Old Western Rājasthāni (also known as Maru-Gurjari, Old Gujarātī) is the ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages which developed from Sanskrit and the PrakritApabhraṃśas, and was spoken around 8-14th centuries in Western India.[2][3] The literary form of Old Western Rājasthāni, the Dingala language was in use as early as the 12th century.[4] While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Rajasthani and Gujarati, it flourished in its literary form as Dingala till the 19th century.[5]
Updeshmala, Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper, Rupnagar, Rajasthan, India, 1666, 76 ff. (−16 ff.), 11x25 cm, single column, (10x22 cm), 4 lines main text, 2–4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line, in Jain Devanagari book script, filled with red and yellow, 17 paintings in colours mostly of SvetambaraJain monks, influenced by the Mughal style.
The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life, aimed probably at the laity. The Svetambara pontiff, Sri Dharmadasagaî, lived in the mid-6th century. The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487. The colophon gives the place, date, and the name of the religious leader, Sri Nandalalaji, on whose order the work was transcribed.
Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.[6] It had three genders, as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].[7] A formal grammar, Prakrita Vyakarana, of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan).[8]
Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as:[9]
rāsa, predominantly didactic narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's Bhārateśvarabāhubali (1185).
phāgu, in which springtime is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's Sirithūlibadda (c. 1335). The most famous is the Vasantavilāsa, of unknown authorship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
bārmāsī, describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
ākhyāna, in which sections are each in a single metre.
Narsinh Mehta (c. 1414–1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important prose work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti.[9]
PhonologyEdit
The retroflex lateral flap (ḷ) is generally absent, which is however rather common in Modern Gujarati. This may indicate that it was a later re-introduction, perhaps under the influence of Marathi with the Maratha rule.
ReferencesEdit
^Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
^Verbeke, Saartje (2013-03-22). Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 212. ISBN978-3-11-029267-1. Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor (Old Western Rajasthani; cf. Tessitori 1914), whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi.
^Mayaram, Shail (2006). Against History, Against State. Permanent Black. p. 43. ISBN978-81-7824-152-4. The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.
^Ault, Dr Cecil Thomas Jr. (2017-02-09). Folk Theatre of Rajasthan: Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English. Partridge Publishing. ISBN978-1-4828-8816-4.
^Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.
^Rita Kothari (8 April 2014). Translating India. Routledge. pp. 73–74. ISBN978-1-317-64216-9. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. ISBN0-231-11568-7.
Mistry, P.J. (2003), "Gujarati", in Frawley, William (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
Further readingEdit
Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN0-940490-73-0
Brown, W.N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192, JSTOR 594192.
Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN0-947593-30-6
Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43–45.
Cardona, George and Suthar, Babu. 2003. Gujarati. In Cardona, George and Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 659-697. London: Routledge.
September 04, 2023
western, rājasthāni, also, known, maru, gurjari, gujarātī, ancestor, modern, gujarati, rajasthani, languages, which, developed, from, sanskrit, prakrit, apabhraṃśas, spoken, around, 14th, centuries, western, india, literary, form, dingala, language, early, 12t. Old Western Rajasthani also known as Maru Gurjari Old Gujarati is the ancestor of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages which developed from Sanskrit and the Prakrit Apabhraṃsas and was spoken around 8 14th centuries in Western India 2 3 The literary form of Old Western Rajasthani the Dingala language was in use as early as the 12th century 4 While the spoken Old Western Rajasthani gave way to medieval forms of Rajasthani and Gujarati it flourished in its literary form as Dingala till the 19th century 5 Old Western RajasthaniEraDeveloped around the 8th century and gave rise to the Rajasthani languages and Middle Gujarati by the 14th centuryLanguage familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanWestern 1 Old Western RajasthaniEarly formsVedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit Shauraseni Prakrit Gurjar ApabhraṃsaWriting systemDevanagariMahajaniLanguage codesISO 639 3 GlottologNoneUpdeshmala Manuscript in Jain Prakrit and Old Gujarati on paper Rupnagar Rajasthan India 1666 76 ff 16 ff 11x25 cm single column 10x22 