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Nguyễn Nhạc

Nguyễn Nhạc (Vietnamese: [ŋwĩəŋ ɲâːk̚] chữ Hán: 阮岳, died 1793) was the founder of the Tây Sơn dynasty, reigning from 1778 to 1788.

Emperor Thái Đức
泰德帝
Emperor of Đại Việt
Emperor of Tây Sơn dynasty
Reign1778–1788
PredecessorTây Sơn dynasty established
SuccessorQuang Trung
King of Tây Sơn
Reign1776–1778
Predecessortitle created
Successortitle changed to emperor
Reign1788–1793
Predecessortitle changed from emperor
SuccessorNguyễn Văn Bảo
Born?
Bình Định, Đàng Trong, Đại Việt
Died1793 (aged 49–50)
Quy Nhơn, Đại Việt
SpouseTrần Thị Huệ
Ja Dok
IssueNguyễn Văn Bảo
Nguyễn Thanh
Nguyễn Hân
Nguyễn Dũng
Nguyễn Văn Đức
Nguyễn Văn Lương
two daughters
Names
Hồ Nhạc
Nguyễn Nhạc (阮岳)
Nguyễn Văn Nhạc (阮文岳)
Era name and dates
Thái Đức (泰德): 1778–1793
HouseTây Sơn dynasty
FatherHồ Phi Phúc (or Nguyễn Phi Phúc)
MotherNguyễn Thị Đồng

From 1778 to 1788, Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself Emperor Thái Đức (Vietnamese: [tʰǎːj ɗɨ́k̚] chữ Hán: 泰德). In 1788 after his younger brother proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung, Nguyễn Nhạc resigned from his title as Emperor and declared himself as King of Tây Sơn. Nguyễn Nhạc and his brothers, namely Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ, known as the Tây Sơn Brothers, ended the centuries-long civil war between the two feudal families, the Trịnh Lords in northern Vietnam and the Nguyễn Lords in southern Vietnam, seizing reigning power from these groups and the Lê dynasty.[1]

Early life edit

Nguyen was born in Tây Sơn District, Quy Nhơn Province (modern Bình Định Province). Vietnamese historian Trần Trọng Kim described him as a courageous and clever man.[2] He had two younger brothers: Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ. Their talents are highly appreciated by their martial arts master, Trương Văn Hiến.

Tây Sơn brothers lived by trading betel. Legend stated that Nhạc got a magical sword from barbarians, so he was respected by many people. Later, Nhạc became a tax-collector of Nguyễn lord. He robbed off all tax he had collected, and distributed to poor farmers. He had to flee with his brothers, and became an outlaw. Hiến encouraged Nhạc to revolt against Nguyễn lords: "The prophecy says: 'Revolt in the West, success in the North'.[note 1] You are born in Tây Sơn District, you must do your best." Nhạc agreed with him.

Revolted against Nguyễn lords edit

At that time, the lord of Cochinchina Nguyễn Phúc Thuần was young, the regent was a corrupted official, Trương Phúc Loan. Loan was so unpopular that people compared him with Qin Hui. There were rumors that Loan changed the former lord's will and throned the young prince Thuần. In 1771, Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ rebelled against Nguyễn lord. They took Tây Sơn District as base camp, aimed to overthrow Loan and enthrone Nguyễn Phúc Dương, the eldest grandson of the former Nguyễn lord. The rebels became famous for their policy: "fair, no corruption, only looting the rich, and help the poor."[note 2][3] Soon they were widely supported by poor people. Ethnic minorities in Cochinchina, including Montagnards, Chams and Sino-Vietnamese, also took part in the rebellion.

