The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) is a species of penguin that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet, making it easy to identify.[2] Other common names include ringed penguin, bearded penguin, and stonecracker penguin, due to its loud, harsh call.[3]
This species was originally given the scientific nameAptenodytes antarctica by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781, thereby placing it in the same genus as the king and emperor penguins. In 1990, Graham Turbott transferred this species into the genus Pygoscelis, together with the Adélie and gentoo penguins. This gave it the new name P. antarctica. However, this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between antarctica and its assigned genus. The corrected form, P. antarcticus, is the currently accepted name for this species.[4]
Description
Video showing various behaviours, Antarctica
The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of 68–76 cm (27–30 in) and a weight of 3.2–5.3 kg (7.1–11.7 lb), with the weight varying with the time of year.[3] Males are greater in weight and height than females.[5]
The adult chinstrap's flippers are black with a white edge; the inner sides of the flippers are white. The face is white extending behind the eyes, which are reddish brown; the chin and throat are white, as well, while the short bill is black. The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink. Its short, stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks. The chinstrap penguin's black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of countershading when viewed from above or below, helping to avoid detection by its predators.[6]
The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small fish, krill, shrimp, and squid, for which they swim up to 80 km (50 mi) offshore each day to obtain. The chinstrap penguin's tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat, enabling it to swim in freezing waters. Additionally, thick blubber deposits and intricate blood vessels in the flippers and legs assist in the preservation of heat.[6]
The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Every year, the leopard seal causes the chinstraps population to decrease by about 5% to 20%. On land, the brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), and southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) are the primary predators of the penguin. These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins. The Antarctic fur seal is also known to occasionally kill chinstrap penguins.[7]
On land, they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts around 6 days each. The chicks hatch after around 37 days, and have fluffy grey backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20–30 days before they go to join other chicks in a crèche. Around 50–60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult feathers and go to sea.[8]
Chinstrap penguins are generally considered to be the most aggressive and ill-tempered species of penguin.[8]
In 2004, two male chinstrap penguins named Roy and Silo in Central Park Zoo, New York City, formed a pair bond and took turns trying to "hatch" a rock, for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg, and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick.[9] Penguins by nature hatch eggs and are social creatures. The children's book And Tango Makes Three was written based on this event.[10]
Conservation status
In 2018, the IUCN estimated that the population of chinstrap penguins was around 8 million specimens. Although it is believed to be decreasing overall, its population is not severely fragmented and in many sites it is increasing or stable. The species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as of 2016, due to its large range and population, following five previous assessments of the same status from 2004 to 2012 and three assessments as "unknown" from 1988 to 2000.[1]
The chinstrap penguin is primarily threatened by climate change. In several parts of its range, climate change decreases the abundance of krill, which likely makes reproduction less successful. For instance, a 2019 expedition to breeding grounds on Elephant Island show a fifty percent population decline in just under fifty years.[11][12] Other potential threats include volcanic events[13] and the fishing of krill by humans.[citation needed]
References
^ abcBirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697761A184807209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ abDe Roy, Tui; Jones, Mark; Cornthwaite, Julie (2014). Penguins: The Ultimate Guide (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN978-0691162997. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 (1780): 134, 141, pl.4.
^"Chinstrap penguins". Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ ab. Lincoln Park Zoo. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22.
^Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia; Boersma, P. D. (2015). Penguins: Natural History and Conservation (reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 52–72. ISBN978-0295999067. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ abEllenbroek, B. "Chinstrap penguin". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^Driscoll, Emily V. (10 July 2008). "Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^Bone, James (27 September 2005). "Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female". Times Online. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^Stryker, Noah (2020-02-10). "Antarctica's Most Numerous Penguin Has Suffered Huge Declines, Expedition Finds". Audubon. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
^"Chinstrap penguin colonies in Antarctica suffer '77pc decline since last survey'". ABC News. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
^Liversage, Sian (June 27, 2020). "Chinstrap Penguins: Risking Their Lives on Zavodovski Island".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygoscelis antarcticus.
Wikispecies has information related to Pygoscelis antarcticus.
