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Nikolaj Velimirović

Nikolaj Velimirović (Serbian Cyrillic: Николај Велимировић; 4 January 1881 [O.S. 23 December 1880] – 18 March [O.S. 5 March] 1956) was bishop of the eparchies of Ohrid and Žiča (1920–1956) in the Serbian Orthodox Church. An influential theological writer and a highly gifted orator, he was often referred to as the new John Chrysostom[3] and historian Slobodan G. Markovich calls him "one of the most influential bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century".[4]


Nikolaj Velimirović
Holy Bishop
BornNikola Velimirović
4 January 1881
Lelić, Serbia
Died18 March 1956(1956-03-18) (aged 75)
South Canaan, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Canonized24 May 2003 by Serbian Orthodox Church
Major shrineLelić monastery, Serbia
Feast3 May (O.S. 20 May)[1][2]
AttributesVested as a bishop

As a young man, he came close to dying of dysentery and decided that he would dedicate his life to God if he survived. He lived and was tonsured as a monk under the name Nikolaj in 1909. He was ordained into the clergy, and quickly became an important leader and spokesperson for the Serbian Orthodox Church, especially in its relations with the West. When Nazi Germany occupied Yugoslavia in World War II, Velimirović was imprisoned and eventually taken to Dachau concentration camp.

After being liberated by the Allies at the end of the war, he chose not to return to Yugoslavia (which became a Socialist republic after the war). He moved to the United States in 1946, where he remained until his death in 1956. He strongly supported the unity of all Eastern Orthodox churches and established particularly good relationships with the Anglican and Episcopal Church.[5]

On 24 May 2003, he was canonized as a saint by the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Nikolaj of Ohrid and Žiča (Свети Николај Охридски и Жички) though he is often[citation needed] referred to as Saint Nikolaj of Serbia (Свети Николај Српски).

Biography edit

Childhood edit

He was born as Nikola Velimirović in the small village of Lelić, Valjevo in the Principality of Serbia,[6] on the day of the feast of Saint Naum of Ohrid, whose monastery would later be his episcopal see. He was the first of nine children born to Dragomir and Katarina Velimirović (née Filipović), pious farmers. Being very weak, he was baptised soon after his birth in the Ćelije monastery. He was given the name Nikola because Saint Nicholas was the family's patron saint. The first lessons about God, Jesus Christ, the lives of the saints and the holy days of the Church year were provided to him by his mother, who also regularly took him to the Ćelije monastery for prayer and Holy Communion.[7]

Education edit

 
Velimirović as a student

His formal education also began in the Ćelije monastery and continued in Valjevo. He applied for admission into the Military Academy, but was refused because he didn't pass the physical exam. He was admitted to the Seminary of Saint Sava in Belgrade, where, apart from the standard subjects, he explored a significant number of writings of both Eastern and Western authors, such as Shakespeare, Voltaire, Nietzsche, Marx, Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and others.[8] He graduated in 1905.[7]

Nikola had been chosen to become a professor in the Seminary of Saint Sava, but it was decided that he needed to pursue further Eastern Orthodox studies before becoming a teacher. As an outstanding student, he was chosen to continue his studies in Russia and Western Europe. He had a gift for languages and soon possessed a good knowledge of Russian, French and German. He attended the Theological Academy in St. Petersburg and then he went to Switzerland and obtained his doctorate of divinity from the Old Catholic Theological Faculty at the University of Berne with magna cum laude.[7][4]

He received his doctorate in Theology in 1908, with the dissertation entitled Faith in the Resurrection of Christ as the Foundation of the Dogmas of the Apostolic Church. This original work was written in German and published in Switzerland in 1910, and later translated into Serbian. The dissertation for his doctor's degree in philosophy was prepared at Oxford and defended in Geneva, in French. The title was Berkeley's Philosophy.

His stay in Britain left an impact on his views and education, which is seen from the fact that he quotes or mentions Charles Dickens, Lord Byron, John Milton, Charles Darwin, Thomas Carlyle, Shakespeare and George Berkeley.[4]

Monastic life edit

In the autumn of 1909, Nikola returned home and became seriously ill with dysentery. He decided that if he recovered he would become a monk and devote his life to God. At the end of 1909 his health got better and he was tonsured a monk, receiving the name Nikolaj.[9] He was soon ordained a hieromonk and then elevated to the rank of Archimandrite. In 1910 he was entrusted with a mission to Great Britain in order to gain the co-operation of the Church of England in educating the young students who had been evacuated when the Austrian, German and Bulgarian forces threatened to overwhelm the country.

Missions during World War I edit

In his lifetime, Father Nikolaj visited the USA four times. He visited Britain in 1910. He studied English and was capable of addressing an audience and making a strong impression on the listeners. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I this contributed to his appointment by the Serbian government to a mission in the United States. In 1915, as an unknown Serbian monk, he toured most of the major U.S. cities, where he held numerous lectures, fighting for the union of the Serbs and South Slavic peoples. This mission gained ground: America sent over 20,000 volunteers to Europe, most of whom later fought on the Salonika front. During Velimirović's US-campaign occurred the great retreat of the Serbian Army through the mountains of Albania. He embarked home in 1916; as his country was now in enemy hands, he went to Britain instead. Not only did he fulfill his mission, but he was also awarded a Doctorate of Divinity honoris causa from the University of Cambridge.[10]

He gave a series of notable lectures at St. Margaret's, Westminster, and preached in St. Paul's Cathedral, making him the first Eastern Orthodox Christian to preach at St Paul's.[11] Professor at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology Bogdan Lubardić has identified three phases in the development of Velimirovich's ideas: the pre-Ohrid phase (1902–1919), the Ohrid phase (1920–1936), and the post-Ohrid phase (1936–1956).[4]

Bishop edit

 
Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović in Ohrid with the company of Princess Ljubica in 1928

In 1919, Archimandrite Nikolaj was consecrated Bishop of Žiča[10] but did not remain long in that diocese, being asked to take over the office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Ohrid (1920-1931) and Eparchy of Ohrid and Bitola (1931-1936) in southern parts of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1920, for the third time, he journeyed again to the United States, this time on a mission to organize the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of North America.[12] He made another trip to the United States in 1927.[13]

The 1930s edit

German Chancellor Adolf Hitler awarded him with a civil medal in 1935 for his contribution in 1926 in renovation of the WWI German military cemetery in Bitola.[14] In 1936, he finally resumed his original office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Žiča, returning to the Monastery of Žiča not far distant from Valjevo and Lelić, where he was born. According to Jovan Byford, Velimirović's philosophy in 1939 got racist overtone typical of the time, as he considered the Serbs to be of "Aryan race".[15]

