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Zavodovski Island

March 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Zavadovskiy Island.

Zavodovski Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Traversay Islands subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands, which are located southeast of South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is the northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands and consists of one major stratovolcano, Mount Curry, which is surrounded to the east by a plain formed by lava flows. Mount Curry has a fumarolically active crater on the southwestern side, which also bears traces of a sector collapse. An eruption occurred in 2016.

Zavodovski Island
NASA image of Zavodovski Island
Zavodovski Island
Location in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Geography
LocationSouthern Ocean
Coordinates56°18′S 27°35′W / 56.30°S 27.58°W / -56.30; -27.58[1]
Length4 km (2.5 mi)
Width3.8 km (2.36 mi)
Highest elevation551 m (1808 ft)
Highest pointMount Curry
Administration
United Kingdom
Demographics
Populationuninhabited

The island was officially discovered in December 1819 by Thaddeus von Bellingshausen. The largest penguin colony on Earth with over a million breeding pairs is situated on Zavodovski. It consists mostly of chinstrap penguins, although other seabirds and penguin species breed on the island as well. Early explorers noted the bad smell of the island, which is reflected in numerous placenames.

Geography and geomorphology edit

Zavodovski is the northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands, which lie southeast of South Georgia[2] in the Southern Atlantic Ocean[3] and extend over a distance of 350 kilometres (220 mi) in north-south direction.[4] Together with Leskov and Visokoi Island, it makes up the Traversay Islands[5] subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands.[2] Politically, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands make up the UK Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. In 2012, a marine protected area was established in the South Sandwich Islands. The scope of the protected area was further expanded in 2019.[6] Icebergs occur in the surrounding waters,[7] and sea ice reaches Zavodovski in August and September.[8]

The island has dimensions of 3.8 by 4.0 kilometres (2.4 mi × 2.5 mi)[9] and a diamond-shaped outline, with northern Reek Point, eastern Pungent Point, southern Fume Point and western Stench Point. Two embayments are located north and northeast of Stench Point between the headlands of Acrid Point and Pacific Point.[1] The coastlines are made up by 15–30 metres (49–98 ft) high cliffs, rock shelves and boulder beaches.[10] Slightly west of the centre of the island lies the 551 metres (1,808 ft)[11][1] or 557 metres (1,827 ft) high Mount Curry stratovolcano, also known as Mount Asphyxia.[12] A volcanic crater lies on the southwestern flank,[1] and a further buried crater may exist northwest of the summit.[13] Two fumarolically active fissures extend eastward from Mount Curry to two parasitic vents.[14]

The small size of the island prevents extensive glaciation; there are only thin glaciers and snow fields[15] (in 1962, ice area was about 0.1 square kilometres (0.04 sq mi)[16]) and ice is often ash-covered.[17] Except on the western side, where marine erosion has eroded away parts of the island, lava flows surround most of Mount Curry.[1] On the eastern side of the island, they form a gently undulating plain that is easily traversable[18] and accessible from the sea, by humans and penguins alike.[9] This asymmetry is probably due to the preferential emission of lava flows on the eastern side.[19] Lava flows feature columnar joints that are visible in coastal cliffs.[20] On the western side, cliffs show traces of a sector collapse, which extended below sea level[21] and left a 4 cubic kilometres (0.96 cu mi) deposit on the seafloor.[22]

A 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide submarine shelf surrounds Zavodovski at a depth of 70–160 metres (230–520 ft) on all sides except the western, where it has been removed by the sector collapse.[21] The shelf probably formed through marine erosion during glacial sea level decrease.[23] The island lies on the western one of a pair of submarine ridges, which have a width of 54 kilometres (34 mi) at 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) depth[21] and form an edifice with a total volume of about 5,400 cubic kilometres (1,300 cu mi).[24] Their margins are cut by chutes and slump scars; the bathymetry is irregular.[25] Protector Shoal is 56 kilometres (35 mi) northwest of Zavodovski, and connected with it by a submarine ridge at less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) depth.[26] In 1962, a submarine eruption produced a pumice raft that reached New Zealand.[27] Another, deeper, submarine ridge connects Zavodovski to Leskov Island to the southwest.[28]

Geology edit

East of the South Sandwich Islands, the South America Plate subducts beneath the Scotia Plate at a rate of 70 millimetres per year (2.8 in/year). The subduction is responsible for the existence of the South Sandwich island arc, which is constituted by about eleven islands[4] in an eastward curving chain,[29] and submarine volcanoes such as Protector in the north and Adventure and Kemp in the south.[30] From north to south Zavodovski, Leskov Island, Visokoi Island, Candlemas Island-Vindication Island, Saunders Island, Montagu Island, Bristol Island-Freezland Rock, Bellingshausen Island, Cook Island-Thule Island emerge from the sea. Most of the islands are stratovolcanoes of various sizes.[26]

