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Negros killings

March 04, 2023

Not to be confused with Escalante massacre.

The Negros killings were a series of targeted assassinations carried out by unidentified gunmen in the provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental in the Philippines. Some of the victims involved were suspected Communists or sympathizers. Following the killings, Memorandum Order No. 32 was signed by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea on November 23, 2018, upon the orders of President Rodrigo Duterte deploying additional troops to the provinces of Negros Oriental, Negros Occidental, Samar, and the Bicol Region to "suppress sporadic acts of violence" allegedly committed by lawless groups and to "prevent such violence from spreading and escalating elsewhere in the country."[1][2] Even after the memorandum was signed, the incidence of killings continued.[3] According to the Defend Negros Movement, the first recorded extrajudicial killing on Negros Island was Alexander Ceballos on January 20, 2017.[4] The group also alleged that at least 84 persons have been killed since 2017.[3]

Negros Occidental

See also: Escalante massacre

2018

Further information: Sagay massacre

The massacre occurred in Sagay, Negros Occidental, when a group of gunmen shot and killed nine sugarcane farmers, including four women and two children, while they were eating dinner in a makeshift tent on a farm in Sagay, Negros Occidental, on October 20, 2018.[5] The farmers were members of the National Federation of Sugar Workers,[6] and the massacre may have been motivated by ongoing conflicts over land reform in the Philippines.[7]

2019

On April 22, 2019, Escalante councilor and Escalante Massacre survivor Bernardino "Toto" Patigas was brazenly murdered by a motorcycle gunman hiding neither behind mask nor helmet. The International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines (ICHRP) pins the blame squarely and unambiguously on the "entrenched oligarchy" of the island.[8]

On August 18, 2019, a 24-year-old woman named Cristal Faith Jastiva was shot at close range by two motorcycle assailants as she was waiting for a pedicab along Magsaysay Avenue in Bago.[9]

2020

On June 23, 2020, Jose "Jerry" Catalogo of the National Federation of Sugar Workers (NFSW) was assassinated by unidentified gunmen in Escalante.[10][11] He was reportedly placed under taxpayer-paid surveillance before his murder.[12] On August 17, Zara Alvarez, a church worker and paralegal, was gunned down in Bacolod.[13]

Negros Oriental

2018

On December 27, 2018, at 7 a.m., three armed men stormed the house of the Isugan family in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental, and killed one of the family members.[3] A few weeks later, their house was burned down by the assailants.[3] One of the family members believed that the motive for the killing is the "family’s involvement in the peasant organization."[3]

2019

On March 30, 2019, police operations conducted simultaneously in three different municipalities within Negros Oriental, leaving 14 people dead and 12 others arrested.[14][15][16][17] Local police and the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) who conducted the operations alleged that the suspects opened fire and resisted arrest while being served warrants for illegal possession of firearms and explosives.[15][14] Police and CIDG also alleged that the victims were members of the Special Partisan Unit of the New People's Army (NPA).[14] PNP Chief Oscar Albayalde asserted that the operation was not a massacre and that the people who were killed had "fought back".[18]

Karapatan and farmers' groups Unyon ng mga Manggagawa sa Agrikultura (UMA) and National Federation of Sugar Farmers condemned the incident, saying that the victims were merely farmers and habal-habal drivers.[18] As a result, the provincial director of Negros Oriental police and three other police officers were relieved from their post.[19] Human Rights Watch and UMA called for an investigation into the killings.[19] Kabataan Party-list Representative Sarah Elago condemned the killings, holding the Duterte administration accountable for the incident.[20] Elago also added that the incident brought the death toll of farmers to 197 under the Duterte administration.[21]

On April 9, the Diocese of Dumaguete called for the "impartial investigation into the deaths of these 14 men."[16] Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said that the families of the slain people "should file charges."[22]

On July 18, four police officers were killed in an ambush in Barangay Mabato in Ayungon town.[23] According to the authorities, the police officers said that there was a presence of New People's Army in the area when they were attacked.[23] Another source is that the police officers were allegedly being tortured after they were cornered by the groups.[24] President Rodrigo Duterte has offered a P3-million reward to find the responsible.[24] Duterte also visited the wake of the slain police officers.[25]

