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Kākā

April 16, 2023

For the two related extinct species, see Norfolk kākā and Chatham kākā.

The New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis) is a large species of parrot of the family Nestoridae found in New Zealand's native forests. The species is often known by the abbreviated name kākā, although it shares this name with the recently extinct Norfolk kākā and Chatham kākā. Two subspecies of New Zealand kākā are recognised. It is endangered and has disappeared from much of its former range, though the re-introduction of North Island kākā at Zealandia in Wellington has led to an increasing population of the birds across the city.

New Zealand kākā
A pair of North Island kākā in Zealandia, Wellington, New Zealand
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Strigopidae
Genus: Nestor
Species:
N. meridionalis
Binomial name
Nestor meridionalis
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Range in green

Taxonomy

The New Zealand kākā was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus meridionalis.[3] The specific epithet meridionalis is Latin meaning "southern".[4] Gmelin based his description on the "Southern brown parrot" from New Zealand that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined a preserved specimen in the Leverian Museum in London.[5] The New Zealand kākā is now placed in the genus Nestor that was introduced in 1830 by René Lesson.[6]

There are two subspecies, the North Island kākā, Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis, and the South Island kākā, N. m. meridionalis, although more recent research has ruled out allopatric subspeciation.[7] The Māori language name kākā means "parrot", possibly related to kā, 'to screech'.[8]

The genus Nestor contains four species: the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kea (N. notabilis), the extinct Norfolk kākā (N. productus), and the extinct Chatham kākā (N. chathamensis). All four are thought to stem from a "proto-kākā", dwelling in the forests of New Zealand five million years ago.[9][10] Their closest relative is the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus).[9][10][11][12] Together, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea, an ancient group that split off from all other Psittaciformes before their radiation.[9][10][12][13]

 

Description

 
The kākā, like many parrots, uses its feet to hold its food

The New Zealand kākā is a medium-sized parrot, measuring 45 cm (18 in) in length and weighing from 390 to 560 g (14 to 20 oz), with an average of 452 g (0.996 lb).[14] It is closely related to the kea, but has darker plumage and is more arboreal. The forehead and crown are greyish-white and the nape is greyish brown. The neck and abdomen are more reddish, while the wings are more brownish. Both sub-species have a strongly patterned brown/green/grey plumage with orange and scarlet flashes under the wings; colour variants that show red to yellow colouration especially on the breast are sometimes found.

The calls include a harsh ka-aa and a whistling u-wiia.[15]

Distribution and habitat

The New Zealand kākā lives in lowland and mid-altitude native forest. Its strongholds are currently the offshore reserves of Kapiti Island, Codfish Island and Little Barrier Island. It is breeding rapidly in the mainland island sanctuary at Zealandia with over 800 birds banded since their reintroduction in 2002.[16] From their reintroduction in 2002, North Island kākā continue to re-colonise Wellington and a 2015 report showed a significant increase in their numbers over the preceding 12 years.[17]

South Island Kākā

New Zealand kākā are still considered common and easy to find in certain large forested areas of the South Island. Kākā can be found in Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project, along the Milford Track and in the Eglinton Valley in Fiordland National Park[18]

New Zealand kākā can also be found around Stewart Island and the offshore Islands of Whenua Hou and Ulva Island.

In 2015 project Janszoon first released New Zealand kākā into Abel Tasman National Park with an additional release in 2019.

Behaviour

 
Eggs laid by a North Island kākā in a wooden nestbox at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington
New Zealand kākā pair feeding each other via regurgitation
 
New Zealand kākā enjoy dismantling pine cones to eat the seeds inside.
 
New Zealand kākā feeding on tree buds in early spring, Wellington Botanic Gardens

New Zealand kākā are mainly arboreal and occupy mid-to-high canopy. They are often seen flying across valleys or calling from the top of emergent trees. They are very gregarious and move in large flocks that often include kea, where they are present. They are highly active at dawn and dusk and can sometimes be heard calling loudly even at 3:00 am.[citation needed]

