Parody religion

A parody religion or mock religion is a belief system that challenges the spiritual convictions of others, often through humor, satire, or burlesque (literary ridicule). Often constructed to achieve a specific purpose related to another belief system, a parody religion can be a parody of several religions, sects, gurus, cults, or new religious movements at the same time, or even a parody of no particular religion – instead parodying the concept of religious belief itself. Some parody religions emphasise having fun; the new faith may serve as a convenient excuse for pleasant social interaction among the like-minded.

Logo for the church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

One approach of parody religions aims to highlight deficiencies in particular pro-religious arguments – following the logic that if a given argument can also be used to support a clear parody, then the original argument is clearly flawed. This can be done through fictional religions found in many works of fiction - one example of this can be the Bokononism from the novel Cat’s Cradle (1963) by Kurt Vonnegut.^[1] Another example of this is the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, which parodies the demand for equal time employed by intelligent design and creationism.^[2]

Occasionally, a parody religion may offer ordination by mail or on-line at a nominal fee, seeking equal recognition for its clergy/officiants – under freedom of religion provisions, including the 1st and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution^[3] – to legally solemnise marriages. Parody religions also have sought the same reasonable accommodation legally afforded to mainstream religions, including religious-specific garb or headgear.^[4] A U.S. federal court ruled in 2016 that the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster ("Pastafarianism") is not a religion,^[5] but Pastafarianism or "The Church of the Latter-Day Dude" (Dudeism) have been accommodated to some extent by a few U.S. states and by some other countries.^[6][7]

Several religions that are considered as parody religions have a number of relatively serious followers who embrace the perceived absurdity of these religions as spiritually significant, a decidedly post-modern approach to religion. For instance, in Discordianism, it can be hard to tell whether even these "serious" followers are not just taking part in an even bigger joke.

List of notable parody religions

Parodies of particular beliefs

 

The Invisible Pink Unicorn is a recent parody religion used to satirize theistic beliefs. The Invisible Pink Unicorn is paradoxically both invisible and pink.

The following were created as parodies of particular religious beliefs:

Religion	Description	Notes
Eventualism	A satire on Scientology-like religions which appeared in the movie Schizopolis	^[8]
Invisible Pink Unicorn	A parody of theist definitions of God. It also highlights the arbitrary and unfalsifiable nature of religious belief, in a similar way to Russell's teapot.	^[9]^[10]^[11]
Kibology	A humorous Usenet-based satire of religion	^[12]
Landover Baptist Church	A satiric parody of Fundamentalist Christianity.	^[13]
Last Thursdayism	A joke version of omphalism that argues that the universe was created last Thursday, created to demonstrate problems with unfalsifiable beliefs, and the variant Next Wednesdayism inspired by John Landis's running movie gag See You Next Wednesday.	^[14]
Pastafarianism, or the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster	The most famous example of mock religion. A parody of intelligent design, creationism, and religion in general, as a modern version of Russell's teapot.	^[2]^[4]^[9]
Tarvuism	A spoof religion that British comedians Peter Serafinowicz and Robert Popper invented for the television show Look Around You that parodied instructional religious videos such as those of Scientologists and Christians.	^[15]^[16]^[17]
First Church of the Last Laugh	The spoof religion behind the annual Saint Stupid's Day Parade in San Francisco.	^[18]

Post-modern religions

The following post-modern religions that may be seen as elaborate parodies of already-existent religions:

Religion	Description	Notes
The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters	A social club founded by Peter I of Russia. It often got into controversies for mocking the church.	^[19]
Bokononism	A fictional religion from Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle, which promotes harmless comforting lies called foma. Its principal text, The Books of Bokonon, is a parody of the New Testament. See also the Church of God the Utterly Indifferent in Vonnegut's The Sirens of Titan.	^[20]^[21]
Church of Euthanasia	The Church of Euthanasia is a "non-profit educational foundation devoted to restoring balance between Humans and the remaining species on Earth." The Church uses sermons, music, culture jamming, publicity stunts and direct action to highlight Earth's unsustainable population. The Church is notorious for its conflicts with pro-life Christian activists.	^[22]
Church of the SubGenius	Founded in 1979. Often regarded as a parody of religion in general, with elements of fundamentalist Christianity, Zen, Scientology, new-age cults, pop-psychology, and motivational sales techniques amongst others, it has become a movement in its own right, inspiring several books, art exhibits, rock albums, conventions, and novelty items.	^[23]^[24]
The Cult of Kek	An internet religion associated with 4chan's /pol/, the far-right movement known as the "alt-right", and online supporters of 45th U.S. president, Donald Trump. Adherents satirically worship a cartoon frog called "Pepe" as the reincarnation of the Egyptian deity Kek, a harbinger of chaos and destruction.	^[25]
Dudeism	A religion based on the 1998 film The Big Lebowski, in which the main character, known as "the Dude", is revered as a guru. The adherents consider the religion a modern form of Taoism.	^[26]^[27]
Discordianism	It is based on the book 1965 Principia Discordia. Its principal deity is the goddess of chaos Discordia (Greek Eris). It is variously defined as a religion, philosophy, social commentary, or parody religion. There is some discourse as to whether Discordianism should be regarded as a parody religion, and if so, to what degree.^[28]	^[29]
Dinkoism	Dinkoism is a parody religion that places Dinkan, a comic character from Malayalam Children's magazine Balamangalam, as the one true God and the creator of the Universe. It is very similar to Pastafarianism, which worships The Flying Spaghetti Monster. Dinkoism was organized by some independent social welfare groups of Kerala, India as a means to mock blind faith and creatively criticise religious intolerance. It had its origins on social media. Its principal deity is also Dinkan.	^[30]
Gadgetology	Founded in Russia around 2010 in Nizhny Novgorod, this religion venerates the cartoon character Gadget Hackwrench from the syndicated Disney animated cartoon series Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers. The religion has formed three non-exclusive currents: Traditionalist, Progressivist, and Apocalyptic.	^[31]^[32]
Googlism	A satirical church which advocates naming the search engine Google a god; due to nine perceived similarities between it and the common definitions of what makes a deity.	^[33]^[34]^[35]
Igreja Evangélica Pica das Galáxias ("Dick of Galaxies Evangelical Church")	Originated in Brazil, it is a satirical parody of Brazilian evangelical churches. The leader of the "church" is the self-proclaimed Apostle Arnaldo (who had the titles of "pastor" and "bishop" and intends to have the title of "vice-god"). Arnaldo is a former member of the Reborn in Christ Church who left the religious organization due to allegations of money laundering against the church's leadership and created his own "church" on YouTube as a form of humorous criticism of evangelical churches in Brazil. In May 2021, his YouTube channel had 964,000 subscribers. On May 27, 2018, Arnaldo was interviewed by Danilo Gentili on the TV show The Noite com Danilo Gentili on SBT.	^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]
Iglesia Maradoniana ("Church of Maradona")	It was formed by an Argentine group of fans of the late association football player Diego Armando Maradona. The adherents baptize themselves by slapping a football, which is a reference to the 1986 "Hand of God" goal.	^[40]
Jediism	In 2001 following an Internet campaign, the fictional Star Wars "religion" of the Jedi became a parody religion in several Commonwealth countries as 1.5% of the New Zealand, 0.4% of the Australia and 0.7% of the UK population stated their religion as Jedi in the official census (see Jedi census).	^[41]^[42]^[43]
Kopimism	An internet-based religion based on the belief that file sharing is a sacred virtue which must remain protected. It was given recognition by the Swedish government in January 2012. It was founded by a philosophy student, Isak Gerson.	^[44]
Matrixism, or The Path of the One	A new religious movement inspired by the 1999 movie The Matrix. It appeared online in 2004. The adherents claim belief in a multilayered subjective reality and await the return of their prophet, the One.^[45]
Neo-American Church	Psychedelian religion (LSD is a sacrament) which combines absurdism with legitimate solipsistic nihilism, but with some satirical elements (clergy are called Boo-Hoos, the church symbol is a three-eyed toad). Founder Arthur Kleps declared that one purpose of the church is to show that all religions are invented and silly.	^[46]
Order of Brothelyngham	A mid-14th century fake religious order in the city of Exeter, Devon.
Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption	A religious movement for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver to satirize prosperity theology and the way the IRS deals with churches.	^[47]^[48]
Silinism	The official religion of the micronation of the Aerican Empire, which holds a giant penguin named Forsteri as its central figure.	^[49]^[50]
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence	A drag performance group that lampoons religion to raise awareness for mostly LGBT causes.	^[51]
United Church of Bacon	Founded in 2010 in Las Vegas to protest discrimination against nonbelievers, it had 25,000 members in 2020.	^[52]^[53]
Zone Theory	A parody of religion and self-help books by comedy duo Tim & Eric.	^[54]

Aspects

Beliefs

Parody religions are often created to satirize or mock established religions, and as such, their beliefs often reflect this satirical or humorous tone. Parody religions may also use their beliefs as a means of commenting on societal issues or political ideologies. The Church of the SubGenius, for instance, pokes fun at organized religion and American culture through its parodic depiction of a "mock religion" that celebrates slackness and absurdity. Other parody religions target specific religions, sects, or cults and craft their beliefs to mock those of the religion they are targeting.