cm 4 lines main text 2 4 lines of interlinear commentary for each text line in Jain Devanagari book script filled with red and yellow 17 paintings in colours mostly of Svetambara Jain monks influenced by the Mughal style The text is a Prakrit didactic work of how best to live a proper Jain life aimed probably at the laity The Svetambara pontiff Sri Dharmadasagai lived in the mid 6th century The Old Gujarati prose commentary was written in 1487 The colophon gives the place date and the name of the religious leader Sri Nandalalaji on whose order the work was transcribed Early texts of the language display characteristic features such as direct oblique noun forms postpositions and auxiliary verbs 6 It had three genders as Gujarati does today and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged The belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender was based on the incorrect conclusion that the ũ that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine o after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati s neuter ũ 7 A formal grammar Prakrita Vyakarana of the precursor to this language Gurjar Apabhraṃsa was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara Patan 8 Contents 1 Literature 2 Phonology 3 References 3 1 Works cited 4 Further readingLiterature EditMajor works were written in various genres for the most part in verse form such as 9 rasa predominantly didactic narrative of which the earliest known is Salibhadrasuri s Bharatesvarabahubali 1185 phagu in which springtime is celebrated of which the earliest is Jinapadmasuri s Sirithulibadda c 1335 The most famous is the Vasantavilasa of unknown authorship which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century or possibly earlier barmasi describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months akhyana in which sections are each in a single metre Narsinh Mehta c 1414 1480 is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry By virtue of its early age and good editing an important prose work is the 14th century commentary of Taruṇaprabha the Ṣaḍavasyakabalabodhavr tti 9 Phonology EditThe retroflex lateral flap ḷ is generally absent which is however rather common in Modern Gujarati This may indicate that it was a later re introduction perhaps under the influence of Marathi with the Maratha rule References Edit Ernst Kausen 2006 Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen Microsoft Word 133 KB Verbeke Saartje 2013 03 22 Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo Aryan Languages Walter de Gruyter p 212 ISBN 978 3 11 029267 1 Note that Gujarati is in many respects similar to Rajasthani because they share the same ancestor Old Western Rajasthani cf Tessitori 1914 whereas Punjabi displays more similarities with Hindi Dalby 1998 p 237 Mayaram Shail 2006 Against History Against State Permanent Black p 43 ISBN 978 81 7824 152 4 The lok gatha literally folk narrative was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent especially after the twelfth century and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits This developed into the desa bhaṣa or popular languages such as Old Western Rajasthani OWR or Marubhasa Bengali Gujarati and so on The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal from ding or arrogance a literary and archaic form of old Marwari It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani which Grierson calls old Gujarati that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati Ault Dr Cecil Thomas Jr 2017 02 09 Folk Theatre of Rajasthan Introducing Three Marwari Khyal Plays Translated into English Partridge Publishing ISBN 978 1 4828 8816 4 Mistry 2003 p 115 Smith J D 2001 Rajasthani Facts about the world s languages An encyclopedia of the world s major languages past and present Ed Jane Garry and Carl Rubino New England Publishing Associates pp 591 593 Rita Kothari 8 April 2014 Translating India Routledge pp 73 74 ISBN 978 1 317 64216 9 Retrieved 5 August 2014 a b Cardona amp Suthar 2003 p 661 Works cited Edit Cardona George Suthar Babu 2003 Gujarati in Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Dalby Andrew 1998 Dictionary of Languages The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 11568 7 Mistry P J 2003 Gujarati in Frawley William ed International Encyclopedia of Linguistics vol 2 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University PressFurther reading EditBender E 1992 The Salibhadra Dhanna Carita A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary American Oriental Society New Haven Conn ISBN 0 940490 73 0 Brown W N 1938 An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 1 5 29 doi 10 2307 594192 JSTOR 594192 Dave T N 1935 A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century The Royal Asiatic Society ISBN 0 947593 30 6 Tessitori L P 1914 1916 Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani Indian Antiquary 43 45 Cardona George and Suthar Babu 2003 Gujarati In Cardona George and Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages 659 697 London Routledge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Western Rajasthani amp oldid 1155080351, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