Breeding

The New Zealand kākā nests in cavities in hollow trees. The entrance hole is often three to six metres above the ground,[19] but can be as low as ground level on predator-free offshore islands.[20] The nest floor is lined with small wood chips[20] and powder.[19] They lay eggs any time between September (late winter) and March (summer).[19] Occasionally, in a good fruiting year, a pair can double clutch, often utilising the same nest hole for the second clutch[citation needed] and extending breeding into winter.[20] They typically lay four eggs,[19][20] though it can be up to eight,[21] with two chicks fledging.[19] Only the female incubates the eggs, for about 24 days,[19] and cares for the nestlings, but she is regularly fed by the male throughout breeding.[20] Both parents feed the chicks after they have fledged.[20]

Feeding

 
North Island kākā in flight, showing red plumage on the underside of its wing (at Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre)
 
A North Island Kākā at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington

New Zealand kākā typically eat fruits, berries, seeds, flowers, buds, nectar, sap, plants and invertebrates. They use their strong beak to shred the cones of the kauri tree to obtain the seeds.[22] It has a brush tongue with which it feeds on nectar, and it uses its strong beak to dig out the grubs of the huhu beetle and to remove bark to feed on sap.[23]

 
New Zealand kākā drilling in to get tree sap
 
Fledgling in a nest in the Wellington Botanic Gardens
 
Fledgling climbing a tree in the Wellington Botanic Gardens
 
Mating

Conservation status

New Zealand kākā are considered vulnerable, having greatly declined across their traditional range as a result of habitat loss, predation by introduced predators such as cats, rats, possums and stoats, and competition from wasps and bees for the honeydew excreted by scale insects. A closely related species, Nestor productus, the Norfolk kākā, became extinct in 1851 for similar reasons. New Zealand kākā are absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953.[24] The species is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.[2]

Predation

As cavity nesters with a long incubation period that requires the mother to stay on the nest for at least 90 days, New Zealand kākā are particularly vulnerable to predation. Stoats were the main cause of death of nesting adult females, nestlings and fledglings, but possums were also important predators of adult females, eggs and nestlings.[25] There is strong evidence that predation of chicks and females has led to a serious age and sex imbalance, even amongst ostensibly healthy populations.[26]

In parts of the country, the Department of Conservation and local conservation groups have attempted to control predators of New Zealand kākā through the use of traps, ground baiting and the aerial deployment of sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Where pest control has been carried out, there has been a significant recovery of New Zealand kākā populations. For example, in Pureora Forest Park 20 kākā were radio-tracked in an area to be treated with aerial 1080 in 2001. In nearby Waimanoa Forest, which was not to be treated with 1080, nine kākā were radio-tracked. In the area where 1080 was used, all 20 birds survived that season. Of the nine birds tagged in the untreated area, five were killed by predators that same season.[27]

Competition

Research has shown that honeydew is very important for breeding New Zealand kākā, especially for those breeding in southern beech forests. The difficult nature of controlling the wasps makes the future of the New Zealand kākā very uncertain.