The rebels grew rapidly and government troops were unable to put down. One day, Nhạc sat in a prison van, ordered his men to take him to Quy Nhơn. The governor, Nguyễn Khắc Tuyên (阮克宣), was very happy, and threw him into prison. At night, Nhạc escaped from prison and opened the city gate. Quy Nhơn was taken by Tây Sơn army, and used as the new base camp. Then Tây Sơn army marched to Quảng Nam,[2] Nguyễn army was defeated by the rebels. Nguyễn lord sent his main forces to Quảng Nam, but failed to drive the rebels out of this province.[4]

Conflict with Trịnh lords edit

Hearing that Cochinchina fell into chaos, Trịnh Sâm, the lord of Tonkin, sent Hoàng Ngũ Phúc to launch attack on Nguyễn lord using the excuse that they would help Nguyễn lord to arrest the treacherous minister Trương Phúc Loan.[5] Trịnh marched south with little resistance and soon took possession of Nguyễn's capital, Phú Xuân.[6] Nguyễn Phúc Thuần fled to Quảng Nam, in there he designated Nguyễn Phúc Dương as crown prince. Several months later, Tây Sơn army took Quảng Nam, Thuần had to flee to Gia Định. Not long after, from Quảng Ngãi to Bình Thuận was occupied by Tây Sơn rebels.[2]

Trịnh army marched to Quảng Nam, and came into conflict with Tây Sơn army. They met in the battlefield in Cẩm Sa (a place in modern Hòa Vang). Nhạc ordered Tập Đình to take the lead and Lý Tài in the middle, Nhạc himself to bring up the rear. Tập Đình was raided by Trịnh cavalry and ultimately led to Tây Sơn's defeat. Nguyễn Nhạc and Lý Tài retreated to Bến Bản. Nhạc prepared for the reception of the crown prince Dương, and went to Quy Nhơn together with him. In the same time, a Nguyễn army under Tống Phước Hiệp (宋福洽) resumed Bình Thuận, Diên Khánh and Bình Khang (modern Ninh Hòa), then recaptured Phú Yên. Tây Sơn army fell in a two-front war with both Nguyễn lord and Trịnh lord.[4] Nhạc sent an envoy to Trịnh army to sue for peace. Nhạc swore allegiance to Trịnh lord, in return, he received the position Tiên-phong-tướng-quân and Tây-sơn Hiệu-trưởng from Trịnh lord.[2]

After concluding a peace deal with Trịnh lord, Nhạc married a daughter to Nguyễn Phúc Dương, and urged him to ascend the lord throne, but Dương refused.[4] Nhạc sent a letter to Tống Phước Hiệp. In the letter, Nhạc said he decided to swear allegiance to the crown prince Dương, and prepared to resume the capital Phú Xuân. Nhạc then ordered Nguyễn Huệ to launch a raid on Nguyễn army. Hợp was defeated and fled to Vân Phong.[2]

Trịnh army marched to Quảng Ngãi, but most of soldiers died from disease, Hoàng Ngũ Phúc had to retreat. Phúc died of illness on his way back to Phú Xuân; his assistant, Bùi Thế Đạt, was appointed as the successor.[6] Quảng Nam was reoccupied by Tây Sơn army; now, Nhạc could concentrate on fighting against Nguyễn lord. He sent Nguyễn Lữ to the south. Nguyễn Phúc Thuần was defeated and fled to Biên Hòa.[2]

Establishment of Tây Sơn dynasty edit

In 1776, Nhạc titled himself Tây Sơn vương (西山王 "king of Tây Sơn"). He used Citadel Đồ Bàn (Vijaya) as the capital, and appointed many officials. Nguyễn Phúc Dương was imprisoned in a Buddhist temple; later, he fled to Gia Định, there he was supported by Lý Tài and ascended the lord throne. In the next year, Nguyễn Nhạc was recognized as the new ruler of Cochinchina by Trịnh Sâm. He received the noble rank Cung-quận-công (恭郡公 "provincial duke Cung") from Trịnh lord. Tây Sơn army marched further south, finally, both Nguyễn Phúc Thuần and Nguyễn Phúc Dương were captured and executed by Nguyễn Huệ. In 1778, Nhạc crowned the emperor, and changed era name to "Thái Đức" (泰德), marking the establishment of Tây Sơn dynasty.[2]

