in that hang in pendules similar to P canariensis 2 Pinus brutia var eldarica Afghan Pine native to Azerbaijan and Georgia and naturalized in Afghanistan and Pakistan 2 Smaller cones 5 8 cm 2 0 3 1 in 6 7 Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P brutia or a species of its own Due to its tolerance of drought and poor soil it is widely planted as an ornamental in both southwestern US and Europe 6 8 Taxonomy editItalian botanist Michele Tenore described the species in 1811 While Tenore did not provide an explanation for the specific epithet Frankis believes Tenore named it after the historical region of Brutium now Calabria where an introduced population has become naturalized 2 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Pinus brutia on the coast of Thasos GreeceThe bulk of its range is in Turkey but it also extends to southeasternmost Bulgaria 9 the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea Crete Crimea Iran Georgia Azerbaijan northern Iraq western Syria Lebanon and Cyprus 10 It generally occurs at low altitudes mostly from sea level to 600 m 2 000 ft up to 1 200 m 3 900 ft in the south of its range citation needed Ecology editPinus brutia is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis 11 The Kruper s nuthatch a rare nuthatch is largely restricted to forests of Turkish pine and depends heavily on it for feeding the ranges of the two species are largely coincident citation needed P brutia is resistant to the Israeli pine bast scale insect Matsucoccus josephi and is a major host for Thaumetopoea caterpillars The species covers 175 000 hectares 430 000 acres in Cyprus roughly 90 of all woodland coverage on the island 12 It forms ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous species of fungi and its logs and branches are excellent substrates for many kinds of decomposing organisms Uses edit nbsp Pinus brutia on the mountains near AleppoHoney edit Turkish pine is host to a sap sucking aphid Marchalina hellenica Under normal circumstances this insect does no significant damage to the pine but is of great importance for the excess sugar it secretes This sugar honeydew is collected by honey bees which make it into a richly flavoured and valuable honey pine honey Turkish cam bali with reputed medicinal benefits Landmark edit The Lone Pine a prominent landmark tree at an ANZAC First World War battle at Gallipoli was this species Cones from the battlefield were taken home to Australia and plants sourced from the seeds were planted as living memorials Lone Pine memorials based on cones brought back from Gallipoli may use this species or Aleppo pine Some memorials utilise other species altogether 13 Forestry edit It is widely planted for timber both in its native area it is the most important tree in forestry in Turkey and Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region east to Pakistan The timber is used for many purposes including carpentry industry general constructions firewood and pulp 14 In Israel it is sometimes preferred to the wider used Pinus halepensis Aleppo pine because of its resistance to Matsucoccus josephi It is also known for being well suited to recreational sites Cultivation edit Pinus brutia is a popular ornamental tree extensively planted in parks and gardens in hot dry areas such as southern California Utah New Mexico and Nevada as well as throughout Arizona and central Texas in the United States where its considerable heat and drought tolerance is highly valued The subspecies eldarica is the most drought tolerant form used in Afghanistan Iran and more recently in the Southwestern United States In this region P brutia subsp eldarica is referred to as Eldarica pine Afghan pine or Mondell pine after Mondell Bennett a commercial tree grower in New Mexico who popularized the species starting in 1969 15 References edit Farjon A 2013 Pinus brutia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42347A2974345 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42347A2974345 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d e f g h i Frankis Michael 1999 367 PINUS BRUTIA Pinaceae Curtis s Botanical Magazine 16 3 173 184 ISSN 1355 4905 a b Olsson Sanna Lorenzo Zaida Zabal Aguirre Mario Piotti Andrea Vendramin Giovanni G Gonzalez Martinez Santiago C Grivet Delphine 2021 07 01 Evolutionary history of the mediterranean Pinus halepensis brutia species complex using gene resequencing and transcriptomic approaches Plant Molecular Biology 106 4 367 380 doi 10 1007 s11103 021 01155 7 hdl 10261 288206 ISSN 1573 5028 a b Pinus brutia Ten The World Flora Online Retrieved 11 December 2023 a b c d e Pinus brutia The Gymnosperm Database Retrieved 11 December 2023 a b c d e f g h Pinus brutia Trees and Shrubs Online www treesandshrubsonline org Retrieved 2023 12 11 Afghan Pine Woody Plant Finder Comprehensive Landscape Plant Directory Plant Finders Plant Resources Home TTU www depts ttu edu Retrieved 2023 12 11 Texas A amp M Forest Service Trees of Texas List of Trees texastreeid tamu edu Retrieved 2023 12 11 Pinus brutia Red Book of Bulgaria Retrieved 10 January 2018 Pinus brutia Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 14 April 2011 Bonari Gianmaria Fernandez Gonzalez Federico Coban Suleyman Monteiro Henriques Tiago Bergmeier Erwin Didukh Yakiv P Xystrakis Fotios Angiolini Claudia Chytry Krystof Acosta Alicia T R Agrillo Emiliano January 2021 Ewald Jorg ed Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation Applied Vegetation Science 24 1 doi 10 1111 avsc 12544 hdl 10400 5 21923 ISSN 1402 2001 S2CID 228839165 Loizides Michael 2021 07 23 Basidiomycete diversity within Calabrian pine Pinus brutia ecosystems on the island of Cyprus Mycotaxon 136 2 543 doi 10 5248 136 543 S2CID 238789537 Wilcox Mike Spencer David May 2007 Stand up for the real Anzac Lone Pine Of Gallipoli PDF New Zealand Journal of Forestry 3 9 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Fady B Semerci H amp Vendramin G G 2003 Aleppo and Brutia pines Pinus halepensis Pinus brutia PDF EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use Widmoyer Fred B 1984 05 11 History of Pinus Eldarica in the United States PDF Southwest Christmas Tree Industry Research Needs and Commercial Opportunities Proceedings of the Symposium held May 11 1984 Tucson Arizona New Mexico State University Retrieved 5 May 2012 Further reading editShayanmehr F Jalali S G Ghanati F amp Kartoolinejad D 2008 Discrimination of Pinus eldarica MEDW and its two new species by epicuticular wax lignin content electrophoretic isozyme and activity of peroxidase Feddes Repertorium 119 7 8 644 654 http onlinelibrary wiley com doi 10 1002 fedr 200811188 full Shayanmehr F Jalali S G Ghanati F Kartoolinejad D amp Apple M E 2009 Two new morphotypes of Pinus eldarica Discrimination by macromorphological and anatomical traits Dendrobiology 61 27 36 http onlinelibrary wiley com doi 10 1002 fedr 200811188 full Frankis M P 1999 Pinus brutia Curtis s Botanical Magazine 16 173 184 External links editPhotos of trees in Turkey scroll down page Gymnosperm Database Pinus brutia Conifers Around the World Pinus brutia Calabrian pine Pinus brutia distribution map genetic conservation units and related resources European Forest Genetic Resources Programme EUFORGEN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pinus brutia amp oldid 1193570958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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