Detention and imprisonment in World War II edit

During World War II, in 1941, as soon as the German forces occupied Yugoslavia, Bishop Nikolaj was arrested by the Nazis in the Monastery of Žiča, after which he was confined in the Monastery of Ljubostinja. Later he was transferred to the Monastery of Vojlovica (near Pančevo) in which he was confined together with the Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V until the end of 1944. On 15 September 1944, both Patriarch Gavrilo V (Dožić) and Bishop Nikolaj were sent to Dachau concentration camp, which was at that time the main concentration camp for clerics arrested by the Nazis. Both Velimirović and Dožić were held as special prisoners (Ehrenhäftlinge) imprisoned in the so-called Ehrenbunker (or Prominentenbunker) separated from the work camp area, together with high-ranking Nazi enemy officers and other prominent prisoners whose arrests had been dictated by Hitler directly.[16]

In August 1943 German general Hermann Neubacher became special emissary of the German Foreign Office for Southeastern Europe. From 11 September 1943, he was also made responsible for Albania. In December 1944 as part of a settlement of Neubacher with Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić Germans were release Velimirović and Dožić who were transferred from Dachau to Slovenia, as the Nazis attempted to make use of Patriarch Gavrilo's and Nikolaj's authority among the Serbs in order to gain allies in the anti-Communist movements.[17] Contrary to claims of torture and abuse at the camp, Patriarch Dožić testified himself that both he and Velimirović were treated normally.[18] During his stay in Slovenia, Velimirović blessed volunteers of Dimitrije Ljotić and other collaborators and war criminals such as Dobroslav Jevđević and Momčilo Đujić.[19] In the final years of World War II in the book "Reči srpskom narodu kroz tamnički prozor" he says they the Jews condemned and killed Christ "suffocated by the stinking spirit of Satan", and further he writes that "Jews proved to be worse opponents of God than the pagan Pilate", "Devil teaches them so, their father", "the Devil taught them how to rebel against the Son of God, Jesus Christ."[20] Later, Velimirović and Patriarch Gavrilo (Dožić) were moved to Austria, and were finally liberated by the US 36th Infantry Division in Tyrol in 1945.[7]

Immigration and Last Years edit

After the war he never returned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but after spending some time in Europe, he finally immigrated as a refugee to the United States in 1946. There, in spite of his health problems, he continued his missionary work, for which he is considered An Apostle and Missionary of the New Continent (quote by Fr. Alexander Schmemann), and has also been enlisted as an American Saint[citation needed] and included on the icons and frescoes All American Saints.[21][22]

His books were banned by the Yugoslav communist government in 1947.[23]

He taught at several Eastern Orthodox seminaries such as St. Sava's Seminary (Libertyville, Illinois), Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary and Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania), and St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (now in Crestwood, New York).

Literary criticism edit

Amfilohije Radović points out that part of his success lies in his high education and ability to write well and his understanding of European culture.[24]

Literary critic Milan Bogdanović claims that everything Velimirović wrote after his Ohrid years did nothing more than paraphrase Eastern Orthodox canon and dogma. Bogdanović views him as a conservative who glorified the Church and its ceremonies as an institution.[25] Others say he brought little novelty into Eastern Orthodox thought.[26] This, however, is explained by true Orthodox thought, because, as Saint John of Damascus writes, "It is for that reason that I say (teach) nothing of what is mine. I briefly express the thoughts and words passed down by Godly and wise men."[27]

Posthumous edit

 
Painting of bishop Nikolaj by Ljubomir Simonović

Velimirović died on 18 March 1956, while in prayer at the foot of his bed before the Liturgy, at St Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary in South Canaan Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, where a shrine is established in his room. He was buried near the tomb of poet Jovan Dučić at the Monastery of St. Sava at Libertyville, Illinois. After the fall of communism, his remains were ultimately re-buried in his home town of Lelić on 12 May 1991, next to his parents and his nephew, Bishop Jovan Velimirović. On 19 May 2003, the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church recognized Bishop Nikolaj (Velimirović) of Ohrid and Žiča as a saint and decided to include him into the calendar of saints of Holy Orthodox Church (5 and 18 March).[1][2][9]

Views edit

Allegations of antisemitism edit

Several of Nikolaj Velimirović's writings and public speeches have been identified by historians as containing antisemitic rhetoric and/or hate speech directed at Jews.[28][29][30]

Notably, the first written record of Velimirović's antisemitic beliefs comes over a decade before the start of World War II and his stay at the Dachau concentration camp. In fact, the first chronicled case of Velimirović expressing antisemitic beliefs dates back to a 1927 sermon delivered in the United States.[31]

From the 1927 sermon titled "A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb," Velimirović's proclamations are summarized by social psychologist Jovan Byford:

In his take on the well known Christian parable about the wolf and the lamb, Velimirović referred to "Jewish leaders in Jerusalem" at the time of the crucifixion as "wolves," whose thirst for blood of the Lamb of God was motivated by their "god-hating nationalism."[31]

Byford's summary of Velimirović's "A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb" is significant for it serves as evidence that Velimirović may have utilized biblical undertones and Christian parable as a means of 'validating' his antisemitic statements to his followers. An interview that Jovan Byford conducted with Mladen Obradović (leader of Serbian far-right political organization Obraz) may suggest that this explanation still persists among some members of Serbian Orthodox society. A contemporary defender of Velimirović's reputation and saint status, Obradović defends the antisemitic writings of Velimimirović by stating that Velimirović's words only echo what had been written in early Christian texts:[32]

You have the very words of the Lord Jesus Christ when he says to the Pharisees that they are a "brood of vipers" or that their father is the Devil; Bishop Nikolaj merely quotes the Gospels.[32]

In a speech delivered in 1936 at the Žica Monastery in Serbia, Velimirović spoke out against what he perceived to be a Jewish threat to Christianity in front of a distinguished audience that included Yugoslavian Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović. Velimirović used specific lines of this speech to accuse Jews of leading a secretive, coordinated effort against Christianity and "faith in real God".[33]

Velimirović's writing in Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window is generally seen as the strongest evidence of the canonized Bishop holding antisemitic beliefs. Notably, many proponents of Velimirović's ideology suggest that the work is not definitive evidence of the Bishop's true ideology and beliefs about Jews and Judaism because they claim that it was written under duress during his time at Dachau.[34] The excerpts from Velimirović's Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window that attract the most attention from scholars studying antisemitism are quoted in Jovan Byford's Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-Communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović as follows:

The Devil teaches them [Jews]; the Devil taught them how to stand against the son of God, Jesus Christ. The Devil taught them through the centuries how to fight against the sons of Christ, against the children of light, against the followers of the Gospel and eternal life [Christians]. [...][33]

Europe knows nothing other than what Jews serve up as knowledge. It believes nothing other than what Jews order it to believe. It knows the value of nothing until Jews impose their own measure of values […] all modern ideas including democracy, and strikes, and socialism, and atheism, and religious tolerance, and pacifism, and global revolution, and capitalism, and communism are the inventions of Jews, or rather their father, the Devil.[35]