Chinstrap penguin images
Penguin World: chinstrap penguins
January 20, 2023
chinstrap, penguin, other, uses, chinstrap, disambiguation, chinstrap, penguin, pygoscelis, antarcticus, species, penguin, that, inhabits, variety, islands, shores, southern, pacific, antarctic, oceans, name, stems, from, narrow, black, band, under, head, whic. For other uses see Chinstrap disambiguation The chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarcticus is a species of penguin that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet making it easy to identify 2 Other common names include ringed penguin bearded penguin and stonecracker penguin due to its loud harsh call 3 Chinstrap penguinDeception Island South Shetland IslandsConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder SphenisciformesFamily SpheniscidaeGenus PygoscelisSpecies P antarcticusBinomial namePygoscelis antarcticus Forster 1781 SynonymsAptenodytes antarctica Forster 1781 Pygoscelis antarctica Turbott 1990 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Behaviour 5 1 Roy and Silo 6 Conservation status 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy EditThis species was originally given the scientific name Aptenodytes antarctica by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781 thereby placing it in the same genus as the king and emperor penguins In 1990 Graham Turbott transferred this species into the genus Pygoscelis together with the Adelie and gentoo penguins This gave it the new name P antarctica However this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between antarctica and its assigned genus The corrected form P antarcticus is the currently accepted name for this species 4 Description Edit source source source source source source Video showing various behaviours Antarctica The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of 68 76 cm 27 30 in and a weight of 3 2 5 3 kg 7 1 11 7 lb with the weight varying with the time of year 3 Males are greater in weight and height than females 5 The adult chinstrap s flippers are black with a white edge the inner sides of the flippers are white The face is white extending behind the eyes which are reddish brown the chin and throat are white as well while the short bill is black The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink Its short stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks The chinstrap penguin s black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of countershading when viewed from above or below helping to avoid detection by its predators 6 Distribution EditChinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution They breed in Antarctica Argentina Bouvet Island Chile the Falkland Islands the French Southern Territories and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand the islands of Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha and South Africa 1 Ecology EditThe diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small fish krill shrimp and squid for which they swim up to 80 km 50 mi offshore each day to obtain The chinstrap penguin s tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat enabling it to swim in freezing waters Additionally thick blubber deposits and intricate blood vessels in the flippers and legs assist in the preservation of heat 6 The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx Every year the leopard seal causes the chinstraps population to decrease by about 5 to 20 On land the brown skua Stercorarius antarcticus south polar skua Stercorarius maccormicki and southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus are the primary predators of the penguin These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins The Antarctic fur seal is also known to occasionally kill chinstrap penguins 7 Behaviour Edit Chinstrap penguin colony near Orne Harbor Antarctic Peninsula Adult with juveniles On land they build circular nests from stones and lay two eggs which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts around 6 days each The chicks hatch after around 37 days and have fluffy grey backs and white fronts The chicks stay in the nest for 20 30 days before they go to join other chicks in a creche Around 50 60 days old they moult gaining their adult feathers and go to sea 8 Chinstrap penguins are generally considered to be the most aggressive and ill tempered species of penguin 8 Roy and Silo Edit Main article Roy and Silo In 2004 two male chinstrap penguins named Roy and Silo in Central Park Zoo New York City formed a pair bond and took turns trying to hatch a rock for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick 9 Penguins by nature hatch eggs and are social creatures The children s book And Tango Makes Three was written based on this event 10 Conservation status EditIn 2018 the IUCN estimated that the population of chinstrap penguins was around 8 million specimens Although it is believed to be decreasing overall its population is not severely fragmented and in many sites it is increasing or stable The species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as of 2016 due to its large range and population following five previous assessments of the same status from 2004 to 2012 and three assessments as unknown from 1988 to 2000 1 The chinstrap penguin is primarily threatened by climate change In several parts of its range climate change decreases the abundance of krill which likely makes reproduction less successful For instance a 2019 expedition to breeding grounds on Elephant Island show a fifty percent population decline in just under fifty years 11 12 Other potential threats include volcanic events 13 and the fishing of krill by humans citation needed References Edit a b c BirdLife International 2020 Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22697761A184807209 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22697761A184807209 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Chinstrap Penguin Facts National Geographic Retrieved 17 February 2019 a b De Roy Tui Jones Mark Cornthwaite Julie 2014 Penguins The Ultimate Guide reprint ed Princeton University Press pp 206 207 ISBN 978 0691162997 Retrieved 17 February 2019 Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 1780 134 141 pl 4 Chinstrap penguins Australian Antarctic Division Retrieved 18 February 2019 a b Chinstrap Penguin Fact Sheet Lincoln Park Zoo Archived from the original on 2016 03 22 Borboroglu Pablo Garcia Boersma P D 2015 Penguins Natural History and Conservation reprint ed University of Washington Press pp 52 72 ISBN 978 0295999067 Retrieved 18 February 2019 a b Ellenbroek B Chinstrap penguin New Zealand Birds Online Retrieved 18 February 2019 Driscoll Emily V 10 July 2008 Bisexual Species Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom Scientific American Retrieved 22 April 2012 Bone James 27 September 2005 Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female Times Online Retrieved 31 March 2009 Stryker Noah 2020 02 10 Antarctica s Most Numerous Penguin Has Suffered Huge Declines Expedition Finds Audubon Retrieved 2020 02 11 Chinstrap penguin colonies in Antarctica suffer 77pc decline since last survey ABC News 2020 02 11 Retrieved 2020 03 01 Liversage Sian June 27 2020 Chinstrap Penguins Risking Their Lives on Zavodovski Island External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygoscelis antarcticus Wikispecies has information related to Pygoscelis antarcticus 70south com information on chinstrap penguins Chinstrap penguin images Penguin World chinstrap penguins Animals and Earth photos for conservation science education and you chinstrap penguin photos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinstrap penguin amp oldid 1131552448, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