A nephew of Thuần, Nguyễn Ánh, managed to escape to Hà Tiên[7]: 520  then to Poulo Panjang.[8]: 423 [9]: 234  In late 1777, the main part of the Tây Sơn army left Saigon and marched north. Nguyễn Ánh landed in Long Xuyên. There, he was supported by many Nguyễn generals, and raised the flag of restoration. Đỗ Thanh Nhơn, the leader of Đông Sơn army, also swore allegiance to Ánh. Nguyễn army became much more stronger, and captured many places. Ánh also made an alliance Siam. However, the assassination of Đỗ Thanh Nhơn by Nguyễn Ánh causing the revolt of Đông Sơn army, thus badly weakening the Nguyễn army. Taking this opportunity, Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ invaded Gia Định and finally recaptured it in 1782. Nhạc returned to Quy Nhơn. In the next year, Châu Văn Tiếp, a supporter of Nguyễn lord, defeated the Tây Sơn garrison in Saigon, and invited Nguyễn Ánh to return. Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ were sent to Gia Định, and forced Ánh to flee to Phú Quốc. In 1785, Huệ defeated Nguyễn Ánh and Siamese navy. Ánh had to flee to Siam.[2]

Nguyễn Huệ's overthrow of Trịnh lords edit

The ruler of Tonkin, Trịnh Sâm, died in 1782. His favorite son Trịnh Cán ascended the lord throne, but soon was deposed in a military coup. The mutinying soldiers installed Trịnh Khải as the new lord. Tonkin fell into chaos. In 1786, an army under Nguyễn Huệ, Vũ Văn Nhậm and Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh marched north to attack Phú Xuân. After the capture of Phú Xuân, Chỉnh encouraged Huệ to overthrow Trịnh lord. Huệ took his advice, marched further north without Nguyễn Nhạc's order, and finally captured Thăng Long.[10] Nhạc did not want to take Tonkin; he sent an envoy to Phú Xuân to prevent Huệ from marching north, but Huệ had left. Then he got the message that Huệ had captured Thăng Long, and realized that Huệ was hard to be controlled. Nhạc led 2500 men and marched north to meet with Huệ and the Lê emperor. In Thăng Long, Nhạc promised that he would not take any territory of Tonkin. Then he retreated from Tonkin together with Huệ. Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself as Trung ương Hoàng đế (中央皇帝 "the Central Emperor"). Nguyễn Lữ was given the title Đông Định vương (東定王 "King of Eastern Conquering"), Gia Định was his fief; Nguyễn Huệ received the title Bắc Bình Vương (北平王 "King of Northern Conquering") and lived in Phú Xuân, the area north to Hải Vân was his fief.[11]

Civil war between two brothers edit

Not long after, Nguyễn Nhạc came into conflict with Nguyễn Huệ. A civil war broke out, Huệ besieged Quy Nhơn for several months. The main forces of Gia Định was called back to support Nhạc, but was defeated in Phú Yên, its commander Đặng Văn Chân surrendered to Huệ. Nhạc climbed onto the city wall, and shouted to Huệ: "How can you use the pot of skin to cook meat like that?".[note 3] It is an old custom, if hunters seized a prey in the jungle without a pot, they would flay it and use its skin to cook meat. Using this metaphor, Nhạc indicated that brothers should not fight with each other. Huệ was moved to tears, and decided to retreat, and reached a peace agreement Nhạc.[11] They chose Bến Bản as a boundary; the area north to Quảng Ngãi was Huệ's area; the area south to Thăng Bình and Điện Bàn belonged to Nhạc. From then on, they ceased fire with each other.[4]

Final years edit

Later, Nguyễn Huệ marched north and put down the rebellion in Tonkin. Huệ proclaimed himself as Emperor Quang Trung in 1788, and defeated Qing army in Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa. Meanwhile, the civil war of Tây Sơn brothers had provided Nguyễn Ánh with the chance to go back to Cochinchina again. Nhạc's territory was eroded by Nguyễn lord. During his final years, he only controlled three provinces: Quy Nhơn (modern Bình Định), Quảng Ngãi and Phú Yên. He was described as "an old man who is resigned to the present state of affairs" by Nguyễn Huệ. Huệ was also worried about the future of Tây Sơn dynasty.[4]