Human interaction

Re-introduction of North Island kākā at Zealandia in Wellington, combined with conservation efforts, has led to a large increase in the population of the birds in the city. [28] Many kākā visit residential gardens and reserves, and this in turn has led to more interactions with people.[29][30] People have been feeding the birds unsuitable food such as nuts, various grains and cheese.[29] Feeding kākā has resulted in metabolic bone disease in kākā chicks.[29] In 2016 80% of the kākā chicks being monitored by the Wellington City Council died from this disease.[31] There have also been instances of kākā nesting in the roofs of houses.[32]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Nestor meridionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22684840A216083435. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 333.
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ Latham, John (1781). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 264.
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  7. ^ Dussex, Nic; Sainsbury, James; Moorhouse, Ron; Jamieson, Ian G.; Robertson, Bruce C. (1 January 2015). "Evidence for Bergmann's Rule and not allopatric subspeciation in the threatened Kaka (Nestor meridionalis)". Journal of Heredity. 106 (6): 679–691. doi:10.1093/jhered/esv079. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 26447214.
  8. ^ "Entry for kā on yourdictionary.com".
  9. ^ a b c Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  10. ^ a b c Grant-Mackie, E.J.; J.A. Grant-Mackie; W.M. Boon; G.K. Chambers (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher. 103.
  11. ^ Juniper, T., Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: A guide to parrots of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (ISBN 0-300-07453-0)
  12. ^ a b De Kloet, Rolf S.; De Kloet, Siwo R. (September 2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36 (3): 706–21. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013. PMID 16099384.
  13. ^ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen O; Güntert M; Hertwig ST (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 984–94. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021. PMID 19699808.
  14. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  15. ^ Falla RA, Sibson RB & Turbot EG (1966) A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Collins, London (ISBN 0-00-212022-4)
  16. ^ "800th kaka Banded at ZEALANDIA". Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  17. ^ McArthur, Nikki; Harvey, Annette; Flux, Ian (October 2015). (PDF). Wellington: Greater Wellington Regional Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  18. ^ "Kākā". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Moynihan, K. T. (1985). "Kaka". Reader's Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. p. 244. ISBN 0474000486.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Moorhouse, R. J. (2017). "Kaka". In Miskelly, C. M. (ed.). New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  21. ^ Powlesland, R. G.; et al. (2009). "Breeding biology of the New Zealand kaka (Nestor merdionalis) (Psittacidae, Nestorinae)". Notornis. 56 (1): 11–33. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Agathis australis, Kauri". Bushmans Friend. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  23. ^ Charles, K. E. (2012). "Tree damage in Wellington as a result of foraging for sap and bark-dwelling invertebrates by the North Island Kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis)" (PDF). Notornis. 59: 180–184.
  24. ^ "Wildlife Act 1953". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  25. ^ Taylor, G.; et al. (2009). "Effect of controlling introduced predators on Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) in the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  26. ^ Greene, Terry C.; Fraser, James R. (1998). "Sex ratio of North Island Kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis), Waihaha Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 2 (1): 11–16. JSTOR 24054543.
  27. ^ "The use of 1080 for pest control – Outcomes for bird populations". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  28. ^ "Kākā baby boom: Native bird numbers increasing in the capital". NZ Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  29. ^ a b c Hunter, S.A.; Alley, M.R.; Lenting, B.M. (2017). "Metabolic Bone Disease in North Island Kaka, Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis, in Wellington". Kokako. 24 (1): 23–25 – via Researchgate.
  30. ^ Cote, Sarah; Durand, Olivia Durand; LaRoche, Erin; Warden, Rachel (27 February 2013). "Evaluating the Interactions between Wellington Residents and the Threatened Kaka Parrot" (PDF). web.wpi.edu. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  31. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge (20 January 2017). "Killing kakas with kindness: New Zealand bird lovers threaten future of parrot". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  32. ^ "Kākā intruders on the increase". Scoop.co.nz. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

Further reading

  • Kaka 'back from the brink' after Fiordland 1080 operation takes out predators Department of Conservation website 28 April 2011
  • 1080 drop boosts Waitutu kaka Southland Times website 27 April 2011
  • Pureora Forest kaka demonstrate benefits of using 1080 poison Waikato Regional Council website
  • 1080: The Facts website (a public education initiative by Forest and Bird and Federated Farmers)
  • Effects of a 1080 operation on kaka and kereru survival and nesting success, Whirinaki Forest Park, Powlesland et al. (PDF, 400kb) New Zealand Journal of Ecology (2003) 27(2): 125–137
  • Effect of controlling introduced predators on kaka in Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project Published on the Department of Conservation website, April 2011
  • Project Kaka – a joint Department of Conservation and Animal Health Board initiative to restore kaka to the Tararua ranges
  • Possum-killing poison helps protect New Zealand parrot Scientific American website

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nestor meridionalis.
  • New Zealand Birds Online website
  • World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profiles
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet.
  • Kākā (New Zealand Department of Conservation)
  • KakaWatchNZ website – A site dedicated to kākā distribution in the upper North Island of New Zealand
  • Kaka on NZ Birds website www.NZbirds.com