Composition edit

Basalt is the dominant rock produced by volcanic activity[31][21] and defines a potassium-poor tholeiitic suite.[32] Phenocrysts include augite, clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.[33] Compositional patterns at Zavodovski and Protector Shoal resemble those of Candlemas Island.[34] Intense weathering gives the rocks yellow and red colours.[20]

Flora and fauna edit

Mosses grow on Zavodovski, and algae in proximity to penguin colonies.[19] Unlike other islands in the South Sandwich Islands, vegetation is rare even around fumaroles.[35] It consists of bryophytes.[36] Arthropods include mites.[37]

Zavodovski has the largest population of breeding penguins on Earth.[38] 600,000–1,000,000 chinstrap penguins breed on Zavodovski,[39] making up about one quarter of the global population of this species[40] and possibly one of the largest bird colonies in the world.[41] The colony is large enough to cause substantial ammonia emissions in the region.[42] Other penguin species breeding on Zavodovski include more than 50,000 macaroni penguins[39] which form small colonies within chinstrap penguin colonies,[43] and gentoo penguins. The size of the penguin colony on Zavodovski appears to be increasing.[44] King penguins also visit the island[45] and may breed there.[41][43] Other seabirds breeding on Zavodovski include Antarctic fulmars, Antarctic terns, black-bellied storm petrels, blue-eyed shags, cape petrels, kelp gulls, snow petrels, southern giant petrels and Wilson's storm petrels.[39][46] Antarctic fur seal colonies occur along the coasts.[47]

Geologic history edit

Zavodovski has erupted during the Holocene,[31] though its rocks have not been radiometrically dated. Alternating sequences of lava flows and tephra built the island up during the last few tens of thousands of years, and were more recently buried by ash fallout.[33] The eastern submarine ridge is covered by sediment and appears to be older, indicating that volcanism has moved westward over time.[48] If glaciers developed on Zavodovski during the last glacial maximum, the steep submarine slopes would have restricted their expansion.[49]

The island is one of the most active volcanoes in the South Sandwich Islands.[50] It was reported to be smoking by von Bellingshausen, who observed emissions from the crater and noted a smell of sulfur,[51] and there are frequent reports of steam emission.[9] Reports of eruptions in 1823, 1830 and 1908 may refer to fumarolic activity.[52] In 1830 fresh lava and floating pumices were reported from the eastern side,[19] and a ship reported an eruption column in 1970.[9] In March 2016, an eruption produced a volcanic cloud and fallout of ash and lava bombs, covering parts of the island and leading the government of South Georgia to issue a navigation warning.[53] Reported inconsistencies of the height of Mount Curry may indicate volcanic activity that changed the summit elevation of the volcano.[15] Undamaged penguin bodies buried by volcanic ash have been found,[54] and activity may have obliterated breeding seabird colonies.[55]

Fumarolic activity occurs in the southwestern crater and extends to the cliffs on the sea, south of Acrid Point.[56] The fumarolic vents have deposited sulfur in the crater.[20] There are conflicting reports of emissions on the eastern and southern side of Zavodovski.[19] Volcanic heat is visible from satellite images,[9] and keeps certain parts of the island snow-free.[56] Emissions from Mount Curry alter the properties of clouds in the area, making them brighter.[57]

Research history and naming edit

Seal hunters may have visited Zavodovski and the other Traversay Islands before 1819.[58] The official discovery was by Thaddeus von Bellingshausen in December 1819. He sent a landing party ashore and named the island after the captain-lieutenant of his ship Vostok.[5] The correct transliteration would be Zavadovskiy, but the older transliteration Zavadovski is the common one.[59] The Traversay Islands were named after Marquis de Traversay who sponsored the Bellingshausen expedition.[59] Other names of the island are Zawadowski, Ssawadowski, Sawadowsky and Prince Island.[60]

The South Sandwich Islands probably are not visited more frequently than a few times per year. Initially, sealers came to the islands, while whalers hunted in the surrounding seas. Scientific expeditions took place in 1930 and 1962.[26] Zavodovski is probably the most frequently visited of the South Sandwich Islands,[33] with cruise ships approaching to view the penguin colonies[61] and tourist boats landing.[62]

The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited and remote; South Georgia is the closest inhabited place 250 kilometres (160 mi) northwest from Zavodovski.[26] Argentina installed the Guardiamarina Lamas beacon on Zavodovski;[63] presently, an unmanned weather station on the island is operated by South Africa.[62] Politically, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands make up the UK Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. In 2012, a marine protected area was established in the South Sandwich Islands. The scope of the protected area was further expanded in 2019.[6] Argentina had laid claim to the islands in 1957, in reaction to a Soviet landing on Zavodovski.[64]