Nguyễn Huệ suddenly died in 1792. Nhạc prepared to attend Huệ's funeral, however, the road to Phú Xuân was blocked by the successor Nguyễn Quang Toản, he had to return, and sent a sister to attend the funeral. In the next year, Quy Nhơn was attacked by Nguyễn lord. When Nguyễn navy reached Thị Nại Port, Nhạc ordered his crown prince Nguyễn Văn Bảo to fight against them. Tây Sơn navy suffered from a double-pronged attack, Bảo was defeated by Tôn Thất Hội (尊室會), Võ Tính, Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức and Nguyễn Văn Thành, and fled back to Quy Nhơn. Nhạc had to ask for Nguyễn Quang Toản's help. 17,000 men under Phạm Công Hưng, Ngô Văn Sở, Nguyễn Văn Huấn (阮文訓) and Lê Trung (黎忠) marched south to reinforce Quy Nhơn. A navy led by Đặng Văn Chân was also sent there in the same time. Nguyễn army had to retreat. Hưng marched into the city, claiming that the emperor of Phú Xuân had taken over it. Nhạc was angry, and died soon after suffering from vomiting blood.[12]

The fate of his offspring edit

Nhạc's eldest son, Nguyễn Văn Bảo, was stripped off the position, and granted the title Hiếu công (孝公, "Duke of filial piety") by Nguyễn Quang Toản. The territory of Nhạc was annexed by Toản, Bảo only received Phù Ly (modern Phù Mỹ and Phù Cát) as his fief. In 1798, Bảo launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Toản, and was executed.[12]

Tây Sơn dynasty was overthrown by Nguyễn Ánh in 1802. Nhạc's three sons, Nguyễn Thanh (阮清), Nguyễn Hân (阮昕) and Nguyễn Dũng (阮勇), were executed together with Nguyễn Quang Toản and other princes of Tây Sơn dynasty. The tombs of Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ were razed to the ground, their remains were dug out and crushed into ashes. The skulls of Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ and Huệ's wife, were locked up in prison in perpetuity. It was said that Nguyễn Huệ had desecrated the tombs of Nguyễn lords before,[4] Nguyễn Ánh did that to "revenge for the ancestors" (爲九世而復讎).[13]

Two other sons, Nguyễn Văn Đức (阮文德), Nguyễn Văn Lương (阮文良), and grandson Nguyễn Văn Đâu (阮文兜, son of Nguyễn Văn Đức) escaped, they hid in countryside secretly. In 1831, they were found by Nguyễn dynasty, and executed by waist chop.[4]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Original Vietnamese: "Tây khởi nghĩa, Bắc thu công".
  2. ^ Original Vietnamese: công bằng, không tham nhũng, và chỉ cướp của của người giàu, giúp người nghèo.
  3. ^ Original Vietnamese: "Nỡ lòng nào lại nồi da nấu thịt như thế?", Original Sino-Vietnamese: "Bì oa chử nhục, đệ tâm hà nhẫn?"

References edit

  1. ^ Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 p. 30 "The three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ, and Nguyễn Huệ led the revolt against the Nguyễn lords. Born from the Hồ family, they were related to Hồ Quí Ly, the 15th-century regent of the Thăng Long (Hà Nội) court. Between 1653 and ... "
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Việt Nam sử lược, Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 8
  3. ^ Les Espagnols dans l’Empire d’Annam, Spanish Catholic Priest Diego de Jumilla.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện, vol. 30
  5. ^ Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên, vol. 6
  6. ^ a b Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Basic Records, continued compilation 5
  7. ^ Mantienne, Frédéric (October 2003). "The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of the Nguyễn". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 34 (3). Singapore: Cambridge University Press: 519–534. doi:10.1017/S0022463403000468. S2CID 162778534.
  8. ^ Hall, D. G. E. (1981). A History of South-east Asia. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-24163-0.
  9. ^ Buttinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. New York: Praeger.
  10. ^ Việt Nam sử lược, Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 9
  11. ^ a b Việt Nam sử lược, Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 10
  12. ^ a b Việt Nam sử lược, Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 12
  13. ^ Đại Nam thực lục chính biên, kỷ 1, vol. 19
Nguyễn Nhạc
Born:  ? Died: 1793
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Tây Sơn dynasty established
Emperor of Đại Việt
1778–1788
Succeeded by