Additionally, Jovan Byford identifies the antisemitic ideology of Velimirović in the work, Indian Letters in which the figure of a Jewish woman portrays Satan.[35] Notably, this example of Velimirović's antisemitic portrayal is again linked to conspiracy as Velimirović describes the woman as standing for, "all destructive and secret associations plotting against Christianity, religion, and the state."[35]

Despite accusations of antisemitism, it is recorded that Velimirović protected a Jewish family by facilitating their escape from Nazi-occupied Serbia. Ela Trifunović (Ela Nayhaus), wrote to the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2001, claiming that she had spent 18 months hiding in the Ljubostinja monastery to which she was smuggled by Velimirović, guarded and later helped move on with false papers.[36] Historians inclined to side with the view that Velimirović's writings prove that he held antisemitic beliefs note that this one incidence of the Bishop saving a Jewish family is commonly exaggerated by pro-Velimirović groups as evidence of his universal kindness and selflessness against the several confirmed antisemitic writings tied to Velimirović.[37]

Views on Germans and Hitler edit

Adolf Hitler decorated Nikolaj Velimirović in 1935 for his contributions to the restoration of a German military cemetery in Bitola in 1926.[38] Some claim that the order was returned in protest at German aggression in 1941.[39]

In a treatise on St. Sava in 1935, he supported Hitler's treatment of the German national church[40] and is quoted as saying:

However, a due respect is to be to the current German Leader, who being a simple craftsman and a man from the people, realized that nationalism without faith is an anomaly, a cold and insecure mechanism. And so, in the XX century, he came to the idea of Saint Sava, and as a layman undertook among his people that most important work, befitting a saint, a genius and a hero. And for us that work has been accomplished by Saint Sava, the first among the saints, the first among the geniuses and the first among the heroes in our history. He accomplished it perfectly, he accomplished it without fight and without blood, and he accomplished it not yesterday or the day before, but 700 years ago.[41]

In spite of accusations of collaboration leveled during Communist times, some of Velimirović's actions and writings were directed against the Germans who got suspicious of him when he supported the coup in April 1941.[42] They suspected him of collaborating with the Chetniks and formally arrested him and kept him first in Ljubostinja Monastery in 1941 and then in 1944 in Dachau concentration camp.

In Dachau, he was imprisoned in Ehrenbunker, together with other clergy and high-ranking Nazi enemy officers, and was allowed to wear his own religious clothes, having access to the officer's canteen. It is claimed that he was never tortured and had access to officers' medical services. Contrary to the reports that Velimirović was liberated when the Americans' 36th Division reached Dachau, both he and Patriarch Dožić were actually released in November 1944, having spent three months in the camp. They travelled to Slovenia, from where Velimirovic continued first to Austria then to United States.[43]

Views on Ljotić edit

Velimirović had a high opinion of Dimitrije Ljotić, a Serbian fascist politician and German collaborationist.[44]

In an interview given in the United States in 1953, Velimirović claimed that he was the spiritual gray eminence behind the nationalist and collaborating extreme-right ZBOR organization.[45] The military arm of that organization (SDK - Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus - Serbian Volunteer Corps) was fighting against both Partisans and Chetniks in World War II and was responsible for numerous civilian executions in Serbia of both Serbs and other nationals (Jews, Roma, etc.) When the leader of ZBOR, Dimitrije Ljotić, was arrested in 1940 by the Yugoslav government, Velimirović protested in a letter to the PM, Dragiša Cvetković.[46] Velimirović attended Ljotić's funeral in 1945 and spoke very positively of him even though it was already known that Ljotić was collaborating with the Germans. He spoke of Ljotić as an "ideologue of Serbian nationalism".[47]

Legacy edit

 
Monument to Nikolaj Velimirović in Šabac

A monastery is named after him in China, Michigan.

Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch stated that he is one of the three most notable Serb theologians to be recognized internationally.[48]

Velimirović is included in the book The 100 most prominent Serbs.[49]

In 2023 in Belgrade, on Ascension Day, the city's patronal feast, his relics were carried in front of a procession attended by more than 100.000 people, making it the largest procession in the history of Belgrade.[50]

Selected works edit

  • (1904) (My memories from Boka)
  • Französisch-slavische Kämpfe in der Bocca di Cattaro (1910)
  • Beyond Sin and Death (1914)
  • Christianity and War: Letters of a Serbian to His English Friend (New York, 1915)
  • The New Ideal in Education (1916)
  • The Religious Spirit of the Slavs (1916)
  • The Spiritual Rebirth of Europe (1917)
  • Orations on the Universal Man (1920)
  • (1922)
  • Thoughts on Good and Evil (1923)
  • Homilias, volumes I and II (1925)
  • ()
  • The Prologue from Ohrid 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (1926)
  • The Faith of Educated People (1928)
  • The War and the Bible (1931)
  • The Symbols and Signs (1932)
  • The Chinese Martyrs by Saint Nikolai Velimirovich (Little Missionary, 1934 — 1938)
  • "Immanuel" (1937)
  • (1942)
  • The Faith of the Saints (1949) (an Eastern Orthodox Catechism in English)
  • The Life of Saint Sava (Zivot Sv. Save, 1951 original Serbian language version)
  • Cassiana - the Science on Love (1952)
  • The Only Love of Mankind (1958) (posthumously)
  • The First Gods Law and the Pyramid of Paradise (1959) (posthumously)
  • The Religion of Njegos (?)
  • Speeches under the Mount (?)
  • (?) (Emmanuel)
  • (?) (Faith of the holy)
  • (?) (Letters from India)
  • (?) (Above east and west)
  • (?) (Selected works of saint Nikolaj Velimirović)

