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Waitaha (South Island iwi)

January 01, 1970

Waitaha, an early Māori iwi, inhabited the South Island of New Zealand.[1] They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest – first by the Ngāti Māmoe and then by Ngāi Tahu – from the 16th century onward. Today those of Waitaha descent are represented by the Ngāi Tahu iwi. Like Ngāi Tahu today, Waitaha was itself a collection of various ancient iwi. Kāti Rākai was said to be one of Waitaha's hapū.[2]

Waitaha
Iwi (tribe) in Māoridom
Rohe (region)South Island
Waka (canoe)Uruaokapuarangi

History edit

Origins edit

Waitaha's earliest ancestors are traditionally traced as arrivals from Te Patunui-o-āio[a] in Eastern Polynesia aboard the Uruaokapuarangi canoe (waka), of which Rākaihautū had been the captain.[4] He was accompanied by his wife and son, Waiariki-o-āio and Te Rakihouia,[b] the renowned tohunga kōkōrangi (astronomer) Matiti,[3] Waitaa,[7][c] and other kin of the Te Kāhui Tipua, Te Kāhui Roko, and Te Kāhui Waitaha iwi.[8] When genealogies are interpreted with 25–30 years' worth of lifespan for at least 34 generations,[9] these people are calculated to have lived in or around the 9th century at the latest,[10] but this is not an entirely reliable way to trace earlier occupants of New Zealand.

A traditional story tells how Rākaihautū used Kapakitua, his adze,[d] to cut a path through heavy fog on the canoe's voyage.[4] Other traditional stories such as the story of Ngā Puna Wai Karikari o Rākaihautū (roughly translated as "The Flowing Water Diggings of Rākaihautū"), credit Rākaihautū with travelling down the Southern Alps to Foveaux Strait from Boulder Bank, digging up many great lakes and waterways with Tūwhakarōria – his magical kō (digging stick),[10] and filling them with food as he went. Te Rakihouia and Waitaa also journeyed down along the east coast as far south as the Clutha River.[7] The two groups met up near the Waitaki River, where the Uruaokapuarangi is still said to lie as part of the riverbed today.[7] The party then moved back northwards to live at Banks Peninsula, where Rākaihautū renamed Tūwhakarōria to Tuhiraki, thrusting it into a hill called Pūhai where it turned into the rocky peak known to Pākehā today as Mount Bossu.[12] According to Sir Āpirana Ngata, it is "very doubtful" that Rākaihautū went south at all, saying specifically in an audio recording with John Te Herekiekie Grace:[13]

He landed in the north. Whether he went south is very doubtful. They localized him in the South Island because the people who knew the position moved south. Well, that was somewhere about the ninth century.

— Āpirana Ngata, The Journal of the Polynesian Society LIX: The Io Cult – Early Migration – Puzzle of the Canoes (1950)[13]

Rākaihautū's descendants edit

A daughter of Rākaihautū, Te Uhi-tataraiakoa, stayed behind in Te Patunui-o-āio, and became the great grandmother of Toi.[9] Eight generations after Toi there lived Waitaha-nui and after him Waitaha-araki,[14] after whom there came Hāwea-i-te-raki,[e] and finally seven generations later lived Hotumāmoe from Hastings, the founding ancestor of Ngāti Māmoe. In addition, Te Kāhea was a fifth generation descendant of Toi, and Rāhiri was also a 16th generation descendant.[9] Tūhaitara from Hastings, a famed Ngāi Tahu ancestress, was said to have some Ngāti Māmoe ancestry.[9] Her husband Marukore was a local with Te Kāhea ancestry.[15] Waiwhero and Hekeia were Waitaha chiefs,[2] with Te Anau being the latter's granddaughter[16] and Aparim-a being his mother. Otaraia was the name of another chief.[2]

Waitaha's pā included O whitianga te ra ("place of the shining sun"), close to the southern end of Lake Te Anau[16] a site at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend,[citation needed] a site at the mouth of Mata-au, a site in the Oamaru area, and a site around Lake Wakatipu.[2]

At the time Ngāti Māmoe migrated to the South Island from Te Whanganui-a-Tara about the 16th century, all the South Island's ancient iwi including the original Waitaha, Te Kāhui Tipua, Te Kāhui Roko, Te Rapuwai, Ngāti Hawea, and Ngāti Wairangi were all collectively grouped together as Waitaha.[5][6][8] This happened again to Kāti Māmoe when Ngāi Tahu conquered the South Island in the 17th and 18th centuries.[11]