nguyễn, nhạc, vietnamese, ŋwĩəŋ, ɲâːk, chữ, hán, 阮岳, died, 1793, founder, tây, sơn, dynasty, reigning, from, 1778, 1788, emperor, thái, Đức泰德帝emperor, Đại, việtemperor, tây, sơn, dynastyreign1778, 1788predecessortây, sơn, dynasty, establishedsuccessorquang, tr. Nguyễn Nhạc Vietnamese ŋwĩeŋ ɲaːk chữ Han 阮岳 died 1793 was the founder of the Tay Sơn dynasty reigning from 1778 to 1788 Emperor Thai Đức泰德帝Emperor of Đại ViệtEmperor of Tay Sơn dynastyReign1778 1788PredecessorTay Sơn dynasty establishedSuccessorQuang TrungKing of Tay SơnReign1776 1778Predecessortitle createdSuccessortitle changed to emperorReign1788 1793Predecessortitle changed from emperorSuccessorNguyễn Văn BảoBorn Binh Định Đang Trong Đại ViệtDied1793 aged 49 50 Quy Nhơn Đại ViệtSpouseTrần Thị HuệJa DokIssueNguyễn Văn BảoNguyễn ThanhNguyễn HanNguyễn DũngNguyễn Văn ĐứcNguyễn Văn Lươngtwo daughtersNamesHồ NhạcNguyễn Nhạc 阮岳 Nguyễn Văn Nhạc 阮文岳 Era name and datesThai Đức 泰德 1778 1793HouseTay Sơn dynastyFatherHồ Phi Phuc or Nguyễn Phi Phuc MotherNguyễn Thị ĐồngThis article contains Vietnamese text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of chữ Nom chữ Han and chữ Quốc ngữ From 1778 to 1788 Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself Emperor Thai Đức Vietnamese tʰǎːj ɗɨ k chữ Han 泰德 In 1788 after his younger brother proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung Nguyễn Nhạc resigned from his title as Emperor and declared himself as King of Tay Sơn Nguyễn Nhạc and his brothers namely Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ known as the Tay Sơn Brothers ended the centuries long civil war between the two feudal families the Trịnh Lords in northern Vietnam and the Nguyễn Lords in southern Vietnam seizing reigning power from these groups and the Le dynasty 1 Contents 1 Early life 2 Revolted against Nguyễn lords 3 Conflict with Trịnh lords 4 Establishment of Tay Sơn dynasty 5 Nguyễn Huệ s overthrow of Trịnh lords 6 Civil war between two brothers 7 Final years 8 The fate of his offspring 9 Notes 10 ReferencesEarly life editNguyen was born in Tay Sơn District Quy Nhơn Province modern Binh Định Province Vietnamese historian Trần Trọng Kim described him as a courageous and clever man 2 He had two younger brothers Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ Their talents are highly appreciated by their martial arts master Trương Văn Hiến Tay Sơn brothers lived by trading betel Legend stated that Nhạc got a magical sword from barbarians so he was respected by many people Later Nhạc became a tax collector of Nguyễn lord He robbed off all tax he had collected and distributed to poor farmers He had to flee with his brothers and became an outlaw Hiến encouraged Nhạc to revolt against Nguyễn lords The prophecy says Revolt in the West success in the North note 1 You are born in Tay Sơn District you must do your best Nhạc agreed with him Revolted against Nguyễn lords editAt that time the lord of Cochinchina Nguyễn Phuc Thuần was young the regent was a corrupted official Trương Phuc Loan Loan was so unpopular that people compared him with Qin Hui There were rumors that Loan changed the former lord s will and throned the young prince Thuần In 1771 Nguyễn Nhạc Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ rebelled against Nguyễn lord They took Tay Sơn District as base camp aimed to overthrow Loan and enthrone Nguyễn Phuc Dương the eldest grandson of the former Nguyễn lord The rebels became famous for their policy fair no corruption only looting the rich and help the poor note 2 3 Soon they were widely supported by poor people Ethnic minorities in Cochinchina including Montagnards Chams and Sino Vietnamese also took part in the rebellion The rebels grew rapidly and government troops were unable to put down