On July 24, two men on a motorcycle gunned down and killed lawyer Anthony Trinidad and injured his wife in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental. Opposition Senator Leila de Lima has called for justice for Trinidad, who, "she said, represented 'political prisoners in Negros' and 'was reportedly among the names on a hit list by an alleged anti-communist group.'"[26] The Defend Negros Network said in a statement through a Facebook account that Trinidad is allegedly "among the names on a list of an alleged anti-communist group called Kawsa Guihulnganon Batok Komunista (KAGUBAK)."[26][27] On July 25, 2019, in Guihulngan, Guihulngan Science High School principal Arthur Bayawa and his sister Ardale Bayawa were killed inside their homes by unknown gunmen. The Bayawa siblings were killed inside their home by at least 10 assailants.[28] Forty minutes later, at 1:40 a.m. (PHT), Barangay Chairman Romeo Alipan was also killed by at least 20 unidentified gunmen in his home. Guihulngan City Police Station Lieutenant Colonel Bonifacio Tecson said that motive of killing Alipan could be his joining the anti-insurgency campaign of the government.[28]

On July 26, Fedirico Sabejon of Barangay 3 in Siaton was killed by gunmen on a motorcycle.[29] On July 27, gunmen killed Ernesto Posadas, barangay chair of Panubigan, Canlaon, inside his home. The suspects fled in a white van and green pickup truck after writing "Mabuhay ang NPA" (transl. Long live the NPA) and "Traydor sa NPA" (transl. Traitor to the NPA) in spray painting.[29] On July 27, unidentified gunmen killed four persons inside their homes in separate incidents, including Canlaon City Councilor Ramon Jalandoni, former mayor Edsel Enardecido, his cousin Leo Enardecido, and Ernesto Posadas.[30] On July 28, a man named Anaciancino Rosalita, a resident of Barangay Bucalan in Canlaon, was gunned down in broad daylight, according to Negros Oriental Provincial Police Office (NORPPO).[31]

On August 15, a grade 11 senior high school student named Joshua Partosa was gunned down and stabbed in the neck by four assailants aboard two motorcycles in broad daylight in Sibulan. Barangay councilor Raul Fat and former barangay councilor Fernando Toreno were gunned down in separate places in neighboring Negros Occidental.[32]

2020

On December 15, 2020, Mary Rose Sancelan and her husband were killed by a gunman on a motorcycle outside a subdivision in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental.[33]

Responses and reactions

Philippine National Police Chief Oscar Albayalde said that he ordered the deployment of 300 Special Action Force (SAF) commandos to Negros Island following the series of killings.[34] Albayalde has also raised the possibility that the CPP and its armed wing the New People's Army, which blames the government for the killings, were responsible for the deaths as part of the group's propaganda.[35] Senators Leila de Lima and Risa Hontiveros expressed concern over the killings in the province.[36]

The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) condemned the incident and accused the military, police, and paramilitary forces of orchestrating the attacks.[37] The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) called for the government to stop the killings and urged the government to investigate the incident.[38] Human rights group Karapatan said that the incident "might be attributed to the implementation of the Oplan Kapanatagan, Memorandum 32 and Oplan Sauron in the province."[38]

Bishops Gerardo Alminaza, Julito Cortes, Patricio Buzon, and Louie Galbines of San Carlos, Dumaguete, Bacolod, and Kabankalan respectively denounced the killings.[39]

Col. Raul Tacaca was relieved from his post as provincial police chief of Negros Oriental following the April 2019 killings. He was reinstated on April 30, 2019, but was relieved again in July 2019 after a series of killings occurred in that month. The Philippine National Police launched an investigation whether there were lapses on Tacaca's part in dealing with the killings.[40]