References edit

  1. ^ a b The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p.22.
  2. ^ a b "03 May 2017". Eternal Orthodox Church Calendar. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  3. ^ Commemorated 5/18 March (+1956). "Life of St. Nikolai Velimirovich". Orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Markovich, Slobodan G. (2017). "Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War". Balcanica (48): 143–190. doi:10.2298/BALC1748143M. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_5544.
  5. ^ The Living Church. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1946.
  6. ^ Milorad Tomanić, Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj, p44
  7. ^ a b c d "Saint Nikolaj (Velimirovic) - Canadian Orthodox History Project". orthodoxcanada.ca. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  8. ^ Milorad Tomanić, Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj, p45
  9. ^ a b Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  10. ^ a b Bank, Jan and Gevers, Lieve. Churches and Religion in the Second World War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, ISBN 9781472504807, p. 267
  11. ^ Markovich, Slobodan G. (2017). "Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War". Balcanica (XLVIII): 143–190. doi:10.2298/BALC1748143M. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_5544.
  12. ^ The Outlook Magazine carried a story about Bishop Nikolaj after visiting the United States in their 23 February 1921 issue (pp. 285–86)
  13. ^ Living Age, Vol. 335-36, 1928-29
  14. ^ Byford 2005, p. 32.
  15. ^ Byford 2005, p. 30,171.
  16. ^ Leisner, Karl. Priesterweihe und Primiz im KZ Dachau, pg. 183, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2004; ISBN 3825872777, 9783825872779
  17. ^ Byford 2005, p. 35.
  18. ^ Glasnik Pravoslavne Crkve, July 1946, pp 66-67. Also in Dožić G., Memoari patrijarha srpskog Gavrila (Beograd: Sfairos 1990), entries for December 1944.
  19. ^ Byford 2005, pp. 35–36.
  20. ^ Byford 2005, pp. 30–31.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  22. ^ "All Saints of North America | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  23. ^ Randelić, Zdenko (2006). Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji 1945. – 1991: od zajedništva do razlaza. Zagreb: Školska knjiga. pp. 156–157. ISBN 953-0-60816-0. 978-953-0-60816-0.
  24. ^ Radović, A. "Bogočovječanski etos Valdike Nikolaja" in Jevtić, A., Sveti Vladika Nikolaj Ohridski i Žicki (Kraljevo, Žiča 2003)
  25. ^ Bogdanovic, M, Knjizevene Kritike I (Beograd 1931), p. 78.
  26. ^ Djordjevic, M, "Povratak propovednika", Republika No. 143-144, July 1996.
  27. ^ "Saint Nicodemos Publications". Saintnicodemos.org. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  28. ^ Sekelj, L. (1997). "Antisemitism and Jewish Identity in Serbia". Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. Hebrew University of Jerusalem., acta no. 12
  29. ^ Byford, J. (2004). "From traitor to saint in public memory: the case of Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović´". Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem., acta no. 22
  30. ^ Kostic, S. (29 May 2003). "Sporno slovo u crkvenom kalendaru". Vreme No. 647.
  31. ^ a b Byford 2008, p. 43.
  32. ^ a b Byford 2008, p. 175.
  33. ^ a b Byford 2008, pp. 43–44.
  34. ^ Byford 2008, p. 77.
  35. ^ a b c Byford 2008, p. 45.
  36. ^ Свети Владика Николај Охридски и Жички, (Holy Bishop Nikolaj of Ohrid and Žiča)(Žiča Monastery, Kraljevo 2003), p. 179
  37. ^ Byford 2008, pp. 162–163.
  38. ^ Byford 2008, p. 47.
  39. ^ See letter "Poveli ste se za mišljenjem Filipa Koena" in Danas, 27 July 2002.
  40. ^ Radić, R. Država i verske zajednice 1945-1970 (Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije; Beegrad 1970), p. 80
  41. ^ See "Nationalism of Saint Sava", in Collected Works of Nikolaj Velimirović (Vladimir Maksimović: Belgrade 1996), page 36.
  42. ^ Jevtić, A., "Kosovska misao i opredeljenje Episkopa Nikolaja", Glas crkve, 1988, No. 3, p. 24
  43. ^ Byford 2008, p. 55.
  44. ^ Subotic, D., Episkop Nikolaj i Pravoslavni Bogomoljacki Pokret (Nova Iskra, beograd 1996), p. 195 et al. Also Byford, J, "Potiskivanje i poricanje antisemtizma", Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava, Beograd, Ogledi, Br. 6, p. 33 and Martić, M., 1980, "Dimitrije Ljotić and the Yugoslav National Movement Zbor, 1935-1945" in "East European Quarterly," Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 219-39.
  45. ^ Popov, N. (1993) Srpski populizam od marginalne do dominantne pojave. (Serbian populism from a marginal to a dominant phenomenon). Vreme 133:1–35. More on Velimirović and Ljotić also in Cohen, P., Riesman, D, Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History (Texas A&M University Press 1997), Chapter I, page 21 (also note 95), page 26, page 59
  46. ^ Janković, M., Vladika Nikolaj: život, misao i delo, (Bishop Nikolaj: his life, thought and work). 3 vols. (Valjevo: Eparhija Šabačko–Valjevska 2002)
  47. ^ Kostić, B. (1991). Za Istoriju Naših Dana: Odlomci iz zapisa za vreme okupacije (For the history of our days: extracts from a diary at the time of the occupation). Beograd: Nova Iskra and Subotić, D. (1993). Pravoslavlje između Istoka i Zapada u bogoslovnoj misli Nikolaja Velimirovića i Justina Popovića [Orthodoxy between East and West in the religious thought of Nikolaj Velimirović and Justin Popović]. In Čovek i Crkva u Vrtlogu Krize: Šta nam nudi pravoslavlje danas? [Man and Church in the vortex of crisis: What can Orthodoxy offer us today?], ed. G. Živković. Valjevo: Glas Crkve.
  48. ^ Beta, Agencija (6 March 2021). "Patrijarh Porfirije o episkopu Atanasiju: "I kada smo sa njim igrali fudbal i kada nas je vodio na Svetu Goru bio je tamo gde i sveti oci"". Nedeljnik. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  49. ^ 100 najznamenitijih Srba (in Serbian). Princip. 1993. ISBN 978-86-82273-01-1.
  50. ^ "Largest procession in history of Belgrade held with relics of St. Nikolai (Velimirović)". OrthoChristian.Com. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

Sources edit

  • Vuković, Sava (1998). History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941. Kragujevac: Kalenić.
  • Byford, J.T. (2004). Canonisation of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović and the legitimisation of religious anti-Semitism in contemporary Serbian society. East European Perspectives, 6 (3)
  • Byford, J.T. (2004). . Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism series (ACTA), No.22.
  • Byford, J.T. "Canonizing the 'Prophet' of antisemitism: the apotheosis of bishop Nikolaj Velimirović and the legitimation of religious anti-semitism in contemporary Serbian society", RFE/RL Report, 18 February 2004, Volume 6, Number 4
  • Byford, Jovan (2005). Potiskivanje i poricanje antisemitizma : sećanje na vladiku Nikolaja Velimirovića u savremenoj srpskoj pravoslavnoj kulturi. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. ISBN 978-8-67208-117-6.
  • Byford, Jovan (2008). Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9-63977-615-9.
  • Byford, Jovan (2011). "Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović: "lackey of the Germans" or a "Victim of Fascism"?". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 128–152. ISBN 978-0-230-27830-1.
  • Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-760-7.