April 16, 2023
kākā, related, extinct, species, norfolk, kākā, chatham, kākā, zealand, kākā, nestor, meridionalis, large, species, parrot, family, nestoridae, found, zealand, native, forests, species, often, known, abbreviated, name, kākā, although, shares, this, name, with,. For the two related extinct species see Norfolk kaka and Chatham kaka The New Zealand kaka Nestor meridionalis is a large species of parrot of the family Nestoridae found in New Zealand s native forests The species is often known by the abbreviated name kaka although it shares this name with the recently extinct Norfolk kaka and Chatham kaka Two subspecies of New Zealand kaka are recognised It is endangered and has disappeared from much of its former range though the re introduction of North Island kaka at Zealandia in Wellington has led to an increasing population of the birds across the city New Zealand kakaA pair of North Island kaka in Zealandia Wellington New ZealandConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PsittaciformesFamily StrigopidaeGenus NestorSpecies N meridionalisBinomial nameNestor meridionalis Gmelin JF 1788 Range in green Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3 1 South Island Kaka 4 Behaviour 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Feeding 5 Conservation status 5 1 Predation 5 2 Competition 6 Human interaction 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTaxonomy EditThe New Zealand kaka was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus s Systema Naturae He placed it with the parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus meridionalis 3 The specific epithet meridionalis is Latin meaning southern 4 Gmelin based his description on the Southern brown parrot from New Zealand that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds Latham had examined a preserved specimen in the Leverian Museum in London 5 The New Zealand kaka is now placed in the genus Nestor that was introduced in 1830 by Rene Lesson 6 There are two subspecies the North Island kaka Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis and the South Island kaka N m meridionalis although more recent research has ruled out allopatric subspeciation 7 The Maori language name kaka means parrot possibly related to ka to screech 8 The genus Nestor contains four species the New Zealand kaka Nestor meridionalis the kea N notabilis the extinct Norfolk kaka N productus and the extinct Chatham kaka N chathamensis All four are thought to stem from a proto kaka dwelling in the forests of New Zealand five million years ago 9 10 Their closest relative is the kakapō Strigops habroptilus 9 10 11 12 Together they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea an ancient group that split off from all other Psittaciformes before their radiation 9 10 12 13 Description Edit The kaka like many parrots uses its feet to hold its food The New Zealand kaka is a medium sized parrot measuring 45 cm 18 in in length and weighing from 390 to 560 g 14 to 20 oz with an average of 452 g 0 996 lb 14 It is closely related to the kea but has darker plumage and is more arboreal The forehead and crown are greyish white and the nape is greyish brown The neck and abdomen are more reddish while the wings are more brownish Both sub species have a strongly patterned brown green grey plumage with orange and scarlet flashes under the wings colour variants that show red to yellow colouration especially on the breast are sometimes found The calls include a harsh ka aa and a whistling u wiia 15 Distribution and habitat EditThe New Zealand kaka lives in lowland and mid altitude native forest Its strongholds are currently the offshore reserves of Kapiti Island Codfish Island and Little Barrier Island It is breeding rapidly in the mainland island sanctuary at Zealandia with over 800 birds banded since their reintroduction in 2002 16 From their reintroduction in 2002 North Island kaka continue to re colonise Wellington and a 2015 report showed a significant increase in their numbers over the preceding 12 years 17 South Island Kaka Edit New Zealand kaka are still considered common and easy to find in certain large forested areas of the South Island Kaka can be found in Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project along the Milford Track and in the Eglinton Valley in Fiordland National Park 18 New Zealand kaka can also be found around Stewart Island and the offshore Islands of Whenua Hou and Ulva Island In 2015 project Janszoon first released New Zealand kaka into Abel Tasman National Park with an additional release in 2019 Behaviour Edit Eggs laid by a North Island kaka in a wooden nestbox at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary Wellington source source source source source source source source source source source source source source New Zealand kaka pair feeding each other via regurgitation New Zealand kaka enjoy dismantling pine cones to eat the seeds inside New Zealand kaka feeding on tree buds in early spring Wellington Botanic Gardens New Zealand kaka are mainly arboreal and occupy mid to high canopy They are often seen flying across valleys or calling from the top of emergent trees They are very gregarious and move in large flocks that often include kea where they are present They are highly active at dawn and dusk and can sometimes be heard calling loudly even at 3 00 am citation