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Kāti Māmoe

January 07, 2023

Kāti Māmoe (also spelled Ngāti Māmoe but not by the tribe themselves) is a historic Māori iwi. Originally from the Hastings area, they moved in the 16th century to the South Island which at the time was already occupied by the Waitaha.

Kāti Māmoe
Iwi (tribe) in Māoridom
Rohe (region)South Island
Population3,111

A century later, the Ngāti Māmoe were largely subsequently absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Ngāi Tahu, who migrated south in turn. There is no distinct Ngāti Māmoe organisation today but many Ngāi Tahu have Ngāti Māmoe links in their whakapapa. In the far south of the island especially, "... southern Māori still think of themselves as Ngai Tahu-Ngati Mamoe, a synthesis of the two tribal groups ...."[1]

According to Edward Shortland, Kāti Māmoe's historical hapū included Kāti Rakai and Kāti Hinekato.[2]

History

Early history

Kāti Māmoe's descent is traced from the ancestor Hotumāmoe, said to be a descendant of Toi, a great-great-great grandson of Rākaihautū.[3][4] Hotumāmoe is said to have lived in the Heretaunga District.[5]

Early migration stories say the Ngāti Mamoe were forced out of their home in the Heretaunga, and took refuge in Te Whanganui-a-Tara with the permission of Ngāi Tara's ancestor and namesake, Tara.[6] Later after they had moved down to the South Island, they defeated Waitaha along the east coast under the leadership of Chief Tūtewaimate. His descendants lived on at Rakaia for about six generations.[7]

17th century

Marukore and Tūhaitara

The Ngāi Tahu ancestress Tūhaitara insulting her husband Chief Marukore of Ngāti Mamoe,[8][9] or Te Kāhea,[2][10] and his ancestry, as well as various other exchanges are the reason for war between their two tribes. Tūhaitara herself had a degree of Ngāti Mamoe heritage,[3][4] but Marukore was viewed as below her status. They had 11 children in total, including Tamaraeroa, Huirapa, Tahumatā, Pahirua, and Hinehou.[11]

Tūhaitara instructed Tamaraeroa and Huirapa to kill Marukore at a place called Papanui.[9] However, Marukore knew of their plan and defeated them in the Battle of Hūkete after which their sister Hinehou laid them on the floor of her whare for her grandchildren to see, and left her belongings with them before burning down the building in an incident now known as Kārara Kōpae (The Laying Down of Fighting Chiefs).[11] Alternatively, Marukore himself burned their bodies on a funeral pyre.[9]

Next the brothers Pahirua and Tahumatā sought out to defeat Marukore. As they were about to take advice from a local chief named Rākaimoari, his daughter Hinewai-a-tapu made a remark about Tahumatā which sparked the Battle of Te Pakiaka ('The Roots') that lasted for some days. It was named so because Tahumatā caught Hinewai-a-tapu hiding under some tree roots, and made her his wife.[11]

Eventually the Ngāti Mamoe chief Hikaororoa managed to trap Marukore's party in a whare. Hikaororoa asked for the 'chief of the long plume' to come to the door to be cannibalised. Marukore's younger cousin Rokopaekawa took Marukore's head dress (the sign of status) and was sacrificed instead. However he did not cook properly, and the head dress's plume was still visible in the dirt. This was considered a bad omen and so the body was discarded with the incident being called 'Pikitūroa' ('The Long Standing Feather Plumes')[11]

Marukore and Tūhaitara would both die in the Battle of Tapapanui,[11] at the hands of their son Pahirua who was very angry about the whole situation. In one telling of the series of battles, Hinehou and Pahirua built Kārara Kōpae together, and burnt the bodies of all the slain there.[10] The remaining children of the warring parents would move down to a place called Te Oreorehua in Wairarapa where Hinehou was already living, and southward to Te Whanganui-a-Tara within a few generations,[11] though their descendants are regarded as the senior lines of Ngāi Tahu.