Smell edit

Early discoverers remarked on the intense smell of the island,[65] which has been referred to as "the world's smelliest",[66] and numerous placenames on Zavodovski reference the smells and noxious fumes: Acrid Point, Fume Point, Noxious Bluff, Pungent Point, Reek Point and Stench Point.[a] Von Bellingshausen attributed it to penguin droppings, which forced his landing party to leave the island.[5] Noxious fumes also originate from the fumaroles.[19] The same odour may have poisoned Carl Anton Larsen during his 1908 visit[73] and forced him off the island.[74] Later reports noticed it as far as several miles offshore.[19]

Notes edit

  1. ^ According to GNIS[67][68][69][70][71][72]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 368.
  2. ^ a b Barr 2000, p. 318.
  3. ^ Lynch et al. 2016, p. 1615.
  4. ^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 361.
  5. ^ a b c Barr 2000, p. 317.
  6. ^ a b Liu et al. 2020, p. 3.
  7. ^ Wild 1923, p. 84.
  8. ^ Thorpe & Murphy 2022, p. 6.
  9. ^ a b c d e Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 484.
  10. ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 14.
  11. ^ GVP 2023, General Information.
  12. ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 6.
  13. ^ Patrick & Smellie 2013, p. 483.
  14. ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, pp. 368, 369.
  15. ^ a b Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 16.
  16. ^ Kargel et al. 2014, p. 773.
  17. ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1281.
  18. ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 15.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 17.
  20. ^ a b c Liu et al. 2020, p. 7.
  21. ^ a b c d Leat et al. 2010, p. 114.
  22. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 123.
  23. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 122.
  24. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 121.
  25. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 116.
  26. ^ a b c d LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 362.
  27. ^ Coombs & Landis 1966, p. 289.
  28. ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, pp. 361, 362.
  29. ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 3.
  30. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 111.
  31. ^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 363.
  32. ^ Pearce et al. 1995, p. 1077.
  33. ^ a b c LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 369.
  34. ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, pp. 364, 365.
  35. ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1287.
  36. ^ Convey et al. 2000, p. 1292.
  37. ^ Convey, Greenslade & Pugh 2000, p. 602.
  38. ^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 8.
  39. ^ a b c Hart & Convey 2018, Table 3.
  40. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 114.
  41. ^ a b Hart & Convey 2018, p. 26.
  42. ^ Blackall et al. 2007, p. 4.
  43. ^ a b Lynch et al. 2016, p. 1620.
  44. ^ Lynch et al. 2016, p. 1622.
  45. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 113.
  46. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, pp. 115–119.
  47. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 120.
  48. ^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 117.
  49. ^ Hodgson et al. 2014, p. 145.
  50. ^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 365.
  51. ^ Barr 2000, p. 319.
  52. ^ GVP 2023, Eruption history.
  53. ^ GVP 2023, Latest Activity Reports.
  54. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 121.
  55. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 123.
  56. ^ a b Holdgate & Baker 1979, pp. 15, 16.
  57. ^ Schmidt et al. 2012, p. 7322.
  58. ^ Hart & Convey 2018, p. 20.
  59. ^ a b Barr 2000, p. 322.
  60. ^ GVP 2023, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
  61. ^ Convey, Morton & Poncet 1999, p. 108.
  62. ^ a b Hart & Convey 2018, p. 21.
  63. ^ Yamin & Anselmi 2020, p. 15.
  64. ^ Bologna 1982, p. 50.
  65. ^ Kemp & Nelson 1931, p. 160.
  66. ^ Estok 2018, p. 4.
  67. ^ GNIS 2023a.
  68. ^ GNIS 2023b.
  69. ^ GNIS 2023c.
  70. ^ GNIS 2023d.
  71. ^ GNIS 2023e.
  72. ^ GNIS 2023f.
  73. ^ Holdgate & Baker 1979, p. 5.
  74. ^ Kemp & Nelson 1931, p. 2.