needed Breeding Edit The New Zealand kaka nests in cavities in hollow trees The entrance hole is often three to six metres above the ground 19 but can be as low as ground level on predator free offshore islands 20 The nest floor is lined with small wood chips 20 and powder 19 They lay eggs any time between September late winter and March summer 19 Occasionally in a good fruiting year a pair can double clutch often utilising the same nest hole for the second clutch citation needed and extending breeding into winter 20 They typically lay four eggs 19 20 though it can be up to eight 21 with two chicks fledging 19 Only the female incubates the eggs for about 24 days 19 and cares for the nestlings but she is regularly fed by the male throughout breeding 20 Both parents feed the chicks after they have fledged 20 Feeding Edit North Island kaka in flight showing red plumage on the underside of its wing at Pukaha Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre A North Island Kaka at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary Wellington New Zealand kaka typically eat fruits berries seeds flowers buds nectar sap plants and invertebrates They use their strong beak to shred the cones of the kauri tree to obtain the seeds 22 It has a brush tongue with which it feeds on nectar and it uses its strong beak to dig out the grubs of the huhu beetle and to remove bark to feed on sap 23 New Zealand kaka drilling in to get tree sap Fledgling in a nest in the Wellington Botanic Gardens Fledgling climbing a tree in the Wellington Botanic Gardens MatingConservation status EditNew Zealand kaka are considered vulnerable having greatly declined across their traditional range as a result of habitat loss predation by introduced predators such as cats rats possums and stoats and competition from wasps and bees for the honeydew excreted by scale insects A closely related species Nestor productus the Norfolk kaka became extinct in 1851 for similar reasons New Zealand kaka are absolutely protected under New Zealand s Wildlife Act 1953 24 The species is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES meaning international export import including parts and derivatives is regulated 2 Predation Edit As cavity nesters with a long incubation period that requires the mother to stay on the nest for at least 90 days New Zealand kaka are particularly vulnerable to predation Stoats were the main cause of death of nesting adult females nestlings and fledglings but possums were also important predators of adult females eggs and nestlings 25 There is strong evidence that predation of chicks and females has led to a serious age and sex imbalance even amongst ostensibly healthy populations 26 In parts of the country the Department of Conservation and local conservation groups have attempted to control predators of New Zealand kaka through the use of traps ground baiting and the aerial deployment of sodium fluoroacetate 1080 Where pest control has been carried out there has been a significant recovery of New Zealand kaka populations For example in Pureora Forest Park 20 kaka were radio tracked in an area to be treated with aerial 1080 in 2001 In nearby Waimanoa Forest which was not to be treated with 1080 nine kaka were radio tracked In the area where 1080 was used all 20 birds survived that season Of the nine birds tagged in the untreated area five were killed by predators that same season 27 Competition Edit Research has shown that honeydew is very important for breeding New Zealand kaka especially for those breeding in southern beech forests The difficult nature of controlling the wasps makes the future of the New Zealand kaka very uncertain Human interaction EditRe introduction of North Island kaka at Zealandia in Wellington combined with conservation efforts has led to a large increase in the population of the birds in the city 28 Many kaka visit residential gardens and reserves and this in turn has led to more interactions with people 29 30 People have been feeding the birds unsuitable food such as nuts various grains and cheese 29 Feeding kaka has resulted in metabolic bone disease in kaka chicks 29 In 2016 80 of the kaka chicks being monitored by the Wellington City Council died from this disease 31 There have also been instances of kaka nesting in the roofs of houses 32 References Edit BirdLife International 2022 Nestor meridionalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022 e T22684840A216083435 Retrieved 12 December 2022 a b Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 Gmelin Johann Friedrich 1788 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 13th ed Lipsiae Leipzig Georg Emanuel Beer p 333 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 251 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Latham John 1781 A General Synopsis of Birds Vol 1 Part 1 London Printed for Leigh and Sotheby p 264 Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds January 2023 Parrots cockatoos IOC World Bird List Version 13 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 20 February 2023 Dussex Nic Sainsbury James Moorhouse Ron Jamieson Ian G Robertson Bruce C 1 January 2015 Evidence for Bergmann s Rule and not allopatric subspeciation in the threatened Kaka Nestor meridionalis Journal of Heredity 106 6 679 691 doi 10 1093 jhered esv079 ISSN 0022 1503 PMID 26447214 Entry for ka on