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Berberis aquifolium

January 01, 1970

Berberis aquifolium, the Oregon grape or holly-leaved barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to western North America. It is an evergreen shrub growing 1–3 meters (3–10 feet) tall and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets, and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring, followed by dark bluish-black berries.[2]

Berberis aquifolium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae
Genus: Berberis
Species:
B. aquifolium
Binomial name
Berberis aquifolium
Synonyms[1]
  • Berberis brevipes Greene
  • Berberis pinnata Banks ex DC.
  • Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.
  • Mahonia brevipes (Greene) Rehder
  • Mahonia diversifolia Sweet
  • Mahonia latifolia Dippel
  • Mahonia moseri Ahrendt
  • Mahonia moseriana Moser
  • Mahonia murrayana Dippel
  • Mahonia undulata Ahrendt
  • Odostemon aquifolius (Pursh) Rydb.
  • Odostemon brevipes (Greene) A.Heller
  • Odostemon nutkanus (DC.) Rydb.

The berries are included in the diet of some aboriginal peoples of the Pacific Northwest, and the species is recognized as the state flower of Oregon.

Description edit

Berberis aquifolium grows to 1–3 metres (3+1⁄2–10 feet) tall[3] by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide. The stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The leaves are pinnate and up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) long, comprising spiny leaflets. The leathery leaves resemble those of holly. The yellow flowers are borne in dense clusters 3–6 cm (1+1⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) long in late spring. Each of the six stamens, terminates in two spreading branches. The six yellow petals are enclosed by six yellow sepals. At the base of the flower are three greenish-yellow bracts, less than half as long as the sepals. The spherical berries are dark dusty-blue and tart in taste.[4][5]

Chemistry edit

Berberis aquifolium contains 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin (5'-MHC), a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor, which works to decrease bacterial resistance in vitro.[6]

Taxonomy edit

Some botanists continue to place part of the barberry genus Berberis in a separate genus, Mahonia.[7][8][9][10] Under this classification Berberis aquifolium is named Mahonia aquifolium.[11] As of 2023 Plants of the World Online (POWO) classifies it as Berberis aquifolium with no valid subspecies.[1]

Etymology edit

The Latin specific epithet aquifolium denotes "sharp-leafed" (as in Ilex aquifolium, the common holly), referring to the spiny foliage.[12][citation needed]

Berberis aquifolium is not closely related to either the true holly (Ilex aquifolium) or the true grape (Vitis), but its common name, Oregon-grape holly comes from its resemblance to these plants.[13]

Distribution and habitat edit

Berberis aquifolium is a native plant in the North American West from Southeast Alaska to Northern California, and eastern Alberta to central New Mexico, often occurring in the understory of Douglas-fir forests (although other forest types contain the species) and in brushlands in the Cascades, Rockies, and northern Sierra Nevada.[citation needed]

Ecology edit

 
The yellow flowers are pollinated by Bombus species, amongst other insects.

As with some other Berberis, Berberis aquifolium can serve as an alternate host for Wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; the primary host of Pst being wheat). However, in B. aquifolium this was only achieved by intentional inoculation in a lab, and it remains unknown whether this occurs naturally.[14]

In some areas outside its native range, Berberis aquifolium has been classified as an invasive exotic species that may displace native vegetation.[15][16]

Cultivation edit

Berberis aquifolium is a popular subject in shady or woodland plantings. It is valued for its striking foliage and flowers, which often appear before those of other shrubs. It is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.[2]

Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[17]

Uses edit

 
Small fruits come in grape-like clusters

The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are edible raw[20] after the season's first frosts.[21] They were included in small quantities in the traditional diets of Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples, mixed with salal or another sweeter fruit. Today, they are sometimes used to make jelly, alone or mixed with salal.[22] Oregon-grape juice can be fermented to make wine, similar to European barberry wine folk traditions, although it requires an unusually high amount of sugar.[23]

The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon grape yield a yellow dye. The berries contain a dye that can be purple,[24] blue, pink, or green depending on the pH of water used to make the dye, due to the berries containing a naturally occurring pH indicator.[original research?]