Latter day claim edit

See also: Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories

In 1995, a book by controversial author Barry Brailsford, Song of Waitaha: The Histories of a Nation, claimed that the ancestors of a "Nation of Waitaha" were the first inhabitants of New Zealand, three groups of people of different races, two of light complexion and one of dark complexion, who had arrived in New Zealand from an unspecified location in the Pacific Ocean, 67 generations before the book appeared.[citation needed]

Although a series of further books, web sites and events have addressed these claims, they have been widely disputed and dismissed by scholars. Historian Michael King noted: "There was not a skerrick of evidence – linguistic, artifactual, genetic; no datable carbon or pollen remains, nothing – that the story had any basis in fact. Which would make Waitaha the first people on earth to live in a country for several millennia and leave no trace of their occupation."[17]

Organisations edit

Several organisations have Waitaha as part of their title, often as a synonym for Canterbury or in a generic "ancient links to the land" sense. Some are:

Notable people edit

Main category: Waitaha (South Island iwi)

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Another name for Hawaiki, sometimes recorded as Patunui-o-waio.[3]
  2. ^ Spelled Rokohuia by Sir Tipene O'Regan in Waitangi: Maori & Pakeha Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi.[5][6]
  3. ^ Sometimes recorded as Waitaha.[7]
  4. ^ Some traditions say that Kapakitua was the name for Ngāti Hawea's canoe that arrived under Taiehu's captaincy earlier than Uruaokapuarangi,[2][11] or at the same time.[7]
  5. ^ The founder of Ngāti Hawea.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ Taiuru, Karaitiana. "Ancient Iwi". Ngāi Tahu Pepeha. Retrieved 28 October 2022. Waitaha/Te Kapuwai [:] The third tribe to settle in the South Island between 1477–1577. Pa at the mouth of Molyneux River, Lake Te Anau, Lake Wakatipu and Oamaru.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Ancient Iwi – Ngāi Tahu". ngaitahu.maori.nz. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Notes and queries". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. XXXIV: 386. 1925. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b Tau, Te Maire (2005). "Ngāi Tahu – Ngāi Tahu and Waitaha". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  5. ^ a b "The Ngai Tahu Land Report" (PDF). Ministry of Justice – Tāhū o te Ture. 1991. p. 179. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b Kawharu, I.H. (1989). Waitangai: Maori & Pakeha Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-19-558175-X.
  7. ^ a b c d e Stephenson, Janet; Bauchop, Heather; Petchey, Peter (2004). Bannockburn Heritage Landscape Study (PDF). p. 29.
  8. ^ a b Te Taumutu Rūnanga. "Our History". Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Graham, George (1922). "Te heke-o-nga-toko-toru. (The migration of the three.)". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. XXXI: 386. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  10. ^ a b Ashburton District Plan - 02 Takata Whenua Values.pdf (PDF). Ashburton District Council. 2014. p. 3.
  11. ^ a b "tauparapara continued". Te Rūnaka o Ōtākou. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  12. ^ Tau, Te Maire (2005). "Tuhiraki photo, John Wilson". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  13. ^ a b Ngata, A.T. (1950). "The Io Cult – Early Migration – Puzzle of the Canoes". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. LIX: 338. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  14. ^ Mitchell, Hilary and John. "Te Tau Ihu tribes – Early Traditions". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  15. ^ Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (2012). "Manawa Kāi Tahu – Waiata mō Huirapa". Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  16. ^ a b Taylor, W. A. (1952). "Murihiki". Lore and History of the South Island Maori. Bascands. p. 148. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  17. ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.
  18. ^ "Waitaha Cultural Council". waitahaculturalcouncil.co.nz. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  19. ^ "Canterbury/Waitaha District Council". wcdc-nzei.org.nz. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

External links edit

  • Waitangi Tribunal discussion
  • Early claims of pre-Māori settlement by Waitaha
  • Neo-imperialism and the (mis)appropriation of indigenousness, piece by Makere Harawira, critical of Brailsford
  • Skeptic Society discussion of Brailsford claims