yourdictionary com a b c Wright T F Schirtzinger E E Matsumoto T Eberhard J R Graves G R Sanchez J J Capelli S Muller H Scharpegge J Chambers G K Fleischer R C 2008 A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots Psittaciformes Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous Mol Biol Evol 25 10 2141 2156 doi 10 1093 molbev msn160 PMC 2727385 PMID 18653733 a b c Grant Mackie E J J A Grant Mackie W M Boon G K Chambers 2003 Evolution of New Zealand Parrots NZ Science Teacher 103 Juniper T Parr M 1998 Parrots A guide to parrots of the world New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 07453 0 a b De Kloet Rolf S De Kloet Siwo R September 2005 The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes Mol Phylogenet Evol 36 3 706 21 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2005 03 013 PMID 16099384 Schweizer M Seehausen O Guntert M Hertwig ST 2009 The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans oceanic dispersal events and local radiations Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54 3 984 94 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2009 08 021 PMID 19699808 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B Dunning Jr Editor CRC Press 1992 ISBN 978 0 8493 4258 5 Falla RA Sibson RB amp Turbot EG 1966 A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand Collins London ISBN 0 00 212022 4 800th kaka Banded at ZEALANDIA Retrieved 9 November 2015 McArthur Nikki Harvey Annette Flux Ian October 2015 State and trends in the diversity abundance and distribution of birds in Wellington City PDF Wellington Greater Wellington Regional Council Archived from the original PDF on 1 February 2018 Retrieved 18 January 2016 Kaka www doc govt nz Retrieved 31 January 2022 a b c d e f Moynihan K T 1985 Kaka Reader s Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds p 244 ISBN 0474000486 a b c d e f Moorhouse R J 2017 Kaka In Miskelly C M ed New Zealand Birds Online Retrieved 24 April 2021 Powlesland R G et al 2009 Breeding biology of the New Zealand kaka Nestor merdionalis Psittacidae Nestorinae Notornis 56 1 11 33 Retrieved 24 April 2021 Agathis australis Kauri Bushmans Friend Retrieved 27 August 2007 Charles K E 2012 Tree damage in Wellington as a result of foraging for sap and bark dwelling invertebrates by the North Island Kaka Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis PDF Notornis 59 180 184 Wildlife Act 1953 New Zealand Legislation Parliamentary Counsel Office Retrieved 18 January 2022 Taylor G et al 2009 Effect of controlling introduced predators on Kaka Nestor meridionalis in the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project PDF Department of Conservation Retrieved 19 October 2021 Greene Terry C Fraser James R 1998 Sex ratio of North Island Kaka Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis Waihaha Ecological Area Pureora Forest Park PDF New Zealand Journal of Ecology 2 1 11 16 JSTOR 24054543 The use of 1080 for pest control Outcomes for bird populations Department of Conservation Retrieved 11 August 2011 Kaka baby boom Native bird numbers increasing in the capital NZ Herald Retrieved 10 December 2022 a b c Hunter S A Alley M R Lenting B M 2017 Metabolic Bone Disease in North Island Kaka Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis in Wellington Kokako 24 1 23 25 via Researchgate Cote Sarah Durand Olivia Durand LaRoche Erin Warden Rachel 27 February 2013 Evaluating the Interactions between Wellington Residents and the Threatened Kaka Parrot PDF web wpi edu Retrieved 23 January 2019 Roy Eleanor Ainge 20 January 2017 Killing kakas with kindness New Zealand bird lovers threaten future of parrot The Guardian Retrieved 24 January 2019 Kaka intruders on the increase Scoop co nz 8 October 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2019 Further reading EditKaka back from the brink after Fiordland 1080 operation takes out predators Department of Conservation website 28 April 2011 1080 drop boosts Waitutu kaka Southland Times website 27 April 2011 Pureora Forest kaka demonstrate benefits of using 1080 poison Waikato Regional Council website kaka and 1080 poison 1080 The Facts website a public education initiative by Forest and Bird and Federated Farmers Effects of a 1080 operation on kaka and kereru survival and nesting success Whirinaki Forest Park Powlesland et al PDF 400kb New Zealand Journal of Ecology 2003 27 2 125 137 Effect of controlling introduced predators on kaka in Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project Published on the Department of Conservation website April 2011 Project Kaka a joint Department of Conservation and Animal Health Board initiative to restore kaka to the Tararua ranges Possum killing poison helps protect New Zealand parrot Scientific American websiteExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nestor meridionalis New Zealand Birds Online website World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia Species Profiles BirdLife Species Factsheet Kaka New Zealand Department of Conservation KakaWatchNZ website A site dedicated to kaka distribution in the upper North Island of New Zealand Kaka on NZ Birds website www NZbirds com Portals Birds New Zealand Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaka amp oldid 1144346413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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