External links edit

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by
Sava Barać
Bishop of Žiča
1919–1920
Succeeded by
Jefrem Bojović
Recreated
Title last held by
Chrysostom Kavourides
as Metropolitan of Pelagonia
Bishop of Ohrid
1920–1931
Eparchy of Ohrid merged with that of Bitola
New diocese
Eparchies of Ohrid and Bitola merged
Bishop of Ohrid and Bitola
1931–1936
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Jefrem Bojović
Bishop of Žiča
1936–1956
Succeeded by

nikolaj, velimirović, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, december, 2013, learn, when, remove, this, message, serbian, cyrillic, Николај, Велимировић, january, 1881, de. The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message Nikolaj Velimirovic Serbian Cyrillic Nikolaј Velimiroviћ 4 January 1881 O S 23 December 1880 18 March O S 5 March 1956 was bishop of the eparchies of Ohrid and Zica 1920 1956 in the Serbian Orthodox Church An influential theological writer and a highly gifted orator he was often referred to as the new John Chrysostom 3 and historian Slobodan G Markovich calls him one of the most influential bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century 4 SaintNikolaj VelimirovicHoly BishopBornNikola Velimirovic4 January 1881Lelic SerbiaDied18 March 1956 1956 03 18 aged 75 South Canaan Pennsylvania U S Venerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchCanonized24 May 2003 by Serbian Orthodox ChurchMajor shrineLelic monastery SerbiaFeast3 May O S 20 May 1 2 AttributesVested as a bishop As a young man he came close to dying of dysentery and decided that he would dedicate his life to God if he survived He lived and was tonsured as a monk under the name Nikolaj in 1909 He was ordained into the clergy and quickly became an important leader and spokesperson for the Serbian Orthodox Church especially in its relations with the West When Nazi Germany occupied Yugoslavia in World War II Velimirovic was imprisoned and eventually taken to Dachau concentration camp After being liberated by the Allies at the end of the war he chose not to return to Yugoslavia which became a Socialist republic after the war He moved to the United States in 1946 where he remained until his death in 1956 He strongly supported the unity of all Eastern Orthodox churches and established particularly good relationships with the Anglican and Episcopal Church 5 On 24 May 2003 he was canonized as a saint by the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Nikolaj of Ohrid and Zica Sveti Nikolaј Ohridski i Zhichki though he is often citation needed referred to as Saint Nikolaj of Serbia Sveti Nikolaј Srpski Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Childhood 1 2 Education 1 3 Monastic life 1 4 Missions during World War I 1 5 Bishop 1 6 The 1930s 1 7 Detention and imprisonment in World War II 1 8 Immigration and Last Years 2 Literary criticism 3 Posthumous 4 Views 4 1 Allegations of antisemitism 4 2 Views on Germans and Hitler 4 3 Views on Ljotic 5 Legacy 6 Selected works 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksBiography editChildhood edit He was born as Nikola Velimirovic in the small village of Lelic Valjevo in the Principality of Serbia 6 on the day of the feast of Saint Naum of Ohrid whose monastery would later be his episcopal see He was the first of nine children born to Dragomir and Katarina Velimirovic nee Filipovic pious farmers Being very weak he was baptised soon after his birth in the Celije monastery He was given the name Nikola because Saint Nicholas was the family s patron saint The first lessons about God Jesus Christ the lives of the saints and the holy days of the Church year were provided to him by his mother who also regularly took him to the Celije monastery for prayer and Holy Communion 7 Education edit nbsp Velimirovic as a student His formal education also began in the Celije monastery and continued in Valjevo He applied for admission into the Military Academy but was refused because he didn t pass the physical exam He was admitted to the Seminary of Saint Sava in Belgrade where apart from the standard subjects he explored a significant number of writings of both Eastern and Western authors such as Shakespeare Voltaire Nietzsche Marx Pushkin Tolstoy Dostoevsky and others 8 He graduated in 1905 7 Nikola had been chosen to become a professor in the Seminary of Saint Sava but it was decided that he needed to pursue further Eastern Orthodox studies before becoming a teacher As an outstanding student he was chosen to continue his studies in Russia and Western Europe He had a gift for languages and soon possessed a good knowledge of Russian French and German He attended the Theological Academy in St Petersburg and then he went to Switzerland and obtained his doctorate of divinity from the Old Catholic Theological Faculty at the University of Berne with magna cum laude 7 4 He received his doctorate in Theology in 1908 with the dissertation entitled Faith in the Resurrection of Christ as the Foundation of the Dogmas of the Apostolic Church This original work was written in German and published in Switzerland in 1910 and later translated into Serbian The dissertation for his doctor s degree in philosophy was prepared at Oxford and defended in Geneva in French The title was Berkeley s Philosophy His stay in Britain left an impact on his views and education which is seen from the fact that he quotes or mentions Charles Dickens Lord Byron John Milton Charles Darwin Thomas Carlyle Shakespeare and George Berkeley 4 Monastic life edit In the autumn of 1909 Nikola returned home and became seriously ill with dysentery He decided that if he recovered he would become a monk and devote his life to God At the end of 1909 his health got better and he was tonsured a monk receiving the name Nikolaj 9 He was soon ordained a hieromonk and then elevated to the rank of Archimandrite In 1910 he was entrusted with a mission to Great Britain in order to gain the co operation of the Church of England in educating the young students who had been evacuated when the Austrian German and Bulgarian forces threatened to overwhelm the country Missions during World War I edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message In his lifetime Father Nikolaj visited the USA four times He visited Britain in 1910 He studied English and was capable of addressing an audience and making a strong impression on the listeners Shortly after the outbreak of World War I this contributed to his appointment by the Serbian government to a mission in the United States In 1915 as an unknown Serbian monk he toured most of the major U S cities where he held numerous lectures fighting for the union of the Serbs and South Slavic peoples This mission gained ground America sent over 20 000 volunteers to Europe most of whom later fought on the Salonika front During Velimirovic s US campaign occurred the great retreat of the Serbian Army through the mountains of Albania He embarked home in 1916 as his country was now in enemy hands he went to Britain instead Not only did he fulfill his mission but he was also awarded a Doctorate of Divinity honoris causa from the University of Cambridge 10 He gave a series of notable lectures at St Margaret s Westminster and preached in St Paul s Cathedral making him the first Eastern Orthodox Christian to preach at St Paul s 11 Professor at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology Bogdan Lubardic has identified three phases in the development of Velimirovich s ideas the pre Ohrid phase 1902 1919 the Ohrid phase 1920 1936 and the post Ohrid phase 1936 1956 4 Bishop edit nbsp Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic in Ohrid with the company of Princess Ljubica in 1928 In 1919 