Sources edit

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  • Hodgson, Dominic A.; Graham, Alastair G. C.; Roberts, Stephen J.; Bentley, Michael J.; Cofaigh, Colm Ó; Verleyen, Elie; Vyverman, Wim; Jomelli, Vincent; Favier, Vincent; Brunstein, Daniel; Verfaillie, Deborah; Colhoun, Eric A.; Saunders, Krystyna M.; Selkirk, Patricia M.; Mackintosh, Andrew; Hedding, David W.; Nel, Werner; Hall, Kevin; McGlone, Matt S.; Van der Putten, Nathalie; Dickens, William A.; Smith, James A. (15 September 2014). "Terrestrial and submarine evidence for the extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum and the onset of deglaciation on the maritime-Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands". Quaternary Science Reviews. 100: 137–158. Bibcode:2014QSRv..100..137H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.001. hdl:1854/LU-5767343. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 55057416.
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  • Kemp, S.; Nelson, A. L. (1931). The South Sandwich Islands (Report). “Discovery” Reports. Vol. 3. pp. 133–198.
  • Leat, Philip T.; Tate, Alex J.; Tappin, David R.; Day, Simon J.; Owen, Matthew J. (September 2010). "Growth and mass wasting of volcanic centers in the northern South Sandwich arc, South Atlantic, revealed by new multibeam mapping". Marine Geology. 275 (1–4): 110–126. Bibcode:2010MGeol.275..110L. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.001.
  • LeMasurier, W.E.; Thomson, J.W.; Baker, P.E.; Kyle, P.R.; Rowley, P.D.; Smellie, J.L.; Verwoerd, W.J., eds. (1990). Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. Antarctic Research Series. Vol. 48. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. doi:10.1029/ar048. ISBN 978-0-87590-172-5.
  • Liu, Emma J.; Wood, Kieran; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Giudice, Gaetano; Bitetto, Marcello; Fischer, Tobias P.; McCormick Kilbride, Brendan T.; Plank, Terry; Hart, Tom (11 December 2020). "Volcanic activity and gas emissions along the South Sandwich Arc". Bulletin of Volcanology. 83 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s00445-020-01415-2. hdl:10447/498775. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 228086712.
  • Lynch, Heather J.; White, Richard; Naveen, Ron; Black, Andy; Meixler, Marcia S.; Fagan, William F. (1 September 2016). "In stark contrast to widespread declines along the Scotia Arc, a survey of the South Sandwich Islands finds a robust seabird community". Polar Biology. 39 (9): 1615–1625. Bibcode:2016PoBio..39.1615L. doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1886-6. ISSN 1432-2056. S2CID 253814987.
  • Patrick, Matthew R.; Smellie, John L. (August 2013). "Synthesis A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000–10". Antarctic Science. 25 (4): 475–500. Bibcode:2013AntSc..25..475P. doi:10.1017/S0954102013000436. ISSN 0954-1020. S2CID 128905897.
  • Pearce, J. A.; Baker, P. E.; Harvey, P. K.; Luff, I. W. (1 August 1995). "Geochemical Evidence for Subduction Fluxes, Mantle Melting and Fractional Crystallization Beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc". Journal of Petrology. 36 (4): 1073–1109. doi:10.1093/petrology/36.4.1073.
  • Schmidt, A.; Carslaw, K. S.; Mann, G. W.; Rap, A.; Pringle, K. J.; Spracklen, D. V.; Wilson, M.; Forster, P. M. (16 August 2012). "Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 12 (16): 7321–7339. Bibcode:2012ACP....12.7321S. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7321-2012. ISSN 1680-7316.
  • Thorpe, Sally E.; Murphy, Eugene J. (1 April 2022). "Spatial and temporal variability and connectivity of the marine environment of the South Sandwich Islands, Southern Ocean". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 198: 105057. Bibcode:2022DSRII.19805057T. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105057. ISSN 0967-0645. S2CID 247416089.
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  • Yamin, Marcela Gladys; Anselmi, Gabriela (2020). Geología de las Placas Scotia y Sandwich. Revisión y Mapa Geológico (Report). ISSN 0328-9052.

Further reading edit

  • Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Hogg, Oliver T.; Darby, Chris (2021). "Distribution of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems at the South Sandwich Islands: Results From the Blue Belt Discovery Expedition 99 Deep-Water Camera Surveys". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.662285. ISSN 2296-7745.
  • Hogg, Oliver T.; Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Darby, Chris (2021). "Macrobenthic Assessment of the South Sandwich Islands Reveals a Biogeographically Distinct Polar Archipelago". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.650241. ISSN 2296-7745.