One common belief found in many parody religions is the rejection of dogma and religious authority. Parody religions often portray themselves as free-thinking and open-minded, rejecting the idea of blind faith and instead encouraging critical thinking and skepticism.

Parody religions may also incorporate elements of pop culture or science fiction into their beliefs. For example, The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, a parody religion that originated in response to the teaching of intelligent design in schools, posits that a flying spaghetti monster created the universe. Similarly, the Jediism movement, which began as a parody religion but has since become more serious, is based on the beliefs and practices of the Jedi Order from the Star Wars franchise.

Practices

Similar to many other religions, the practices of parody religions can include rituals, sermons, meditation, prayer, commemoration of a deity or god, sacrifices, parades, festivals, holidays, initiations, marital ceremonies, religious music & art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.

Parody religions often use their practices as a way to further satirize or critique established religious practices, or as a way to create a sense of community and belonging among their followers. Parody religions may also use their practices to highlight societal issues or political ideologies.

One common practice found in many parody religions is the use of humor and satire in religious ceremonies and rituals. The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, for example, often includes a "noodle mass" in which followers consume spaghetti and meatballs as a form of communion. The Church of the SubGenius also uses humor in its ceremonies, with rituals that include mock baptisms and the "slack off" ritual in which followers are encouraged to relax and do nothing.

Parody religions may also incorporate elements of pop culture or science fiction into their practices. The Jediism movement, for instance, practices lightsaber training and meditation, inspired by the Jedi Order from the Star Wars franchise. The Church of the Latter-Day Dude, a parody religion based on the character from the film "The Big Lebowski" practices "dudeist" philosophy and encourages followers to take it easy and "abide."

In addition to these unique practices, many parody religions also incorporate elements of more traditional religions into their practices. The Church of the SubGenius, for instance, uses elements of Christianity, Hinduism, and other religions in its rituals and iconography.

Social organization

Parody religions often have unique social structures and organizations that reflect their satirical or humorous tone. Parody religions may also use their social organization to create a sense of community and belonging among their followers, or as a way to comment on societal issues or political ideologies.

One common aspect of parody religions is that they often lack a centralized hierarchy or leadership structure. Instead, many parody religions operate as decentralized communities, with individual followers taking on roles and responsibilities as needed. For example, the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster has no official leaders, and instead relies on a community of individuals to organize events and spread the message of the religion.

Parody religions may also use their social organization to comment on societal issues or political ideologies. The Church of Euthanasia, for example, encourages its followers to live a sustainable lifestyle and reduce their environmental impact, and has organized protests and demonstrations to raise awareness for these issues.

Usage by atheist commentators

I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.

— Stephen F. Roberts^[55]

Many atheists, including Richard Dawkins, use parody religions such as those of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Invisible Pink Unicorn – as well as ancient gods like Zeus and Thor – as modern versions of Russell's teapot to argue that the burden of proof is on the believer, not the atheist.^[56]

Dawkins also created a parody of the criticism of atheism, coining the term athorism, or the firm belief that the Norse deity Thor does not exist. The intention is to emphasize that atheism is not a form of religious creed, but merely denial of specific beliefs.^[57] A common challenge against atheism is the idea that atheism is itself a form of "faith", a belief without proof. The theist might say "No one can prove that God does not exist, therefore an atheist is exercising faith by asserting that there is no God." Dawkins argues that by replacing the word "God" with "Thor" one should see that the assertion is fallacious. The burden of proof, he claims, rests upon the believer in the supernatural, not upon the non-believer who considers such things unlikely. Athorism is an attempt to illustrate through absurdity that there is no logical difference between disbelieving particular religions.