Archimandrite Nikolaj was consecrated Bishop of Zica 10 but did not remain long in that diocese being asked to take over the office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Ohrid 1920 1931 and Eparchy of Ohrid and Bitola 1931 1936 in southern parts of Kingdom of Yugoslavia In 1920 for the third time he journeyed again to the United States this time on a mission to organize the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of North America 12 He made another trip to the United States in 1927 13 The 1930s edit German Chancellor Adolf Hitler awarded him with a civil medal in 1935 for his contribution in 1926 in renovation of the WWI German military cemetery in Bitola 14 In 1936 he finally resumed his original office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Zica returning to the Monastery of Zica not far distant from Valjevo and Lelic where he was born According to Jovan Byford Velimirovic s philosophy in 1939 got racist overtone typical of the time as he considered the Serbs to be of Aryan race 15 Detention and imprisonment in World War II edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2016 Learn how and when to remove this message During World War II in 1941 as soon as the German forces occupied Yugoslavia Bishop Nikolaj was arrested by the Nazis in the Monastery of Zica after which he was confined in the Monastery of Ljubostinja Later he was transferred to the Monastery of Vojlovica near Pancevo in which he was confined together with the Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V until the end of 1944 On 15 September 1944 both Patriarch Gavrilo V Dozic and Bishop Nikolaj were sent to Dachau concentration camp which was at that time the main concentration camp for clerics arrested by the Nazis Both Velimirovic and Dozic were held as special prisoners Ehrenhaftlinge imprisoned in the so called Ehrenbunker or Prominentenbunker separated from the work camp area together with high ranking Nazi enemy officers and other prominent prisoners whose arrests had been dictated by Hitler directly 16 In August 1943 German general Hermann Neubacher became special emissary of the German Foreign Office for Southeastern Europe From 11 September 1943 he was also made responsible for Albania In December 1944 as part of a settlement of Neubacher with Milan Nedic and Dimitrije Ljotic Germans were release Velimirovic and Dozic who were transferred from Dachau to Slovenia as the Nazis attempted to make use of Patriarch Gavrilo s and Nikolaj s authority among the Serbs in order to gain allies in the anti Communist movements 17 Contrary to claims of torture and abuse at the camp Patriarch Dozic testified himself that both he and Velimirovic were treated normally 18 During his stay in Slovenia Velimirovic blessed volunteers of Dimitrije Ljotic and other collaborators and war criminals such as Dobroslav Jevđevic and Momcilo Đujic 19 In the final years of World War II in the book Reci srpskom narodu kroz tamnicki prozor he says they the Jews condemned and killed Christ suffocated by the stinking spirit of Satan and further he writes that Jews proved to be worse opponents of God than the pagan Pilate Devil teaches them so their father the Devil taught them how to rebel against the Son of God Jesus Christ 20 Later Velimirovic and Patriarch Gavrilo Dozic were moved to Austria and were finally liberated by the US 36th Infantry Division in Tyrol in 1945 7 Immigration and Last Years edit After the war he never returned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia but after spending some time in Europe he finally immigrated as a refugee to the United States in 1946 There in spite of his health problems he continued his missionary work for which he is considered An Apostle and Missionary of the New Continent quote by Fr Alexander Schmemann and has also been enlisted as an American Saint citation needed and included on the icons and frescoes All American Saints 21 22 His books were banned by the Yugoslav communist government in 1947 23 He taught at several Eastern Orthodox seminaries such as St Sava s Seminary Libertyville Illinois Saint Tikhon s Orthodox Theological Seminary and Monastery South Canaan Pennsylvania and St Vladimir s Orthodox Theological Seminary now in Crestwood New York Literary criticism editAmfilohije Radovic points out that part of his success lies in his high education and ability to write well and his understanding of European culture 24 Literary critic Milan Bogdanovic claims that everything Velimirovic wrote after his Ohrid years did nothing more than paraphrase Eastern Orthodox canon and dogma Bogdanovic views him as a conservative who glorified the Church and its ceremonies as an institution 25 Others say he brought little novelty into Eastern Orthodox thought 26 This however is explained by true Orthodox thought because as Saint John of Damascus writes It is for that reason that I say teach nothing of what is mine I briefly express the thoughts and words passed down by Godly and wise men 27 Posthumous edit nbsp Painting of bishop Nikolaj by Ljubomir Simonovic Velimirovic died on 18 March 1956 while in prayer at the foot of his bed before the Liturgy at St Tikhon s Orthodox Theological Seminary in South Canaan Township Wayne County Pennsylvania where a shrine is established in his room He was buried near the tomb of poet Jovan Ducic at the Monastery of St Sava at Libertyville Illinois After the fall of communism his remains were ultimately re buried in his home town of Lelic on 12 May 1991 next to his parents and his nephew Bishop Jovan Velimirovic On 19 May 2003 the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church recognized Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic of Ohrid and Zica as a saint and decided to include him into the calendar of saints of Holy Orthodox Church 5 and 18 March 1 2 9 Views editAllegations of antisemitism edit Several of Nikolaj Velimirovic s writings and public speeches have been identified by historians as containing antisemitic rhetoric and or hate speech directed at Jews 28 29 30 Notably the first written record of Velimirovic s antisemitic beliefs comes over a decade before the start of World War II and his stay at the Dachau concentration camp In fact the first chronicled case of Velimirovic expressing antisemitic beliefs dates back to a 1927 sermon delivered in the United States 31 From the 1927 sermon titled A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb Velimirovic s proclamations are summarized by social psychologist Jovan Byford In his take on the well known Christian parable about the wolf and the lamb Velimirovic referred to Jewish leaders in Jerusalem at the time of the crucifixion as wolves whose thirst for blood of the Lamb of God was motivated by their god hating nationalism 31 Byford s summary of Velimirovic s A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb is significant for it serves as evidence that Velimirovic may have utilized biblical undertones and Christian parable as a means of validating his antisemitic statements to his followers An interview that Jovan Byford conducted with Mladen Obradovic leader of Serbian far right political organization Obraz may suggest that this explanation still persists among some members of Serbian Orthodox society A contemporary defender of Velimirovic s reputation and saint status Obradovic defends the antisemitic writings of Velimimirovic by stating that Velimirovic s words only echo what had been written in early Christian texts 32 You have the very words of the Lord Jesus Christ when he says to the Pharisees that they are a brood of vipers or that their father is the Devil Bishop Nikolaj merely quotes the Gospels 32 In a speech delivered in 1936 at the Zica