Ngāi Tahu's attacks

Hikaororoa, a prominent Ngāi Tahu member, attacked Te Mata-ki-kaipoinga pā after his kinsman Tūāhuriri (great-grandson of Tūhaitara) insulted him. Tūtekawa (Tūāhuriri's brother-in-law of senior Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Porou, and Ngāti Mamoe connections) withdrew his men to attack at another angle after his younger relative recognized an insult from Hikaororoa. He sent the same relative to warn Tūāhuriri and to escape, which he did into a nearby bush. For unknown reasons, when Tūtekawa entered the pā, he slew Tūāhuriri's wives Hinekaitaki and Tuarāwhati (Whākuku's sisters). After the battle, Tūtekawa fled down to Waikākahi on the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora where he lived amongst his fellow Ngāti Mamoe.[12] His additional family ties included his wife Tūkōrero being a sister to Tūāhuriri’s wife Hinetewai (mother of Hāmua, Tūrakautahi, and Moki). He was also a first cousin to both Ngāi Tahu's Ngāti Kurī chief Te Rakiwhakaputa, and to the Ngāti Mamoe leader Tukiauau.[13]

On one occasion when Ngāti Kurī fought with Rangitāne on the east coast of the South Island, Chief Tūteurutira had mistaken one of his captives, Hinerongo, as one of the enemy's women. She was in fact a member of Ngāti Mamoe who had already been taken captive by Rangitāne, and so he returned her to Matariki Pā on the Waiau Toa / Clarence River. This struck a new alliance between their tribes, after which they successfully attacked Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. For this Ngāti Mamoe then ceded the east coast regions north of Waiau Toa to Ngāi Tahu, and Tūteurutira and Hinerongo married and settled at the pā.[14]

Ngāti Mamoe also fought against Ngāti Kurī in a battle now called Ōpokihi. At Ngāti Kurī's pā, Pariwhakatau, near the Conway area, Tukiauau sneaked in and killed Manawa-i-waho. Makō-ha-kirikiri and his sisters Te Apai and Tokerau, Manawa-i-waho's wives were spared by the protection of the guardian; however, they were forced to leave the pā underneath her legs (she would have been a wooden figure or carving suspended in the air).[15]

By the 1690s Ngāi Tahu had conquered northern Canterbury, including Ngāti Kurī conquering the east coast down to Kaikōura, and Ngāti Irakehu peaceably settling among Banks Peninsula's Ngāti Mamoe.[14] The last battle that was fought between the two tribes up to this point, was the Battle of Waipapa, before Ngāti Kurī took Takahanga pā.[16]

18th century

After establishing dominance down to Kaikōura, many of Ngāi Tahu's leading chiefs were ready to expand further south into the island. Their chief, Moki, had learned of the location of Tūtekawa, who was still living just further south at Te Waihora. Moki set off in his canoe and attacked various small villages including the Parakākāriki pā at Ōtanerito. Tūtekawa was ultimately killed by Whākuku, avenging his sisters.[17] Tūtekawa's son Te Rakitāmau returned to the home, where he found his wife Punahikoia and children unharmed, and the attackers sleeping near the fire. Te Rakitāmau did not avenge his father, but instead left a sign that he spared their lives, and peace was eventually restored between their descendants.[13]

Ngāi Tahu chief Te Rakiwhakaputa destroyed Ngāti Mamoe's pā at Mānuka, across the hills at Taitapu. His son Manuhiri drove out of Ngāti Mamoe Ōhinetahi and set up his base there.[18] Tūāhuriri's second eldest son Tūrakautahi, the chief of Ngāi Tūhaitara, established the Te Kōhaka-a-kaikai-a-waro pā (now Kaiapoi pā) over a Waitaha site at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend.[17][19]

Tūrakautahi's son Kaweriri later travelled with a taua south to Lowther around the year 1725, where the Kāti Mamoe chief Tutemakohu slayed him during the Battle of Waitaramea.[20] Ngāi Tahu's Chief Taoka would push further south to Ōtākou, where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngāti Mamoe.