One day Nhạc sat in a prison van ordered his men to take him to Quy Nhơn The governor Nguyễn Khắc Tuyen 阮克宣 was very happy and threw him into prison At night Nhạc escaped from prison and opened the city gate Quy Nhơn was taken by Tay Sơn army and used as the new base camp Then Tay Sơn army marched to Quảng Nam 2 Nguyễn army was defeated by the rebels Nguyễn lord sent his main forces to Quảng Nam but failed to drive the rebels out of this province 4 Conflict with Trịnh lords editHearing that Cochinchina fell into chaos Trịnh Sam the lord of Tonkin sent Hoang Ngũ Phuc to launch attack on Nguyễn lord using the excuse that they would help Nguyễn lord to arrest the treacherous minister Trương Phuc Loan 5 Trịnh marched south with little resistance and soon took possession of Nguyễn s capital Phu Xuan 6 Nguyễn Phuc Thuần fled to Quảng Nam in there he designated Nguyễn Phuc Dương as crown prince Several months later Tay Sơn army took Quảng Nam Thuần had to flee to Gia Định Not long after from Quảng Ngai to Binh Thuận was occupied by Tay Sơn rebels 2 Trịnh army marched to Quảng Nam and came into conflict with Tay Sơn army They met in the battlefield in Cẩm Sa a place in modern Hoa Vang Nhạc ordered Tập Đinh to take the lead and Ly Tai in the middle Nhạc himself to bring up the rear Tập Đinh was raided by Trịnh cavalry and ultimately led to Tay Sơn s defeat Nguyễn Nhạc and Ly Tai retreated to Bến Bản Nhạc prepared for the reception of the crown prince Dương and went to Quy Nhơn together with him In the same time a Nguyễn army under Tống Phước Hiệp 宋福洽 resumed Binh Thuận Dien Khanh and Binh Khang modern Ninh Hoa then recaptured Phu Yen Tay Sơn army fell in a two front war with both Nguyễn lord and Trịnh lord 4 Nhạc sent an envoy to Trịnh army to sue for peace Nhạc swore allegiance to Trịnh lord in return he received the position Tien phong tướng quan and Tay sơn Hiệu trưởng from Trịnh lord 2 After concluding a peace deal with Trịnh lord Nhạc married a daughter to Nguyễn Phuc Dương and urged him to ascend the lord throne but Dương refused 4 Nhạc sent a letter to Tống Phước Hiệp In the letter Nhạc said he decided to swear allegiance to the crown prince Dương and prepared to resume the capital Phu Xuan Nhạc then ordered Nguyễn Huệ to launch a raid on Nguyễn army Hợp was defeated and fled to Van Phong 2 Trịnh army marched to Quảng Ngai but most of soldiers died from disease Hoang Ngũ Phuc had to retreat Phuc died of illness on his way back to Phu Xuan his assistant Bui Thế Đạt was appointed as the successor 6 Quảng Nam was reoccupied by Tay Sơn army now Nhạc could concentrate on fighting against Nguyễn lord He sent Nguyễn Lữ to the south Nguyễn Phuc Thuần was defeated and fled to Bien Hoa 2 Establishment of Tay Sơn dynasty editIn 1776 Nhạc titled himself Tay Sơn vương 西山王 king of Tay Sơn He used Citadel Đồ Ban Vijaya as the capital and appointed many officials Nguyễn Phuc Dương was imprisoned in a Buddhist temple later he fled to Gia Định there he was supported by Ly Tai and ascended the lord throne In the next year Nguyễn Nhạc was recognized as the new ruler of Cochinchina by Trịnh Sam He received the noble rank Cung quận cong 恭郡公 provincial duke Cung from Trịnh lord Tay Sơn army marched further south finally both Nguyễn Phuc Thuần and Nguyễn Phuc Dương were captured and executed by Nguyễn Huệ In 1778 Nhạc crowned the emperor and changed era name to Thai Đức 泰德 marking the establishment of Tay Sơn dynasty 2 A nephew of Thuần Nguyễn Anh managed to escape to Ha Tien 7 520 then to Poulo Panjang 8 423 9 234 In late 1777 the main part of the Tay Sơn army left Saigon and marched north Nguyễn Anh landed in Long Xuyen There he was supported by many Nguyễn generals and raised the flag of restoration Đỗ Thanh Nhơn the leader of