Monastery in Serbia Velimirovic spoke out against what he perceived to be a Jewish threat to Christianity in front of a distinguished audience that included Yugoslavian Prime Minister Milan Stojadinovic Velimirovic used specific lines of this speech to accuse Jews of leading a secretive coordinated effort against Christianity and faith in real God 33 Velimirovic s writing in Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window is generally seen as the strongest evidence of the canonized Bishop holding antisemitic beliefs Notably many proponents of Velimirovic s ideology suggest that the work is not definitive evidence of the Bishop s true ideology and beliefs about Jews and Judaism because they claim that it was written under duress during his time at Dachau 34 The excerpts from Velimirovic s Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window that attract the most attention from scholars studying antisemitism are quoted in Jovan Byford s Denial and Repression of Antisemitism Post Communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic as follows The Devil teaches them Jews the Devil taught them how to stand against the son of God Jesus Christ The Devil taught them through the centuries how to fight against the sons of Christ against the children of light against the followers of the Gospel and eternal life Christians 33 Europe knows nothing other than what Jews serve up as knowledge It believes nothing other than what Jews order it to believe It knows the value of nothing until Jews impose their own measure of values all modern ideas including democracy and strikes and socialism and atheism and religious tolerance and pacifism and global revolution and capitalism and communism are the inventions of Jews or rather their father the Devil 35 Additionally Jovan Byford identifies the antisemitic ideology of Velimirovic in the work Indian Letters in which the figure of a Jewish woman portrays Satan 35 Notably this example of Velimirovic s antisemitic portrayal is again linked to conspiracy as Velimirovic describes the woman as standing for all destructive and secret associations plotting against Christianity religion and the state 35 Despite accusations of antisemitism it is recorded that Velimirovic protected a Jewish family by facilitating their escape from Nazi occupied Serbia Ela Trifunovic Ela Nayhaus wrote to the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2001 claiming that she had spent 18 months hiding in the Ljubostinja monastery to which she was smuggled by Velimirovic guarded and later helped move on with false papers 36 Historians inclined to side with the view that Velimirovic s writings prove that he held antisemitic beliefs note that this one incidence of the Bishop saving a Jewish family is commonly exaggerated by pro Velimirovic groups as evidence of his universal kindness and selflessness against the several confirmed antisemitic writings tied to Velimirovic 37 Views on Germans and Hitler edit Adolf Hitler decorated Nikolaj Velimirovic in 1935 for his contributions to the restoration of a German military cemetery in Bitola in 1926 38 Some claim that the order was returned in protest at German aggression in 1941 39 In a treatise on St Sava in 1935 he supported Hitler s treatment of the German national church 40 and is quoted as saying However a due respect is to be to the current German Leader who being a simple craftsman and a man from the people realized that nationalism without faith is an anomaly a cold and insecure mechanism And so in the XX century he came to the idea of Saint Sava and as a layman undertook among his people that most important work befitting a saint a genius and a hero And for us that work has been accomplished by Saint Sava the first among the saints the first among the geniuses and the first among the heroes in our history He accomplished it perfectly he accomplished it without fight and without blood and he accomplished it not yesterday or the day before but 700 years ago 41 In spite of accusations of collaboration leveled during Communist times some of Velimirovic s actions and writings were directed against the Germans who got suspicious of him when he supported the coup in April 1941 42 They suspected him of collaborating with the Chetniks and formally arrested him and kept him first in Ljubostinja Monastery in 1941 and then in 1944 in Dachau concentration camp In Dachau he was imprisoned in Ehrenbunker together with other clergy and high ranking Nazi enemy officers and was allowed to wear his own religious clothes having access to the officer s canteen It is claimed that he was never tortured and had access to officers medical services Contrary to the reports that Velimirovic was liberated when the Americans 36th Division reached Dachau both he and Patriarch Dozic were actually released in November 1944 having spent three months in the camp They travelled to Slovenia from where Velimirovic continued first to Austria then to United States 43 Views on Ljotic edit Velimirovic had a high opinion of Dimitrije Ljotic a Serbian fascist politician and German collaborationist 44 In an interview given in the United States in 1953 Velimirovic claimed that he was the spiritual gray eminence behind the nationalist and collaborating extreme right ZBOR organization 45 The military arm of that organization SDK Srpski Dobrovoljacki Korpus Serbian Volunteer Corps was fighting against both Partisans and Chetniks in World War II and was responsible for numerous civilian executions in Serbia of both Serbs and other nationals Jews Roma etc When the leader of ZBOR Dimitrije Ljotic was arrested in 1940 by the Yugoslav government Velimirovic protested in a letter to the PM Dragisa Cvetkovic 46 Velimirovic attended Ljotic s funeral in 1945 and spoke very positively of him even though it was already known that Ljotic was collaborating with the Germans He spoke of Ljotic as an ideologue of Serbian nationalism 47 Legacy edit nbsp Monument to Nikolaj Velimirovic in Sabac A monastery is named after him in China Michigan Porfirije Serbian Patriarch stated that he is one of the three most notable Serb theologians to be recognized internationally 48 Velimirovic is included in the book The 100 most prominent Serbs 49 In 2023 in Belgrade on Ascension Day the city s patronal feast his relics were carried in front of a procession attended by more than 100 000 people making it the largest procession in the history of Belgrade 50 Selected works editMoјe uspomene iz Boke 1904 My memories from Boka Franzosisch slavische Kampfe in der Bocca di Cattaro 1910 Beyond Sin and Death 1914 Christianity and War Letters of a Serbian to His English Friend New York 1915 The New Ideal in Education 1916 The Religious Spirit of the Slavs 1916 The Spiritual Rebirth of Europe 1917 Orations on the Universal Man 1920 Molitve na јezeru 1922 Thoughts on Good and Evil 1923 Homilias volumes I and II 1925 Chitanka o Svetome kraљu Јovanu Vladimiru The Prologue from Ohrid Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine 1926 The Faith of Educated People 1928 The War and the Bible 1931 The Symbols and Signs 1932 The Chinese Martyrs by Saint Nikolai Velimirovich Little Missionary 1934 1938 Immanuel 1937 Teodul 1942 The Faith of the Saints 1949 an Eastern Orthodox Catechism in English The Life of Saint Sava Zivot Sv Save 1951 original Serbian language version Cassiana the Science on Love 1952 The Only Love of Mankind 1958 posthumously The First Gods Law and the Pyramid of Paradise 1959 posthumously The Religion of Njegos Speeches under the Mount Emaniul Emmanuel Vera svetih Faith of the holy Indijska pisma Letters from India Iznad istoka i zapada Above east and west izabrana dela svetog Nikolaja Velimirovica Selected works