One of Ngāti Mamoe's leading chiefs, Te Whetuki (described as covered in wild long hair) was killed around this time near the Waiau River. Two other members, Maka-tawhio and Pani-te-kaka, managed to escape the fighting by way of already being preoccupied looking for eels. Up that same river, the survivors retreated to Lake Te Anau, where they were relentlessly attacked again by Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū's forces. Chief Pukutahi and many others were slaughtered, with few survivors escaping across the lake on rafts, and disappearing into the mists on the other side. The last pā of Ngāti Māmoe was on Mataura Island.[21]

Over time, marriages had been arranged between the two tribes to cement peace. Notably of Raki-ihia (Ngāti Mamoe) and Hinehākiri, the cousin of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, and of Honekai, son of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, with Raki-ihia's daughter Kohuwai. Despite this, occasional skirmishes still continued.[14][22] Another chief alive at the time was Te Wera. Tūhawaiki was one famous chief descended from the unions of the tribes.

Population

During the 2013 New Zealand census, 3,111 people, or less than 1% of the total population of Māori descent, were affiliated with the iwi.

Of those, 18.9% identified with no other iwi, and 21.9% could converse in the Māori language. The median age was 34.8 years, 46.4% were male and 53.7% were female. Among those 15 and older, 78.8% held a formal qualification, 44.6% had never been a regular smoker, the median income was $28,000, and 73.4% of those living in cities were employed.[23]

The most common religions held by members of the iwi were Anglican (12.5%), Catholic (9.9%), and Presbyterian, Congregational and Reformed (7.1%). A further 48% had no religion and 6.5% would not specify a religion. By comparison, 3.2% were affiliated with the Ratana movement, and less than 1% were affiliated with the Ringatū religion.[24]

On the night of the Census, 80.6% of people lived in households with only one family, 5.6% lived in households with other families, 9.6% lived in one-person households, and 4.2% lived in flats. On the same night, 55.1 percent of people lived in a two-parent family, 22.8 percent lived in a one-parent family, and 22.0 percent lived as couples without children. There were 1,008 dependent children in the iwi, compared to 939 in 2006. Of these 70.2% of these lived in two-parent families, compared to 66.5 percent in 2006.[25]

Notable people

Main category: Kāti Mamoe

References

  1. ^ , Waitangi Tribunal
  2. ^ a b "Ancient Iwi – Ngāi Tahu". maori.nz. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Te heke-o-nga-toko-toru. (The migration of the three.) by George Graham, p 190-192". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Notes and queries, p 385-387". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  5. ^ "tauparapara continued". Te Rūnaka o Ōtākou. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  6. ^ "Land of Tara 3". Wellington City Libraries. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  7. ^ "Ngāti Māmoe". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  8. ^ "Ngai-Tahu, Notes Relating to, By Rahera Tainui, P 221-235". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  9. ^ a b c "Papanui". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Journal of the Polynesian Society: Traditions and legends. Collected from the natives of Murihiku. (Southland, New Zealand) Part XIV, by H. Beattie, p 134-144". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Manawa Kāi Tahu – Waiata mō Huirapa". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Tūāhuriri". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Tūtekawa". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b c "Ngāi Tahu by Te Maire Tau". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  15. ^ "Makō (Makō-ha-kirikiri)". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  16. ^ "Marukaitātea (Maru)". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  17. ^ a b "Moki". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Te Rakiwhakaputa". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Tūrakautahi". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Battle of Waitaramea - Battlefields on Waymarking.com". Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  21. ^ "The last of the Ngati-Mamoe. Some incidents of southern Maori history, by J. Cowan, p 193-199". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  22. ^ "On the peace path". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  23. ^ "Key facts". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  24. ^ "Religion". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  25. ^ "Households". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