Medicinal uses edit

Some Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau use Oregon grape for indigestion.[25]

The plant contains berberine and reportedly has antimicrobial properties similar to those of goldenseal.[26]

Culture edit

In 1899, Oregon-grape was recognized as the state flower of Oregon.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Berberis aquifolium Pursh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
  3. ^ "Landscape Plants: Mahonia aquifolium". Oregon State University: College of Agricultural Sciences - Department of Horticulture. Oregon State University. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  4. ^ Williams, Michael P. (2012). "Berberis aquifolium, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  5. ^ "Oregon Grape, Holly Leaved Barberry, Oregon Holly, Mahonia aquifolium". Wild Food UK. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  6. ^ Stermitz FR, Lorenz P, Tawara JN, Zenewicz LA, Lewis K (February 2000). "Synergy in a medicinal plant: antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (4): 1433–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1433S. doi:10.1073/pnas.030540597. PMC 26451. PMID 10677479.
  7. ^ Whittemore, Alan T. "Berberis in Flora of North America". efloras. from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  8. ^ Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.
  9. ^ Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.
  10. ^ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.
  11. ^ "Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  12. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
  13. ^ MBG. "Berberis aquifolium". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  14. ^ Wang, M. N.; Chen, X. M. (2013). "First Report of Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) as an Alternate Host for the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Under Artificial Inoculation". Plant Disease. 97 (6). American Phytopathological Society: 839. doi:10.1094/pdis-09-12-0864-pdn. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30722629. S2CID 73433566.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  16. ^ Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States Tennessee Invasive Exotic Plant List
  17. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 62. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia × wagneri 'Pinnacle'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  19. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia aquifolium 'Apollo'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  20. ^ Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
  21. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.
  22. ^ Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. (1994). Plants of Coastal British Columbia: including Washington, Oregon & Alaska, rev. ed. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-55105-532-9.
  23. ^ Henderson, Robert K. (2000). The Neighbourhood Forager. Toronto, Ontario: Key Porter Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-55263-306-3.
  24. ^ Bliss, Anne (1993). North American Dye Plants, rev. and enl. ed. Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-934026-89-0.
  25. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 352. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
  26. ^ Codekas, Colleen (2020-07-16). "Foraging for Oregon Grape". Grow Forage Cook Ferment. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  27. ^ "State Symbols: Dance to Hops - Flower, State". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon Secretary of State. 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.

External links edit

  • The Oregon Grape in "Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths", The National Geographic Magazine, XXXI (June 1917), pp. 481–517.
  • Jepson eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Berberis aquifolium
  • Calflora Database: Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape, mountain grape)
  • Flora of North America @ efloras.org: Berberis aquifolium — syn; formerly: Mahonia aquifolium
  • UC Photos gallery: Berberis aquifolium
  • Mountain Grape from Botanical.com