March 10, 2024
zavodovski, island, confused, with, zavadovskiy, island, uninhabited, volcanic, island, traversay, islands, subgroup, south, sandwich, islands, which, located, southeast, south, georgia, south, atlantic, ocean, northernmost, south, sandwich, islands, consists,. Not to be confused with Zavadovskiy Island Zavodovski Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Traversay Islands subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands which are located southeast of South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean It is the northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands and consists of one major stratovolcano Mount Curry which is surrounded to the east by a plain formed by lava flows Mount Curry has a fumarolically active crater on the southwestern side which also bears traces of a sector collapse An eruption occurred in 2016 Zavodovski IslandNASA image of Zavodovski IslandZavodovski IslandLocation in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GeographyLocationSouthern OceanCoordinates56 18 S 27 35 W 56 30 S 27 58 W 56 30 27 58 1 Length4 km 2 5 mi Width3 8 km 2 36 mi Highest elevation551 m 1808 ft Highest pointMount CurryAdministrationUnited KingdomDemographicsPopulationuninhabitedThe island was officially discovered in December 1819 by Thaddeus von Bellingshausen The largest penguin colony on Earth with over a million breeding pairs is situated on Zavodovski It consists mostly of chinstrap penguins although other seabirds and penguin species breed on the island as well Early explorers noted the bad smell of the island which is reflected in numerous placenames Contents 1 Geography and geomorphology 2 Geology 2 1 Composition 3 Flora and fauna 4 Geologic history 5 Research history and naming 5 1 Smell 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Sources 8 Further readingGeography and geomorphology editZavodovski is the northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands which lie southeast of South Georgia 2 in the Southern Atlantic Ocean 3 and extend over a distance of 350 kilometres 220 mi in north south direction 4 Together with Leskov and Visokoi Island it makes up the Traversay Islands 5 subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands 2 Politically South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands make up the UK Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands In 2012 a marine protected area was established in the South Sandwich Islands The scope of the protected area was further expanded in 2019 6 Icebergs occur in the surrounding waters 7 and sea ice reaches Zavodovski in August and September 8 The island has dimensions of 3 8 by 4 0 kilometres 2 4 mi 2 5 mi 9 and a diamond shaped outline with northern Reek Point eastern Pungent Point southern Fume Point and western Stench Point Two embayments are located north and northeast of Stench Point between the headlands of Acrid Point and Pacific Point 1 The coastlines are made up by 15 30 metres 49 98 ft high cliffs rock shelves and boulder beaches 10 Slightly west of the centre of the island lies the 551 metres 1 808 ft 11 1 or 557 metres 1 827 ft high Mount Curry stratovolcano also known as Mount Asphyxia 12 A volcanic crater lies on the southwestern flank 1 and a further buried crater may exist northwest of the summit 13 Two fumarolically active fissures extend eastward from Mount Curry to two parasitic vents 14 The small size of the island prevents extensive glaciation there are only thin glaciers and snow fields 15 in 1962 ice area was about 0 1 square kilometres 0 04 sq mi 16 and ice is often ash covered 17 Except on the western side where marine erosion has eroded away parts of the island lava flows surround most of Mount Curry 1 On the eastern side of the island they form a gently undulating plain that is easily traversable 18 and accessible from the sea by humans and penguins alike 9 This asymmetry is probably due to the preferential emission of lava flows on the eastern side 19 Lava flows feature columnar joints that are visible in coastal cliffs 20 On the western side cliffs show traces of a sector collapse which extended below sea level 21 and left a 4 cubic kilometres 0 96 cu mi deposit on the seafloor 22 A 6 kilometres 3 7 mi wide submarine shelf surrounds Zavodovski at a depth of 70 160 metres 230 520 ft on all sides except the western where it has been removed by the sector collapse 21 The shelf probably formed through marine erosion during glacial sea level decrease 23 The island lies on the western one of a pair of submarine ridges which have a width of 54 kilometres 34 mi at 1 800 metres 5 900 ft depth 21 and form an edifice with a total volume of about 5 400 cubic kilometres 1 300 cu mi 24 Their margins are cut by chutes and slump scars the bathymetry is irregular 25 Protector Shoal is 56 kilometres 35 mi northwest of Zavodovski and connected with it by a submarine ridge at less than 1 kilometre 0 62 mi depth 26 In 1962 a submarine eruption produced a pumice raft that reached New Zealand 27 Another deeper submarine ridge connects Zavodovski to Leskov Island to the southwest 28 Geology editEast of the South Sandwich Islands the South America Plate subducts beneath the Scotia Plate at a rate