Đong Sơn army also swore allegiance to Anh Nguyễn army became much more stronger and captured many places Anh also made an alliance Siam However the assassination of Đỗ Thanh Nhơn by Nguyễn Anh causing the revolt of Đong Sơn army thus badly weakening the Nguyễn army Taking this opportunity Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ invaded Gia Định and finally recaptured it in 1782 Nhạc returned to Quy Nhơn In the next year Chau Văn Tiếp a supporter of Nguyễn lord defeated the Tay Sơn garrison in Saigon and invited Nguyễn Anh to return Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ were sent to Gia Định and forced Anh to flee to Phu Quốc In 1785 Huệ defeated Nguyễn Anh and Siamese navy Anh had to flee to Siam 2 Nguyễn Huệ s overthrow of Trịnh lords editThe ruler of Tonkin Trịnh Sam died in 1782 His favorite son Trịnh Can ascended the lord throne but soon was deposed in a military coup The mutinying soldiers installed Trịnh Khải as the new lord Tonkin fell into chaos In 1786 an army under Nguyễn Huệ Vũ Văn Nhậm and Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh marched north to attack Phu Xuan After the capture of Phu Xuan Chỉnh encouraged Huệ to overthrow Trịnh lord Huệ took his advice marched further north without Nguyễn Nhạc s order and finally captured Thăng Long 10 Nhạc did not want to take Tonkin he sent an envoy to Phu Xuan to prevent Huệ from marching north but Huệ had left Then he got the message that Huệ had captured Thăng Long and realized that Huệ was hard to be controlled Nhạc led 2500 men and marched north to meet with Huệ and the Le emperor In Thăng Long Nhạc promised that he would not take any territory of Tonkin Then he retreated from Tonkin together with Huệ Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself as Trung ương Hoang đế 中央皇帝 the Central Emperor Nguyễn Lữ was given the title Đong Định vương 東定王 King of Eastern Conquering Gia Định was his fief Nguyễn Huệ received the title Bắc Binh Vương 北平王 King of Northern Conquering and lived in Phu Xuan the area north to Hải Van was his fief 11 Civil war between two brothers editNot long after Nguyễn Nhạc came into conflict with Nguyễn Huệ A civil war broke out Huệ besieged Quy Nhơn for several months The main forces of Gia Định was called back to support Nhạc but was defeated in Phu Yen its commander Đặng Văn Chan surrendered to Huệ Nhạc climbed onto the city wall and shouted to Huệ How can you use the pot of skin to cook meat like that note 3 It is an old custom if hunters seized a prey in the jungle without a pot they would flay it and use its skin to cook meat Using this metaphor Nhạc indicated that brothers should not fight with each other Huệ was moved to tears and decided to retreat and reached a peace agreement Nhạc 11 They chose Bến Bản as a boundary the area north to Quảng Ngai was Huệ s area the area south to Thăng Binh and Điện Ban belonged to Nhạc From then on they ceased fire with each other 4 Final years editLater Nguyễn Huệ marched north and put down the rebellion in Tonkin Huệ proclaimed himself as Emperor Quang Trung in 1788 and defeated Qing army in Battle of Ngọc Hồi Đống Đa Meanwhile the civil war of Tay Sơn brothers had provided Nguyễn Anh with the chance to go back to Cochinchina again Nhạc s territory was eroded by Nguyễn lord During his final years he only controlled three provinces Quy Nhơn modern Binh Định Quảng Ngai and Phu Yen He was described as an old man who is resigned to the present state of affairs by Nguyễn Huệ Huệ was also worried about the future of Tay Sơn dynasty 4 Nguyễn Huệ suddenly died in 1792 Nhạc prepared to attend Huệ s funeral however the road to Phu Xuan was blocked by the successor Nguyễn Quang Toản he had to return and sent a sister to attend the funeral In the