Legal issues

Cavanaugh v. Bartelt et al: Stephen Cavanaugh, an inmate at the Nebraska State Penitentiary, sued prison officials for refusing to accommodate his religious rights and requests, such as "the ability to order and wear religious clothing and pendants, the right to meet for weekly worship services and classes and the right to receive communion." Cavanaugh identifies as a Pastafarian and practices FSMism. Cavanaugh claimed that by prison officials rejecting his requests, his First Amendment Right was violated. Ultimately, the Court found that FSMism could not be defined as a religion under federal statutes and they granted the defendants' motion to dismiss.

Netherlands and The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster: ^[58] In 2018, the Dutch court ruled that law student Mienke de Wilde did not qualify for religious exemption in wearing Pastafarian headwear for a government issued ID photo. The court claimed that "Pastafarianism lacked the seriousness and coherence of a legitimate religious faith."^[58]

See also

• New religious movement
• Religious humanism
• Religious satire
• Russell's teapot
• Syncretism

Notes and references

1. Cusack, Carole M. (2018), "Mock Religions", in Gooren, Henri (ed.), Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_559-1, ISBN 978-3-319-08956-0, retrieved 2023-05-31
2. Dan Vergano (26 March 2006). "'Spaghetti Monster' is noodling around with faith". USA Today. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
3. "Atheists sue Washington County over denial to perform marriages". Star-Tribune.
4. "Official: Pastafarian strainer titfer is religious headgear". The Register. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
5. . Harvard Divinity School. April 19, 2016. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
6. "David Kantor, Michael Hampton". The New York Times. June 29, 2014 – via NYTimes.com.
7. "Australia Officially Recognizes the Church of FSM". venganza.org. May 22, 2017.
8. "Review: "Schizopolis"". Variety (magazine). 28 May 1996. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
9. . The Times of India. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
10. Nigel Suckling (2006). Unicorns. AAPPL. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-904332-68-8.
11. Abel, Andrew; Schaefer, Andrew (2010). "Seeing Through the Invisible Pink Unicorn". Journal of Religion & Society. 12: 1–17. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
12. William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1.
13. Dale McGowan (2013). Atheism For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-118-50921-0. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
14. "Faith takes strange forms on the Web". Stars and Stripes. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
15. "Say 'Hebbo' to Tarvuism!". Chortle.co.uk. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
16. Dumas, D (4 September 2010). "Look Around You: Science Video Reductio ad Absurdum". Wired (magazine). Retrieved 3 October 2013.
17. Thill, Scott (17 January 2009). "Education Spoof Look Around You Schools Adult Swim". Wired (magazine). Retrieved 3 October 2013.
18. "St. Stupid's Day Parade mocks economic and religious institutions". 1 March 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
19. Farquhar, Michael (2014). Secret Lives of the Tsars: Three Centuries of Autocracy, Debauchery, Betrayal, Murder, and Madness from Romanov Russia. Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-8129-7905-3.
20. Jerome Klinkowitz (2004). The Vonnegut Effect. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-57003-520-3. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
21. Lawrence R. Broer (1994). Sanity Plea: Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut. University of Alabama Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8173-0752-3. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
22. "Church of Euthanasia FAQ". www.churchofeuthanasia.org.
23. Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
24. Carole M. Cusack (2010). Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 87–105. ISBN 978-0-7546-9360-4. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
25. Neiwert, David (May 8, 2017). "What the Kek: Explaining the Alt-Right 'Deity' Behind Their 'Meme Magic'". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
26. . The Boston Globe. 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
27. "The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'". CNN. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
28. Robertson (2012); Robertson (2016).
29. Christopher Penczak (2006). The Mystic Foundation: Understanding and Exploring the Magical Universe. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-7387-0979-6. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
30. KC Archana (5 April 2016). "What is Dinkoism? Why are many Keralites worshipping a superhero mouse?". India Today. from the original on 7 January 2019.
31. THEFANDOME, (None) (February 21, 2018), "Gadget Hackwrench Religion or How a Fandom Reborn Into a Cult", Medium.com, retrieved 2020-01-08
32. Hobbs, Alan (November 1, 2019), , United Squid, archived from the original on 2022-12-27, retrieved 2020-01-08
33. "Googlism: The Reformed Church of Google". Retrieved 2019-10-19.