of 70 millimetres per year 2 8 in year The subduction is responsible for the existence of the South Sandwich island arc which is constituted by about eleven islands 4 in an eastward curving chain 29 and submarine volcanoes such as Protector in the north and Adventure and Kemp in the south 30 From north to south Zavodovski Leskov Island Visokoi Island Candlemas Island Vindication Island Saunders Island Montagu Island Bristol Island Freezland Rock Bellingshausen Island Cook Island Thule Island emerge from the sea Most of the islands are stratovolcanoes of various sizes 26 Composition edit Basalt is the dominant rock produced by volcanic activity 31 21 and defines a potassium poor tholeiitic suite 32 Phenocrysts include augite clinopyroxene olivine and plagioclase 33 Compositional patterns at Zavodovski and Protector Shoal resemble those of Candlemas Island 34 Intense weathering gives the rocks yellow and red colours 20 Flora and fauna editMosses grow on Zavodovski and algae in proximity to penguin colonies 19 Unlike other islands in the South Sandwich Islands vegetation is rare even around fumaroles 35 It consists of bryophytes 36 Arthropods include mites 37 Zavodovski has the largest population of breeding penguins on Earth 38 600 000 1 000 000 chinstrap penguins breed on Zavodovski 39 making up about one quarter of the global population of this species 40 and possibly one of the largest bird colonies in the world 41 The colony is large enough to cause substantial ammonia emissions in the region 42 Other penguin species breeding on Zavodovski include more than 50 000 macaroni penguins 39 which form small colonies within chinstrap penguin colonies 43 and gentoo penguins The size of the penguin colony on Zavodovski appears to be increasing 44 King penguins also visit the island 45 and may breed there 41 43 Other seabirds breeding on Zavodovski include Antarctic fulmars Antarctic terns black bellied storm petrels blue eyed shags cape petrels kelp gulls snow petrels southern giant petrels and Wilson s storm petrels 39 46 Antarctic fur seal colonies occur along the coasts 47 Geologic history editZavodovski has erupted during the Holocene 31 though its rocks have not been radiometrically dated Alternating sequences of lava flows and tephra built the island up during the last few tens of thousands of years and were more recently buried by ash fallout 33 The eastern submarine ridge is covered by sediment and appears to be older indicating that volcanism has moved westward over time 48 If glaciers developed on Zavodovski during the last glacial maximum the steep submarine slopes would have restricted their expansion 49 The island is one of the most active volcanoes in the South Sandwich Islands 50 It was reported to be smoking by von Bellingshausen who observed emissions from the crater and noted a smell of sulfur 51 and there are frequent reports of steam emission 9 Reports of eruptions in 1823 1830 and 1908 may refer to fumarolic activity 52 In 1830 fresh lava and floating pumices were reported from the eastern side 19 and a ship reported an eruption column in 1970 9 In March 2016 an eruption produced a volcanic cloud and fallout of ash and lava bombs covering parts of the island and leading the government of South Georgia to issue a navigation warning 53 Reported inconsistencies of the height of Mount Curry may indicate volcanic activity that changed the summit elevation of the volcano 15 Undamaged penguin bodies buried by volcanic ash have been found 54 and activity may have obliterated breeding seabird colonies 55 Fumarolic activity occurs in the southwestern crater and extends to the cliffs on the sea south of Acrid Point 56 The fumarolic vents have deposited sulfur in the crater 20 There are conflicting reports of emissions on the eastern and southern side of Zavodovski 19 Volcanic heat is visible from satellite images 9 and keeps certain parts of the island snow free 56 Emissions from Mount Curry alter the properties of clouds in the area making them brighter 57 Research history and naming editSeal hunters may have visited Zavodovski and the other Traversay Islands before 1819 58 The official discovery was by Thaddeus von Bellingshausen in December 1819 He sent a landing party ashore and named the island after the captain lieutenant of his ship Vostok 5 The correct transliteration would be Zavadovskiy but the older transliteration Zavadovski is the common one 59 The Traversay Islands were named after Marquis de Traversay who sponsored the Bellingshausen expedition 59 Other names of the island are Zawadowski Ssawadowski Sawadowsky and Prince Island 60 The South Sandwich Islands probably are not visited more frequently than a few times per year Initially sealers came to the islands while whalers hunted in the surrounding seas Scientific expeditions took place in 1930 and 1962 26 Zavodovski is probably the most frequently visited of the South Sandwich Islands 33 with cruise ships approaching to view the penguin colonies 61 and tourist boats landing 62 The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited and remote South Georgia is the closest inhabited place 250 kilometres 160 mi northwest from Zavodovski 26 Argentina installed the Guardiamarina Lamas beacon on Zavodovski 