External links

  • Bibliography of relevant histories

January 07, 2023
kāti, māmoe, also, spelled, ngāti, māmoe, tribe, themselves, historic, māori, originally, from, hastings, area, they, moved, 16th, century, south, island, which, time, already, occupied, waitaha, tribe, māoridomrohe, region, south, islandpopulation3, 111a, cen. Kati Mamoe also spelled Ngati Mamoe but not by the tribe themselves is a historic Maori iwi Originally from the Hastings area they moved in the 16th century to the South Island which at the time was already occupied by the Waitaha Kati MamoeIwi tribe in MaoridomRohe region South IslandPopulation3 111A century later the Ngati Mamoe were largely subsequently absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Ngai Tahu who migrated south in turn There is no distinct Ngati Mamoe organisation today but many Ngai Tahu have Ngati Mamoe links in their whakapapa In the far south of the island especially southern Maori still think of themselves as Ngai Tahu Ngati Mamoe a synthesis of the two tribal groups 1 According to Edward Shortland Kati Mamoe s historical hapu included Kati Rakai and Kati Hinekato 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 17th century 1 2 1 Marukore and Tuhaitara 1 2 2 Ngai Tahu s attacks 1 3 18th century 2 Population 3 Notable people 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit Kati Mamoe s descent is traced from the ancestor Hotumamoe said to be a descendant of Toi a great great great grandson of Rakaihautu 3 4 Hotumamoe is said to have lived in the Heretaunga District 5 Early migration stories say the Ngati Mamoe were forced out of their home in the Heretaunga and took refuge in Te Whanganui a Tara with the permission of Ngai Tara s ancestor and namesake Tara 6 Later after they had moved down to the South Island they defeated Waitaha along the east coast under the leadership of Chief Tutewaimate His descendants lived on at Rakaia for about six generations 7 17th century Edit Marukore and Tuhaitara Edit The Ngai Tahu ancestress Tuhaitara insulting her husband Chief Marukore of Ngati Mamoe 8 9 or Te Kahea 2 10 and his ancestry as well as various other exchanges are the reason for war between their two tribes Tuhaitara herself had a degree of Ngati Mamoe heritage 3 4 but Marukore was viewed as below her status They had 11 children in total including Tamaraeroa Huirapa Tahumata Pahirua and Hinehou 11 Tuhaitara instructed Tamaraeroa and Huirapa to kill Marukore at a place called Papanui 9 However Marukore knew of their plan and defeated them in the Battle of Hukete after which their sister Hinehou laid them on the floor of her whare for her grandchildren to see and left her belongings with them before burning down the building in an incident now known as Karara Kōpae The Laying Down of Fighting Chiefs 11 Alternatively Marukore himself burned their bodies on a funeral pyre 9 Next the brothers Pahirua and Tahumata sought out to defeat Marukore As they were about to take advice from a local chief named Rakaimoari his daughter Hinewai a tapu made a remark about Tahumata which sparked the Battle of Te Pakiaka The Roots that lasted for some days It was named so because Tahumata caught Hinewai a tapu hiding under some tree roots and made her his wife 11 Eventually the Ngati Mamoe chief Hikaororoa managed to trap Marukore s party in a whare Hikaororoa asked for the chief of the long plume to come to the door to be cannibalised Marukore s younger cousin Rokopaekawa took Marukore s head dress the sign of status and was sacrificed instead However he did not cook properly and the head dress s plume was still visible in the dirt This was considered a bad omen and so the body was discarded with the incident being called Pikituroa The Long Standing Feather Plumes 11 Marukore and Tuhaitara would both die in the Battle of Tapapanui 11 at the hands of their son Pahirua who was very angry about the whole situation In one telling of the series of battles Hinehou and Pahirua built Karara Kōpae together and burnt the bodies of all the slain there 10 The remaining children of the warring parents would move down to a place called Te Oreorehua in Wairarapa where Hinehou was already living and southward to Te Whanganui a Tara within a few generations 11 though their descendants are regarded as the senior lines of Ngai Tahu Ngai Tahu s attacks Edit Hikaororoa a prominent Ngai Tahu member attacked Te Mata ki kaipoinga pa after his kinsman Tuahuriri great grandson