34. Paulas, Rick (July 13, 2015), "The Problem with Google's Perceived Omniscience", Pacific Standard, retrieved 2019-03-03
35. Sheehan, Paul (September 7, 2009), "In Google we trust: our new faith", The Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved 2019-10-19
36. "Official page". Apóstolo Arnaldo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2021.
37. "Bispo Arnaldo arrebanha 'fiéis' com boca suja, cerveja e crítica a igrejas". storia.me (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2021.
38. "Entrevista com Bispo Arnaldo | The Noite (27/03/18)". YouTube. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
39. "Igreja Evangélica Pica das Galáxias - YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
40. "Diego Maradona's 48th birthday celebrated by Church of Maradona". The Telegraph. London. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
41. "Jedi 'religion' grows in Australia". BBC News. 27 August 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
42. . Wired. 31 August 2002. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
43. "No place for Jedi in survey". The Guardian. 14 February 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
44. "Sweden recognises new file-sharing religion Kopimism". BBC News. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
45. George D. Chryssides (2011). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-8108-6194-7. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
46. Roger K. Green (April 11, 2013). "Psychedelic Citizenship and Re-enchantment: Affective Aesthetics as Political Instantiation". TELOScope. Telos Press. Retrieved June 16, 2016.>Versluis, Arthur (2014). American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0199368136. Retrieved June 14, 2016.Lee, Martina A.; Shlain, Bruce (1994). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond (Revised ed.). Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802130624.Kleps, Art (2005) [1975, 1977]. Millbrook: A Narrative of the Early Years of American Psychedelianism. OKNeoAC. ISBN 978-0960038800."About the OKNeoAC". Original Kleptonian Neo-American Church website.Kleps, Art (1971) [1967]. The Boo Hoo Bible: The Neo-American Church Catechism and Handbook. Toad Books. ISBN 978-0960038817.Stewart, Omer C. (1993). Peyote Religion. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-8061-2457-1.Bates, Stephen (February 11, 2009). "Blessed Be the Newsmakers. A new business model for the press: Declare itself a religion". Slate.Brief excerpts from the Boo-Hoo Bible and United States of America v. Judith H. KuchMike Dorf (December 24, 2010). "Boo Hoo for the rest of us". Dorf on Law. Retrieved June 14, 2016.Leone Zaretsky, Irving; Leone Zaretsky, Mark P. (1974). Religious Movements in Contemporary America. Princeton University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9781400868841. Retrieved June 14, 2016.Joseph Laycock (December 12, 2013). "Satanist Monument Shines Light on Christian Privilege". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved June 16, 2016."Membership". Original Kleptonian Neo-American Church website.Art Kleps (1971). "Neo-American Church Catechism and Handbook". Neo-American Church. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
47. "John Oliver's Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption Church". www.ourladyofperpetualexemption.com.
48. Kreps, Daniel (September 14, 2015). "John Oliver Shuts Down Fake Church Over Unsolicited Semen". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
49. "The Aerican Empire". www.aericanempire.com.
50. Ivan (April 15, 2017), "10 Micro Nations You Didn't Know Existed", Gazette Review, retrieved 2019-03-04
51. Fitzsimmons, Tim (April 20, 2019), "Drag troupe 'The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence' mark 40 years of 'dragtivism'", NBC News, retrieved April 26, 2019
52. Pellot, Brian (July 31, 2014), "United Church of Bacon: May the Lard be with you", Charlotte Observer, Religion News Service, retrieved 2020-07-22
53. Brown, Andrea (June 22, 2020), "Need some scratch? Pig out on $5 bacon-scented lottery tix", HeraldNet, retrieved 2020-07-22
54. Collins, Sean T (July 7, 2015), "Going Weird: An Interview With Tim & Eric About Their New Cult Satire 'Zone Theory'", New York Observer, retrieved 2019-03-04
55. Dianna Narciso (March 2004). Like Rolling Uphill: Realizing the Honesty of Atheism. Llumina Press. p. 6. ISBN 1-932560-74-2.
56. Dawkins, Richard (2006). "Chapter 2: The God Hypothesis". The God Delusion. London: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9.
57. Richard, Dawkins. "Let's Hope It's A Lasting Vogue". On Faith. Newsweek. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
58. "Dutch Court: Pastafarians Can't Wear Colanders in ID Photos". Time. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2023-04-18.

Works cited

• Robertson, David G. (2012). "Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson". In Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill. pp. 421–444. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1.
• Robertson, David G. (2016). "SubGenius vs The Conspiracy: Playfulness and sincerity in invented religions". In Cusack, Carole M.; Kosnáč, Pavol (eds.). Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-13549-4.

External links

• Inside the Spiritual Jacuzzi article by Jesse Walker about parody religions and other "customized faiths"