January 01, 1970
waitaha, south, island, waitaha, early, māori, inhabited, south, island, zealand, they, were, largely, absorbed, marriage, conquest, first, ngāti, māmoe, then, ngāi, tahu, from, 16th, century, onward, today, those, waitaha, descent, represented, ngāi, tahu, li. Waitaha an early Maori iwi inhabited the South Island of New Zealand 1 They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest first by the Ngati Mamoe and then by Ngai Tahu from the 16th century onward Today those of Waitaha descent are represented by the Ngai Tahu iwi Like Ngai Tahu today Waitaha was itself a collection of various ancient iwi Kati Rakai was said to be one of Waitaha s hapu 2 WaitahaIwi tribe in MaoridomRohe region South IslandWaka canoe Uruaokapuarangi Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Rakaihautu s descendants 1 3 Latter day claim 2 Organisations 3 Notable people 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 References 5 3 External linksHistory editOrigins edit Waitaha s earliest ancestors are traditionally traced as arrivals from Te Patunui o aio a in Eastern Polynesia aboard the Uruaokapuarangi canoe waka of which Rakaihautu had been the captain 4 He was accompanied by his wife and son Waiariki o aio and Te Rakihouia b the renowned tohunga kōkōrangi astronomer Matiti 3 Waitaa 7 c and other kin of the Te Kahui Tipua Te Kahui Roko and Te Kahui Waitaha iwi 8 When genealogies are interpreted with 25 30 years worth of lifespan for at least 34 generations 9 these people are calculated to have lived in or around the 9th century at the latest 10 but this is not an entirely reliable way to trace earlier occupants of New Zealand A traditional story tells how Rakaihautu used Kapakitua his adze d to cut a path through heavy fog on the canoe s voyage 4 Other traditional stories such as the story of Nga Puna Wai Karikari o Rakaihautu roughly translated as The Flowing Water Diggings of Rakaihautu credit Rakaihautu with travelling down the Southern Alps to Foveaux Strait from Boulder Bank digging up many great lakes and waterways with Tuwhakarōria his magical kō digging stick 10 and filling them with food as he went Te Rakihouia and Waitaa also journeyed down along the east coast as far south as the Clutha River 7 The two groups met up near the Waitaki River where the Uruaokapuarangi is still said to lie as part of the riverbed today 7 The party then moved back northwards to live at Banks Peninsula where Rakaihautu renamed Tuwhakarōria to Tuhiraki thrusting it into a hill called Puhai where it turned into the rocky peak known to Pakeha today as Mount Bossu 12 According to Sir Apirana Ngata it is very doubtful that Rakaihautu went south at all saying specifically in an audio recording with John Te Herekiekie Grace 13 He landed in the north Whether he went south is very doubtful They localized him in the South Island because the people who knew the position moved south Well that was somewhere about the ninth century Apirana Ngata The Journal of the Polynesian Society LIX The Io Cult Early Migration Puzzle of the Canoes 1950 13 Rakaihautu s descendants edit A daughter of Rakaihautu Te Uhi tataraiakoa stayed behind in Te Patunui o aio and became the great grandmother of Toi 9 Eight generations after Toi there lived Waitaha nui and after him Waitaha araki 14 after whom there came Hawea i te raki e and finally seven generations later lived Hotumamoe from Hastings the founding ancestor of Ngati Mamoe In addition Te Kahea was a fifth generation descendant of Toi and Rahiri was also a 16th generation descendant 9 Tuhaitara from Hastings a famed Ngai Tahu ancestress was said to have some Ngati Mamoe ancestry 9 Her husband Marukore was a local with Te Kahea ancestry 15 Waiwhero and Hekeia were Waitaha chiefs 2 with Te Anau being the latter s granddaughter 16 and Aparim a being his mother Otaraia was the name of another chief 2 Waitaha s pa included O whitianga te ra place of the shining sun close to the southern end of Lake Te Anau 16 a site at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend citation needed a site at the mouth of Mata au a site in the Oamaru area and a site around Lake Wakatipu 2 At the time Ngati Mamoe migrated to the South Island from Te Whanganui a Tara about the 16th century all the South Island s ancient iwi including the original Waitaha Te Kahui Tipua Te Kahui Roko Te Rapuwai Ngati Hawea and Ngati Wairangi were all collectively grouped together as Waitaha 5 6 8 This happened again to Kati Mamoe when Ngai Tahu conquered the South Island in the 17th and 18th centuries 11 Latter day claim edit See also Pre Maori settlement of New Zealand theories In 1995 a book