of Tuhaitara insulted him Tutekawa Tuahuriri s brother in law of senior Ngati Kahungunu Ngati Porou and Ngati Mamoe connections withdrew his men to attack at another angle after his younger relative recognized an insult from Hikaororoa He sent the same relative to warn Tuahuriri and to escape which he did into a nearby bush For unknown reasons when Tutekawa entered the pa he slew Tuahuriri s wives Hinekaitaki and Tuarawhati Whakuku s sisters After the battle Tutekawa fled down to Waikakahi on the shores of Lake Ellesmere Te Waihora where he lived amongst his fellow Ngati Mamoe 12 His additional family ties included his wife Tukōrero being a sister to Tuahuriri s wife Hinetewai mother of Hamua Turakautahi and Moki He was also a first cousin to both Ngai Tahu s Ngati Kuri chief Te Rakiwhakaputa and to the Ngati Mamoe leader Tukiauau 13 On one occasion when Ngati Kuri fought with Rangitane on the east coast of the South Island Chief Tuteurutira had mistaken one of his captives Hinerongo as one of the enemy s women She was in fact a member of Ngati Mamoe who had already been taken captive by Rangitane and so he returned her to Matariki Pa on the Waiau Toa Clarence River This struck a new alliance between their tribes after which they successfully attacked Rangitane in the Wairau Valley For this Ngati Mamoe then ceded the east coast regions north of Waiau Toa to Ngai Tahu and Tuteurutira and Hinerongo married and settled at the pa 14 Ngati Mamoe also fought against Ngati Kuri in a battle now called Ōpokihi At Ngati Kuri s pa Pariwhakatau near the Conway area Tukiauau sneaked in and killed Manawa i waho Makō ha kirikiri and his sisters Te Apai and Tokerau Manawa i waho s wives were spared by the protection of the guardian however they were forced to leave the pa underneath her legs she would have been a wooden figure or carving suspended in the air 15 By the 1690s Ngai Tahu had conquered northern Canterbury including Ngati Kuri conquering the east coast down to Kaikōura and Ngati Irakehu peaceably settling among Banks Peninsula s Ngati Mamoe 14 The last battle that was fought between the two tribes up to this point was the Battle of Waipapa before Ngati Kuri took Takahanga pa 16 18th century Edit After establishing dominance down to Kaikōura many of Ngai Tahu s leading chiefs were ready to expand further south into the island Their chief Moki had learned of the location of Tutekawa who was still living just further south at Te Waihora Moki set off in his canoe and attacked various small villages including the Parakakariki pa at Ōtanerito Tutekawa was ultimately killed by Whakuku avenging his sisters 17 Tutekawa s son Te Rakitamau returned to the home where he found his wife Punahikoia and children unharmed and the attackers sleeping near the fire Te Rakitamau did not avenge his father but instead left a sign that he spared their lives and peace was eventually restored between their descendants 13 Ngai Tahu chief Te Rakiwhakaputa destroyed Ngati Mamoe s pa at Manuka across the hills at Taitapu His son Manuhiri drove out of Ngati Mamoe Ōhinetahi and set up his base there 18 Tuahuriri s second eldest son Turakautahi the chief of Ngai Tuhaitara established the Te Kōhaka a kaikai a waro pa now Kaiapoi pa over a Waitaha site at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend 17 19 Turakautahi s son Kaweriri later travelled with a taua south to Lowther around the year 1725 where the Kati Mamoe chief Tutemakohu slayed him during the Battle of Waitaramea 20 Ngai Tahu s Chief Taoka would push further south to Ōtakou where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngati Mamoe One of Ngati Mamoe s leading chiefs Te Whetuki described as covered in wild long hair was killed around this time near the Waiau River Two other members Maka tawhio and Pani te kaka managed to escape the fighting by way of already being preoccupied looking for eels Up that same river the survivors retreated to Lake Te Anau where they were relentlessly attacked again by Te hau tapunui o Tu s forces Chief Pukutahi and many others were slaughtered with few survivors escaping across the lake on rafts and disappearing into the mists on the other side The last pa of Ngati Mamoe was on Mataura Island 21 Over time marriages had been arranged between the two tribes to cement peace Notably of Raki ihia Ngati Mamoe and Hinehakiri the cousin of Te hau tapunui o Tu and of Honekai son of Te hau tapunui o Tu with Raki ihia s daughter