January 01, 1970
berberis, aquifolium, oregon, grape, holly, leaved, barberry, species, flowering, plant, family, berberidaceae, native, western, north, america, evergreen, shrub, growing, meters, feet, tall, wide, with, pinnate, leaves, consisting, spiny, leaflets, dense, clu. Berberis aquifolium the Oregon grape or holly leaved barberry is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae native to western North America It is an evergreen shrub growing 1 3 meters 3 10 feet tall and 1 5 m 5 ft wide with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring followed by dark bluish black berries 2 Berberis aquifolium Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Ranunculales Family Berberidaceae Genus Berberis Species B aquifolium Binomial name Berberis aquifoliumPursh Synonyms 1 Berberis brevipes GreeneBerberis pinnata Banks ex DC Mahonia aquifolium Pursh Nutt Mahonia brevipes Greene RehderMahonia diversifolia SweetMahonia latifolia DippelMahonia moseri AhrendtMahonia moseriana MoserMahonia murrayana DippelMahonia undulata AhrendtOdostemon aquifolius Pursh Rydb Odostemon brevipes Greene A HellerOdostemon nutkanus DC Rydb The berries are included in the diet of some aboriginal peoples of the Pacific Northwest and the species is recognized as the state flower of Oregon Contents 1 Description 1 1 Chemistry 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Etymology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 6 Uses 6 1 Medicinal uses 7 Culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksDescription editBerberis aquifolium grows to 1 3 metres 3 1 2 10 feet tall 3 by 1 5 m 5 ft wide The stems and twigs have a thickened corky appearance The leaves are pinnate and up to 30 centimetres 12 inches long comprising spiny leaflets The leathery leaves resemble those of holly The yellow flowers are borne in dense clusters 3 6 cm 1 1 4 2 1 4 in long in late spring Each of the six stamens terminates in two spreading branches The six yellow petals are enclosed by six yellow sepals At the base of the flower are three greenish yellow bracts less than half as long as the sepals The spherical berries are dark dusty blue and tart in taste 4 5 Chemistry edit Berberis aquifolium contains 5 methoxyhydnocarpin 5 MHC a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor which works to decrease bacterial resistance in vitro 6 Taxonomy editSome botanists continue to place part of the barberry genus Berberis in a separate genus Mahonia 7 8 9 10 Under this classification Berberis aquifolium is named Mahonia aquifolium 11 As of 2023 Plants of the World Online POWO classifies it as Berberis aquifolium with no valid subspecies 1 Etymology edit The Latin specific epithet aquifolium denotes sharp leafed as in Ilex aquifolium the common holly referring to the spiny foliage 12 citation needed Berberis aquifolium is not closely related to either the true holly Ilex aquifolium or the true grape Vitis but its common name Oregon grape holly comes from its resemblance to these plants 13 Distribution and habitat editBerberis aquifolium is a native plant in the North American West from Southeast Alaska to Northern California and eastern Alberta to central New Mexico often occurring in the understory of Douglas fir forests although other forest types contain the species and in brushlands in the Cascades Rockies and northern Sierra Nevada citation needed Ecology edit nbsp The yellow flowers are pollinated by Bombus species amongst other insects As with some other Berberis Berberis aquifolium can serve as an alternate host for Wheat yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici the primary host of Pst being wheat However in B aquifolium this was only achieved by intentional inoculation in a lab and it remains unknown whether this occurs naturally 14 In some areas outside its native range Berberis aquifolium has been classified as an invasive exotic species that may displace native vegetation 15 16 Cultivation editBerberis aquifolium is a popular subject in shady or woodland plantings It is valued for its striking foliage and flowers which often appear before those of other shrubs It is resistant to summer drought tolerates poor soils and does not create excessive leaf litter Its berries attract birds 2 Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 17 M wagneri Pinnacle 18 B aquifolium Berberis pinnata Apollo 19 Uses edit nbsp Small fruits come in grape like clusters The small purplish black fruits which are quite tart and contain large seeds are edible raw 20 after the season s first frosts 21 They were included in small quantities in the traditional diets of Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples mixed with salal or another sweeter fruit Today they are sometimes used to make jelly alone or mixed with salal 22 Oregon grape juice can be fermented to make wine similar to European barberry wine folk traditions although it requires an unusually high amount of sugar 23 The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon grape yield a yellow dye The berries contain a dye that can be purple 24 blue pink or green depending on the pH of water used to make the dye due to the berries containing a naturally occurring pH indicator original research Medicinal uses edit Some Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau use Oregon grape for indigestion 25 The plant contains berberine and reportedly has antimicrobial properties similar to those of goldenseal 26 Culture editIn 1899 Oregon grape was recognized as the state flower of Oregon 27 See also editBerberis nervosaReferences edit a b Berberis aquifolium Pursh Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 6 November 2023 a b RHS A Z encyclopedia of garden plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1 4053 3296 5 Landscape Plants Mahonia aquifolium Oregon State University College of Agricultural Sciences Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Retrieved 4 July 2020 Williams Michael P 2012 Berberis aquifolium in Jepson Flora Project eds Jepson eFlora Retrieved 2013 08 08 Oregon Grape Holly Leaved Barberry Oregon Holly Mahonia aquifolium Wild Food UK Retrieved 2022 07 01 Stermitz FR Lorenz P Tawara JN Zenewicz LA Lewis K February 2000 Synergy in a medicinal plant antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5 methoxyhydnocarpin a multidrug pump inhibitor Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 4 1433 7 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 1433S doi 10 1073 pnas 030540597 PMC 26451 PMID 10677479 Whittemore Alan T Berberis in Flora of North America efloras Archived from the original on 29 May 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2023 Loconte H amp J R Estes 1989 Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales Magnoliidae Systematic Botany 14 565 579 Marroquin Jorge S amp Joseph E Laferriere 1997 Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis Journal of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Science 30 1 53 55 Laferriere Joseph E 1997 Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis Bot Zhurn 82 9 96 99 Mahonia aquifolium Pursh Nutt Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 6 November 2023 Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley p 224 ISBN 978 1 84533 731 5 MBG Berberis aquifolium Plant Finder Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved 6 November 2023 Wang M N Chen X M 2013 First Report of Oregon Grape Mahonia aquifolium as an Alternate Host for the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici Under Artificial Inoculation Plant Disease 97 6 American Phytopathological Society 839 doi 10 1094 pdis 09 12 0864 pdn ISSN 0191 2917 PMID 30722629 S2CID 73433566 North Carolina Botanical Garden Conservation Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States Archived from the original on 2011 10 19 Retrieved 2007 05 13 Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States Tennessee Invasive Exotic Plant List AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 62 Retrieved 25 March 2018 RHS Plant Selector Mahonia wagneri Pinnacle Retrieved 13 April 2015 RHS Plant Selector Mahonia aquifolium Apollo Retrieved 13 April 2015 Benoliel Doug 2011 Northwest Foraging The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest Rev and updated ed Seattle WA Skipstone p 119 ISBN 978 1 59485 366 1 OCLC 668195076 Lyons C P 1956 Trees Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington 1st ed Canada J M Dent amp Sons p 196 Pojar Jim MacKinnon Andy eds 1994 Plants of Coastal British Columbia including Washington Oregon amp Alaska rev ed Vancouver Lone Pine Publishing p 95 ISBN 978 1 55105 532 9 Henderson Robert K 2000 The Neighbourhood Forager Toronto Ontario Key Porter Books p 111 ISBN 1 55263 306 3 Bliss Anne 1993 North American Dye Plants rev and enl ed Loveland Colorado Interweave Press p 130 ISBN 0 934026 89 0 Hunn Eugene S 1990 Nch i Wana The Big River Mid Columbia Indians and Their Land University of Washington Press p 352 ISBN 0 295 97119 3 Codekas Colleen 2020 07 16 Foraging for Oregon Grape Grow Forage Cook Ferment Retrieved 2022 07 29 State Symbols Dance to Hops Flower State Oregon Blue Book Oregon Secretary of State 2021 Retrieved 10 May 2021 External links editBerberis aquifolium at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Taxa from Wikispecies The Oregon Grape in Our State Flowers The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths The National Geographic Magazine XXXI June 1917 pp 481 517 Mahonia aquifolium images at bioimages vanderbilt edu Jepson eFlora TJM2 treatment of Berberis aquifolium Calflora Database Berberis aquifolium Oregon grape mountain grape Flora of North America efloras org Berberis aquifolium syn formerly Mahonia aquifolium UC Photos gallery Berberis aquifolium Mountain Grape from Botanical com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Berberis aquifolium amp oldid 1212562799, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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