63 presently an unmanned weather station on the island is operated by South Africa 62 Politically South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands make up the UK Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands In 2012 a marine protected area was established in the South Sandwich Islands The scope of the protected area was further expanded in 2019 6 Argentina had laid claim to the islands in 1957 in reaction to a Soviet landing on Zavodovski 64 Smell edit Early discoverers remarked on the intense smell of the island 65 which has been referred to as the world s smelliest 66 and numerous placenames on Zavodovski reference the smells and noxious fumes Acrid Point Fume Point Noxious Bluff Pungent Point Reek Point and Stench Point a Von Bellingshausen attributed it to penguin droppings which forced his landing party to leave the island 5 Noxious fumes also originate from the fumaroles 19 The same odour may have poisoned Carl Anton Larsen during his 1908 visit 73 and forced him off the island 74 Later reports noticed it as far as several miles offshore 19 Notes edit According to GNIS 67 68 69 70 71 72 References edit a b c d e LeMasurier et al 1990 p 368 a b Barr 2000 p 318 Lynch et al 2016 p 1615 a b LeMasurier et al 1990 p 361 a b c Barr 2000 p 317 a b Liu et al 2020 p 3 Wild 1923 p 84 Thorpe amp Murphy 2022 p 6 a b c d e Patrick amp Smellie 2013 p 484 Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 14 GVP 2023 General Information Liu et al 2020 p 6 Patrick amp Smellie 2013 p 483 LeMasurier et al 1990 pp 368 369 a b Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 16 Kargel et al 2014 p 773 Convey et al 2000 p 1281 Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 15 a b c d e f Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 17 a b c Liu et al 2020 p 7 a b c d Leat et al 2010 p 114 Leat et al 2010 p 123 Leat et al 2010 p 122 Leat et al 2010 p 121 Leat et al 2010 p 116 a b c d LeMasurier et al 1990 p 362 Coombs amp Landis 1966 p 289 LeMasurier et al 1990 pp 361 362 Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 3 Leat et al 2010 p 111 a b LeMasurier et al 1990 p 363 Pearce et al 1995 p 1077 a b c LeMasurier et al 1990 p 369 LeMasurier et al 1990 pp 364 365 Convey et al 2000 p 1287 Convey et al 2000 p 1292 Convey Greenslade amp Pugh 2000 p 602 Liu et al 2020 p 8 a b c Hart amp Convey 2018 Table 3 Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 114 a b Hart amp Convey 2018 p 26 Blackall et al 2007 p 4 a b Lynch et al 2016 p 1620 Lynch et al 2016 p 1622 Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 113 Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 pp 115 119 Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 120 Leat et al 2010 p 117 Hodgson et al 2014 p 145 LeMasurier et al 1990 p 365 Barr 2000 p 319 GVP 2023 Eruption history GVP 2023 Latest Activity Reports Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 121 Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 123 a b Holdgate amp Baker 1979 pp 15 16 Schmidt et al 2012 p 7322 Hart amp Convey 2018 p 20 a b Barr 2000 p 322 GVP 2023 Synonyms amp Subfeatures Convey Morton amp Poncet 1999 p 108 a b Hart amp Convey 2018 p 21 Yamin amp Anselmi 2020 p 15 Bologna 1982 p 50 Kemp amp Nelson 1931 p 160 Estok 2018 p 4 GNIS 2023a GNIS 2023b GNIS 2023c GNIS 2023d GNIS 2023e GNIS 2023f Holdgate amp Baker 1979 p 5 Kemp amp Nelson 1931 p 2 Sources edit Barr William October 2000 First landings on Zavodovski Island South Sandwich Islands 1819 Polar Record 36 199 317 322 Bibcode 2000PoRec 36 317B doi 10 1017 S0032247400016806 ISSN 1475 3057 S2CID 130347679 Blackall Trevor D Wilson Linda J Theobald Mark R Milford Celia Nemitz Eiko Bull Jennifer Bacon Philip J Hamer Keith C Wanless Sarah Sutton Mark A 17 May 2007 Ammonia emissions from seabird colonies Geophysical Research Letters 34 10 Bibcode 2007GeoRL 3410801B doi 10 1029 2006GL028928 ISSN 0094 8276 S2CID 128759028 Bologna Alfredo Bruno 1982 Ocupacion de las islas Gergias del Sur San Pedro y Sandwich del Sur Revista de Ciencia Politica in Spanish 25 1 44 53 Convey P Morton A Poncet J April 1999 Survey of marine birds and mammals of the South Sandwich Islands Polar Record 35 193 107 124 Bibcode 1999PoRec 35 107C doi 10 1017 S0032247400026450 ISSN 1475 3057 S2CID 128837047 Convey P Greenslade P Pugh P J A April 2000 The terrestrial micro arthropod fauna of the South Sandwich Islands Journal of Natural History 34 4 597 609 Bibcode 2000JNatH 34 597C doi 10 1080 002229300299462 S2CID 85820204 Convey P Lewis Smith R I Hodgson D A Peat H J November 2000 The flora of the South Sandwich Islands with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating Journal of Biogeography 27 6 1279 1295 Bibcode 2000JBiog 27 1279C doi 10 1046 j 1365 2699 2000 00512 x S2CID 86399142 Coombs D S Landis C A January 1966 Pumice from the South Sandwich Eruption of March 1962 reaches New Zealand Nature 209 5020 289 290 Bibcode 1966Natur 209 289C doi 10 1038 209289b0 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 4169796 Estok Simon C December 2018 Questioning the Anthropocene Is It Really Our Cene NANO New American Notes Online 13 Retrieved 24 October 2023 via Gale Academic OneFile Acrid Point Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Fume