Kohuwai Despite this occasional skirmishes still continued 14 22 Another chief alive at the time was Te Wera Tuhawaiki was one famous chief descended from the unions of the tribes Population EditDuring the 2013 New Zealand census 3 111 people or less than 1 of the total population of Maori descent were affiliated with the iwi Of those 18 9 identified with no other iwi and 21 9 could converse in the Maori language The median age was 34 8 years 46 4 were male and 53 7 were female Among those 15 and older 78 8 held a formal qualification 44 6 had never been a regular smoker the median income was 28 000 and 73 4 of those living in cities were employed 23 The most common religions held by members of the iwi were Anglican 12 5 Catholic 9 9 and Presbyterian Congregational and Reformed 7 1 A further 48 had no religion and 6 5 would not specify a religion By comparison 3 2 were affiliated with the Ratana movement and less than 1 were affiliated with the Ringatu religion 24 On the night of the Census 80 6 of people lived in households with only one family 5 6 lived in households with other families 9 6 lived in one person households and 4 2 lived in flats On the same night 55 1 percent of people lived in a two parent family 22 8 percent lived in a one parent family and 22 0 percent lived as couples without children There were 1 008 dependent children in the iwi compared to 939 in 2006 Of these 70 2 of these lived in two parent families compared to 66 5 percent in 2006 25 Notable people EditMain category Kati Mamoe Joey Matenga Ashton railway worker sportsman and dance band leader Raniera Ellison fishing company manager Christine Harvey ta moko artist Keri Hulme writer Hiria Kokoro Barrett tribal leader craftswoman and mutton birder Fiona Pardington artist Hariata Pitini Morera leader genealogist historian conservationist and weaver Kiti Karaka Riwai leader Butler Te Koeti mountaineer Bob Whaitiri guide soldier launch and tug master factory manager community leaderReferences Edit New Zealand portal Oceania portal The Ngai Tahu Report 1991 Waitangi Tribunal a b Ancient Iwi Ngai Tahu maori nz Retrieved 16 May 2020 a b Te heke o nga toko toru The migration of the three by George Graham p 190 192 Journal of the Polynesian Society Retrieved 16 May 2020 a b Notes and queries p 385 387 Journal of the Polynesian Society Retrieved 16 May 2020 tauparapara continued Te Runaka o Ōtakou Retrieved 16 May 2020 Land of Tara 3 Wellington City Libraries Retrieved 16 May 2020 Ngati Mamoe Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 16 May 2020 Ngai Tahu Notes Relating to By Rahera Tainui P 221 235 Journal of the Polynesian Society Retrieved 11 April 2020 a b c Papanui Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 11 April 2020 a b Journal of the Polynesian Society Traditions and legends Collected from the natives of Murihiku Southland New Zealand Part XIV by H Beattie p 134 144 Journal of the Polynesian Society Retrieved 16 May 2020 a b c d e f Manawa Kai Tahu Waiata mō Huirapa Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu Retrieved 13 April 2020 Tuahuriri Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 11 April 2020 a b Tutekawa Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 8 May 2020 a b c Ngai Tahu by Te Maire Tau Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 16 May 2020 Makō Makō ha kirikiri Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 8 May 2020 Marukaitatea Maru Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 8 May 2020 a b Moki Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 8 May 2020 Te Rakiwhakaputa Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 8 May 2020 Turakautahi Christchurch City Libraries Retrieved 11 April 2020 Battle of Waitaramea Battlefields on Waymarking com Retrieved 11 April 2020 The last of the Ngati Mamoe Some incidents of southern Maori history by J Cowan p 193 199 Journal of the Polynesian Society Retrieved 16 May 2020 On the peace path Otago Daily Times Retrieved 16 May 2020 Key facts stats govt nz Statistics New Zealand Retrieved 10 September 2016 Religion stats govt nz Statistics New Zealand Retrieved 10 September 2016 Households stats govt nz Statistics New Zealand Retrieved 10 September 2016 External links EditBibliography of relevant histories Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kati Mamoe amp oldid 1130238257, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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