of saint Nikolaj Velimirovic References edit a b The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas ROCOR St Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004 St Hilarion Press Austin TX p 22 a b 03 May 2017 Eternal Orthodox Church Calendar Retrieved 27 January 2018 Commemorated 5 18 March 1956 Life of St Nikolai Velimirovich Orthodoxinfo com Retrieved 30 March 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c d Markovich Slobodan G 2017 Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War Balcanica 48 143 190 doi 10 2298 BALC1748143M hdl 21 15107 rcub dais 5544 The Living Church Morehouse Gorham Company 1946 Milorad Tomanic Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj p44 a b c d Saint Nikolaj Velimirovic Canadian Orthodox History Project orthodoxcanada ca Retrieved 17 January 2020 Milorad Tomanic Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj p45 a b Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha OCA Lives of the Saints a b Bank Jan and Gevers Lieve Churches and Religion in the Second World War Bloomsbury Publishing 2016 ISBN 9781472504807 p 267 Markovich Slobodan G 2017 Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War Balcanica XLVIII 143 190 doi 10 2298 BALC1748143M hdl 21 15107 rcub dais 5544 The Outlook Magazine carried a story about Bishop Nikolaj after visiting the United States in their 23 February 1921 issue pp 285 86 Living Age Vol 335 36 1928 29 Byford 2005 p 32 Byford 2005 p 30 171 Leisner Karl Priesterweihe und Primiz im KZ Dachau pg 183 LIT Verlag Berlin Hamburg Munster 2004 ISBN 3825872777 9783825872779 Byford 2005 p 35 Glasnik Pravoslavne Crkve July 1946 pp 66 67 Also in Dozic G Memoari patrijarha srpskog Gavrila Beograd Sfairos 1990 entries for December 1944 Byford 2005 pp 35 36 Byford 2005 pp 30 31 Conciliar Press All American Saints 8 x 10 Icon Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 30 June 2009 All Saints of North America Flickr Photo Sharing Flickr 27 April 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2016 Randelic Zdenko 2006 Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji 1945 1991 od zajednistva do razlaza Zagreb Skolska knjiga pp 156 157 ISBN 953 0 60816 0 978 953 0 60816 0 Radovic A Bogocovjecanski etos Valdike Nikolaja in Jevtic A Sveti Vladika Nikolaj Ohridski i Zicki Kraljevo Zica 2003 Bogdanovic M Knjizevene Kritike I Beograd 1931 p 78 Djordjevic M Povratak propovednika Republika No 143 144 July 1996 Saint Nicodemos Publications Saintnicodemos org Retrieved 30 March 2016 Sekelj L 1997 Antisemitism and Jewish Identity in Serbia Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism Hebrew University of Jerusalem acta no 12 Byford J 2004 From traitor to saint in public memory the case of Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism The Hebrew University of Jerusalem acta no 22 Kostic S 29 May 2003 Sporno slovo u crkvenom kalendaru Vreme No 647 a b Byford 2008 p 43 a b Byford 2008 p 175 a b Byford 2008 pp 43 44 Byford 2008 p 77 a b c Byford 2008 p 45 Sveti Vladika Nikolaј Ohridski i Zhichki Holy Bishop Nikolaj of Ohrid and Zica Zica Monastery Kraljevo 2003 p 179 Byford 2008 pp 162 163 Byford 2008 p 47 See letter Poveli ste se za misljenjem Filipa Koena in Danas 27 July 2002 Radic R Drzava i verske zajednice 1945 1970 Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije Beegrad 1970 p 80 See Nationalism of Saint Sava in Collected Works of Nikolaj Velimirovic Vladimir Maksimovic Belgrade 1996 page 36 Jevtic A Kosovska misao i opredeljenje Episkopa Nikolaja Glas crkve 1988 No 3 p 24 Byford 2008 p 55 Subotic D Episkop Nikolaj i Pravoslavni Bogomoljacki Pokret Nova Iskra beograd 1996 p 195 et al Also Byford J Potiskivanje i poricanje antisemtizma Helsinski odbor za ljudska prava Beograd Ogledi Br 6 p 33 and Martic M 1980 Dimitrije Ljotic and the Yugoslav National Movement Zbor 1935 1945 in East European Quarterly Vol 16 No 2 pp 219 39 Popov N 1993 Srpski populizam od marginalne do dominantne pojave Serbian populism from a marginal to a dominant phenomenon Vreme 133 1 35 More on Velimirovic and Ljotic also in Cohen P Riesman D Serbia s Secret War Propaganda and the Deceit of History Texas A amp M University Press 1997 Chapter I page 21 also note 95 page 26 page 59 Jankovic M Vladika Nikolaj zivot misao i delo Bishop Nikolaj his life thought and work 3 vols Valjevo Eparhija Sabacko Valjevska 2002 Kostic B 1991 Za Istoriju Nasih Dana Odlomci iz zapisa za vreme okupacije For the history of our days extracts from a diary at the time of the occupation Beograd Nova Iskra and Subotic D 1993 Pravoslavlje između Istoka i Zapada u bogoslovnoj misli Nikolaja Velimirovica i Justina Popovica Orthodoxy between East and West in the religious thought of Nikolaj Velimirovic and Justin Popovic In Covek i Crkva u Vrtlogu Krize Sta nam nudi pravoslavlje danas Man and Church in the vortex of crisis What can Orthodoxy offer us today ed G Zivkovic Valjevo Glas Crkve Beta Agencija 6 March 2021 Patrijarh Porfirije o episkopu Atanasiju I kada smo sa njim igrali fudbal i kada nas je vodio na Svetu Goru bio je tamo gde i sveti oci Nedeljnik Retrieved 8 March 2021 100 najznamenitijih Srba in Serbian Princip 1993 ISBN 978 86 82273 01 1 Largest procession in history of Belgrade held with relics of St Nikolai Velimirovic OrthoChristian Com Retrieved 16 April 2024 Sources editVukovic Sava 1998 History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891 1941 Kragujevac Kalenic Byford J T 2004 Canonisation of Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic and the legitimisation of religious anti Semitism in contemporary Serbian society East European Perspectives 6 3 Byford J T 2004 From Traitor to Saint in Public Memory The Case of Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism series ACTA No 22 Byford J T Canonizing the Prophet of antisemitism the apotheosis of bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic and the legitimation of religious anti semitism in contemporary Serbian society RFE RL Report 18 February 2004 Volume 6 Number 4 Byford Jovan 2005 Potiskivanje i poricanje antisemitizma secanje na vladiku Nikolaja Velimirovica u savremenoj srpskoj pravoslavnoj kulturi Belgrade Helsinski odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji ISBN 978 8 67208 117 6 Byford Jovan 2008 Denial and Repression of Antisemitism Post communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic Central European University Press ISBN 978 9 63977 615 9 Byford Jovan 2011 Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic lackey of the Germans or a Victim of Fascism In Ramet Sabrina P Listhaug Ola eds Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two London Palgrave Macmillan pp 128 152 ISBN 978 0 230 27830 1 Cohen Philip J 1996 Serbia s Secret War Propaganda and the Deceit of History College Station Texas Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 0 89096 760 7 External links editNikolaj Velimirovic at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Works by Nikolaj Velimirovic at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Nikolaj Velimirovic at Internet Archive Eastern Orthodox Church titles Preceded bySava Barac Bishop of Zica1919 1920 Succeeded byJefrem Bojovic RecreatedTitle last held byChrysostom Kavouridesas Metropolitan of Pelagonia Bishop of Ohrid1920 1931 Eparchy of Ohrid merged with that of Bitola New dioceseEparchies of Ohrid and Bitola merged Bishop of Ohrid and Bitola1931 1936 Succeeded bySt Platon Preceded byJefrem Bojovic Bishop of Zica1936 1956 Succeeded byGerman Đoric Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nikolaj Velimirovic amp oldid 1221666604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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