by controversial author Barry Brailsford Song of Waitaha The Histories of a Nation claimed that the ancestors of a Nation of Waitaha were the first inhabitants of New Zealand three groups of people of different races two of light complexion and one of dark complexion who had arrived in New Zealand from an unspecified location in the Pacific Ocean 67 generations before the book appeared citation needed Although a series of further books web sites and events have addressed these claims they have been widely disputed and dismissed by scholars Historian Michael King noted There was not a skerrick of evidence linguistic artifactual genetic no datable carbon or pollen remains nothing that the story had any basis in fact Which would make Waitaha the first people on earth to live in a country for several millennia and leave no trace of their occupation 17 Organisations editSeveral organisations have Waitaha as part of their title often as a synonym for Canterbury or in a generic ancient links to the land sense Some are Waitaha Cultural Council Christchurch based performance group 18 Canterbury Waitaha District Council of the New Zealand Educational Institute 19 University of Canterbury Te Whare Wananga o Waitaha Notable people editMain category Waitaha South Island iwi Taare Parata 1865 1918 politician Bob Whaitiri 1916 1996 community leader and soldier Harry Kent cyclist 1947 2021 former city councilor and gold medal racing cyclistSee also edit nbsp Oceania portal nbsp New Zealand portal Araiteuru Aoraki Mount Cook Kahukura Waitaha penguinReferences editNotes edit Another name for Hawaiki sometimes recorded as Patunui o waio 3 Spelled Rokohuia by Sir Tipene O Regan in Waitangi Maori amp Pakeha Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi 5 6 Sometimes recorded as Waitaha 7 Some traditions say that Kapakitua was the name for Ngati Hawea s canoe that arrived under Taiehu s captaincy earlier than Uruaokapuarangi 2 11 or at the same time 7 The founder of Ngati Hawea 2 References edit Taiuru Karaitiana Ancient Iwi Ngai Tahu Pepeha Retrieved 28 October 2022 Waitaha Te Kapuwai The third tribe to settle in the South Island between 1477 1577 Pa at the mouth of Molyneux River Lake Te Anau Lake Wakatipu and Oamaru a b c d e f Ancient Iwi Ngai Tahu ngaitahu maori nz Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b Notes and queries The Journal of the Polynesian Society XXXIV 386 1925 Retrieved 13 August 2020 a b Tau Te Maire 2005 Ngai Tahu Ngai Tahu and Waitaha Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b The Ngai Tahu Land Report PDF Ministry of Justice Tahu o te Ture 1991 p 179 Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b Kawharu I H 1989 Waitangai Maori amp Pakeha Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi Oxford University Press pp 236 237 ISBN 0 19 558175 X a b c d e Stephenson Janet Bauchop Heather Petchey Peter 2004 Bannockburn Heritage Landscape Study PDF p 29 a b Te Taumutu Runanga Our History Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b c d Graham George 1922 Te heke o nga toko toru The migration of the three The Journal of the Polynesian Society XXXI 386 Retrieved 13 August 2020 a b Ashburton District Plan 02 Takata Whenua Values pdf PDF Ashburton District Council 2014 p 3 a b tauparapara continued Te Runaka o Ōtakou Retrieved 16 May 2020 Tau Te Maire 2005 Tuhiraki photo John Wilson Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b Ngata A T 1950 The Io Cult Early Migration Puzzle of the Canoes The Journal of the Polynesian Society LIX 338 Retrieved 13 August 2020 Mitchell Hilary and John Te Tau Ihu tribes Early Traditions Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Retrieved 25 May 2020 Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu 2012 Manawa Kai Tahu Waiata mō Huirapa Retrieved 13 April 2020 a b Taylor W A 1952 Murihiki Lore and History of the South Island Maori Bascands p 148 Retrieved 13 August 2020 Michael King 2003 The Penguin History of New Zealand Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 301867 1 Waitaha Cultural Council waitahaculturalcouncil co nz Retrieved 10 September 2016 Canterbury Waitaha District Council wcdc nzei org nz Retrieved 10 September 2016 External links edit Waitangi Tribunal discussion Early claims of pre Maori settlement by Waitaha Neo imperialism and the mis appropriation of indigenousness piece by Makere Harawira critical of Brailsford Skeptic Society discussion of Brailsford claims Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Waitaha South Island iwi amp oldid 1220352807, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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