Point Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Noxious Bluff Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Pungent Point Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Reek Point Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Stench Point Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Retrieved 20 September 2023 Zavodovski Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 20 September 2023 Hart Tom Convey Peter 18 June 2018 The South Sandwich Islands a community of meta populations across all trophic levels Biodiversity 1 14 doi 10 1080 14888386 2018 1464952 S2CID 133771224 Hodgson Dominic A Graham Alastair G C Roberts Stephen J Bentley Michael J Cofaigh Colm o Verleyen Elie Vyverman Wim Jomelli Vincent Favier Vincent Brunstein Daniel Verfaillie Deborah Colhoun Eric A Saunders Krystyna M Selkirk Patricia M Mackintosh Andrew Hedding David W Nel Werner Hall Kevin McGlone Matt S Van der Putten Nathalie Dickens William A Smith James A 15 September 2014 Terrestrial and submarine evidence for the extent and timing of the Last Glacial Maximum and the onset of deglaciation on the maritime Antarctic and sub Antarctic islands Quaternary Science Reviews 100 137 158 Bibcode 2014QSRv 100 137H doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2013 12 001 hdl 1854 LU 5767343 ISSN 0277 3791 S2CID 55057416 Holdgate M W Baker P E 1979 The South Sandwich Islands I General description PDF British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports Cambridge British Antarctic Survey 91 76 Kargel Jeffrey S Leonard Gregory J Bishop Michael P Kaab Andreas Raup Bruce H eds 2014 Global Land Ice Measurements from Space Berlin Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg doi 10 1007 978 3 540 79818 7 hdl 2060 20040111284 ISBN 978 3 540 79817 0 S2CID 126510624 Kemp S Nelson A L 1931 The South Sandwich Islands Report Discovery Reports Vol 3 pp 133 198 Leat Philip T Tate Alex J Tappin David R Day Simon J Owen Matthew J September 2010 Growth and mass wasting of volcanic centers in the northern South Sandwich arc South Atlantic revealed by new multibeam mapping Marine Geology 275 1 4 110 126 Bibcode 2010MGeol 275 110L doi 10 1016 j margeo 2010 05 001 LeMasurier W E Thomson J W Baker P E Kyle P R Rowley P D Smellie J L Verwoerd W J eds 1990 Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans Antarctic Research Series Vol 48 Washington D C American Geophysical Union doi 10 1029 ar048 ISBN 978 0 87590 172 5 Liu Emma J Wood Kieran Aiuppa Alessandro Giudice Gaetano Bitetto Marcello Fischer Tobias P McCormick Kilbride Brendan T Plank Terry Hart Tom 11 December 2020 Volcanic activity and gas emissions along the South Sandwich Arc Bulletin of Volcanology 83 1 3 doi 10 1007 s00445 020 01415 2 hdl 10447 498775 ISSN 1432 0819 S2CID 228086712 Lynch Heather J White Richard Naveen Ron Black Andy Meixler Marcia S Fagan William F 1 September 2016 In stark contrast to widespread declines along the Scotia Arc a survey of the South Sandwich Islands finds a robust seabird community Polar Biology 39 9 1615 1625 Bibcode 2016PoBio 39 1615L doi 10 1007 s00300 015 1886 6 ISSN 1432 2056 S2CID 253814987 Patrick Matthew R Smellie John L August 2013 Synthesis A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans 2000 10 Antarctic Science 25 4 475 500 Bibcode 2013AntSc 25 475P doi 10 1017 S0954102013000436 ISSN 0954 1020 S2CID 128905897 Pearce J A Baker P E Harvey P K Luff I W 1 August 1995 Geochemical Evidence for Subduction Fluxes Mantle Melting and Fractional Crystallization Beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc Journal of Petrology 36 4 1073 1109 doi 10 1093 petrology 36 4 1073 Schmidt A Carslaw K S Mann G W Rap A Pringle K J Spracklen D V Wilson M Forster P M 16 August 2012 Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12 16 7321 7339 Bibcode 2012ACP 12 7321S doi 10 5194 acp 12 7321 2012 ISSN 1680 7316 Thorpe Sally E Murphy Eugene J 1 April 2022 Spatial and temporal variability and connectivity of the marine environment of the South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 198 105057 Bibcode 2022DSRII 19805057T doi 10 1016 j dsr2 2022 105057 ISSN 0967 0645 S2CID 247416089 Wild Frank February 1923 The Voyage of the Quest The Geographical Journal 61 2 73 97 Bibcode 1923GeogJ 61 73W doi 10 2307 1781104 JSTOR 1781104 Yamin Marcela Gladys Anselmi Gabriela 2020 Geologia de las Placas Scotia y Sandwich Revision y Mapa Geologico Report ISSN 0328 9052 Further reading editDownie Anna Leena Vieira Rui P Hogg Oliver T Darby Chris 2021 Distribution of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems at the South Sandwich Islands Results From the Blue Belt Discovery Expedition 99 Deep Water Camera Surveys Frontiers in Marine Science 8 doi 10 3389 fmars 2021 662285 ISSN 2296 7745 Hogg Oliver T Downie Anna Leena Vieira Rui P Darby Chris 2021 Macrobenthic Assessment of the South Sandwich Islands Reveals a Biogeographically Distinct Polar Archipelago Frontiers in Marine Science 8 doi 10 3389 fmars 2021 650241 ISSN 2296 7745 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zavodovski Island amp oldid 1200546241, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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