next year Quy Nhơn was attacked by Nguyễn lord When Nguyễn navy reached Thị Nại Port Nhạc ordered his crown prince Nguyễn Văn Bảo to fight against them Tay Sơn navy suffered from a double pronged attack Bảo was defeated by Ton Thất Hội 尊室會 Vo Tinh Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức and Nguyễn Văn Thanh and fled back to Quy Nhơn Nhạc had to ask for Nguyễn Quang Toản s help 17 000 men under Phạm Cong Hưng Ngo Văn Sở Nguyễn Văn Huấn 阮文訓 and Le Trung 黎忠 marched south to reinforce Quy Nhơn A navy led by Đặng Văn Chan was also sent there in the same time Nguyễn army had to retreat Hưng marched into the city claiming that the emperor of Phu Xuan had taken over it Nhạc was angry and died soon after suffering from vomiting blood 12 The fate of his offspring editNhạc s eldest son Nguyễn Văn Bảo was stripped off the position and granted the title Hiếu cong 孝公 Duke of filial piety by Nguyễn Quang Toản The territory of Nhạc was annexed by Toản Bảo only received Phu Ly modern Phu Mỹ and Phu Cat as his fief In 1798 Bảo launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Toản and was executed 12 Tay Sơn dynasty was overthrown by Nguyễn Anh in 1802 Nhạc s three sons Nguyễn Thanh 阮清 Nguyễn Han 阮昕 and Nguyễn Dũng 阮勇 were executed together with Nguyễn Quang Toản and other princes of Tay Sơn dynasty The tombs of Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ were razed to the ground their remains were dug out and crushed into ashes The skulls of Nguyễn Nhạc Nguyễn Huệ and Huệ s wife were locked up in prison in perpetuity It was said that Nguyễn Huệ had desecrated the tombs of Nguyễn lords before 4 Nguyễn Anh did that to revenge for the ancestors 爲九世而復讎 13 Two other sons Nguyễn Văn Đức 阮文德 Nguyễn Văn Lương 阮文良 and grandson Nguyễn Văn Đau 阮文兜 son of Nguyễn Văn Đức escaped they hid in countryside secretly In 1831 they were found by Nguyễn dynasty and executed by waist chop 4 Notes edit Original Vietnamese Tay khởi nghĩa Bắc thu cong Original Vietnamese cong bằng khong tham nhũng va chỉ cướp của của người giau giup người ngheo Original Vietnamese Nỡ long nao lại nồi da nấu thịt như thế Original Sino Vietnamese Bi oa chử nhục đệ tam ha nhẫn References edit Nghia M Vo Saigon A History 2011 p 30 The three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ led the revolt against the Nguyễn lords Born from the Hồ family they were related to Hồ Qui Ly the 15th century regent of the Thăng Long Ha Nội court Between 1653 and a b c d e f g h Việt Nam sử lược Quyển 2 Tự chủ thời đại Chương 8 Les Espagnols dans l Empire d Annam Spanish Catholic Priest Diego de Jumilla a b c d e f g Đại Nam chinh bien liệt truyện vol 30 Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền bien vol 6 a b Đại Việt sử ky toan thư Basic Records continued compilation 5 Mantienne Frederic October 2003 The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The Case of the Nguyễn Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34 3 Singapore Cambridge University Press 519 534 doi 10 1017 S0022463403000468 S2CID 162778534 Hall D G E 1981 A History of South east Asia Basingstoke Hampshire Macmillan ISBN 0 333 24163 0 Buttinger Joseph 1958 The Smaller Dragon A Political History of Vietnam New York Praeger Việt Nam sử lược Quyển 2 Tự chủ thời đại Chương 9 a b Việt Nam sử lược Quyển 2 Tự chủ thời đại Chương 10 a b Việt Nam sử lược Quyển 2 Tự chủ thời đại Chương 12 Đại Nam thực lục chinh bien kỷ 1 vol 19 Nguyễn NhạcTay Sơn dynastyBorn Died 1793Regnal titlesPreceded byTay Sơn dynasty established Emperor of Đại Việt1778 1788 Succeeded byQuang Trung Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nguyễn Nhạc amp oldid 1213334466, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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