PNP chief Albayalde said on July 29, 2019, that there will be no declaration of martial law on Negros island despite the situation in Negros Oriental.[41] On August 20, the United Methodist Church said that the deployment of additional troop forces "complicated the already worsening human rights situation" on the island.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Esguerra, Darryl John (November 23, 2018). . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  2. ^ . Rappler. November 23, 2018. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Death comes unprovoked upon Negros Island". Rappler.
  4. ^ "Farmer with militant group shot dead in Negros Occidental". January 26, 2017.
  5. ^ "PNP eyes 4 groups in killing of 9 sugar farmers in Sagay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  6. ^ "PNP claims slain Negros farmers' org is Red legal front". ABS-CBN News.
  7. ^ "9 killed including two minors in Negros Occidental sugar plantation". CNN Philippines. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  8. ^ "In the killing fields of Negros, the lives of farmers and activists mean nothing". April 26, 2019.
  9. ^ "Woman gunned down near Bacolod police station". Rappler. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  10. ^ https://www.pinoyweekly.org/2020/10/two-years-after-sagay-massacre/[bare URL]
  11. ^ Burgos Jr., Nestor P. (July 28, 2020). "Family of slain Negros Oriental lawyer continues to live in fear one year after his killing". Inquirer. Retrieved November 7, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Denounce killing of peasant in Escalante, Negros".
  13. ^ "Negros-based activist killed in Bacolod – rights group Karapatan". August 17, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c "14 killed in police operations in Negros Oriental". Rappler.
  15. ^ a b "14 dead in Negros Oriental police operations". The Philippine Star.
  16. ^ a b "Dumaguete Diocese seeks impartial probe into 14 farmers' death". SunStar.
  17. ^ "Palace defends Negros Oriental police ops that left 14 farmers dead". ABS-CBN News.
  18. ^ a b "PNP: Negros Oriental operations where 14 died 'not a massacre'". The Philippine Star.
  19. ^ a b "Negros Oriental police officials relieved over ops that killed 14 farmers". The Philippine Star.
  20. ^ "14 farmers massacred in Negros Oriental, lawmaker says". ABS-CBN News.
  21. ^ "14 killed in joint military, police operations in Negros Oriental". CNN Philippines.
  22. ^ "Families of 14 farmers killed in Negros Oriental should file charges, says Malacañang". BusinessWorld.
  23. ^ a b "4 policemen killed in Negros Oriental ambush". Rappler.
  24. ^ a b "Spate of slays: What is happening in Negros Oriental?". ABS-CBN News.
  25. ^ "Duterte raises P3-million bounty on killers of Negros Oriental cops". ABS-CBN News.
  26. ^ a b "Lawyer killed in Negros Oriental ambush". Rappler.
  27. ^ "Central Visayas police identify 3 motives in killing of Negros Oriental lawyer". Rappler.
  28. ^ a b "School principal, 2 others killed in Negros Oriental home invasions". Rappler.
  29. ^ a b "13 killings in 5 days stoke martial law talk in Negros". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  30. ^ "Councilor, ex-mayor, 3 others killed in Negros Oriental". Rappler.
  31. ^ "14th victim killed as Negros Oriental bloodbath continues". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  32. ^ "TIMELINE: Killings in Negros". Rappler. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  33. ^ "24 Oras Livestream: December 17, 2020 | Replay (Full Episode)". GMA News. Retrieved December 21, 2020 – via YouTube. Note: Skip at 40:48.
  34. ^ "300 elite cops coming to Negros after fresh bloodshed". ABS-CBN News.
  35. ^ Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (July 29, 2019). "300 SAF troops deployed on Negros Island over killings". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  36. ^ "Hontiveros, De Lima raise alarm on Negros killings". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  37. ^ "CPP slams Negros Oriental killings". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  38. ^ a b "Stop Negros Oriental killings, govt urged". The Manila Times.
  39. ^ Bayoran, Gilbert; Punay, Edu (July 29, 2019). "Bishops call for end to Negros killings". Philippine Star. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  40. ^ "Negros Oriental police chief sacked again amid new killings". CNN Philippines. July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  41. ^ Ellera, Teresa (July 29, 2019). "PNP chief on Negros killings: 'No martial law'". Sunstar Bacolod. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  42. ^ "Methodist Church: Militarization has turned Negros into 'howling wilderness'". Rappler.

March 04, 2023
negros, killings, confused, with, escalante, massacre, were, series, targeted, assassinations, carried, unidentified, gunmen, provinces, negros, oriental, negros, occidental, philippines, some, victims, involved, were, suspected, communists, sympathizers, foll. Not to be confused with Escalante massacre The Negros killings were a series of targeted assassinations carried out by unidentified gunmen in the provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental in the Philippines Some of the victims involved were suspected Communists or sympathizers Following the killings Memorandum Order No 32 was signed by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea on November 23 2018 upon the orders of President Rodrigo Duterte deploying additional troops to the provinces of Negros Oriental Negros Occidental Samar and the Bicol Region to suppress sporadic acts of violence allegedly committed by lawless groups and to prevent such violence from spreading and escalating elsewhere in the country 1 2 Even after the memorandum was signed the incidence of killings continued 3 According to the Defend Negros Movement the first recorded extrajudicial killing on Negros Island was Alexander Ceballos on January 20 2017 4 The group also alleged that at least 84 persons have been killed since 2017 3 Contents 1 Negros Occidental 1 1 2018 1 2 2019 1 3 2020 2 Negros Oriental 2 1 2018 2 2 2019 2 3 2020 3 Responses and reactions 4 See also 5 ReferencesNegros Occidental EditSee also Escalante massacre 2018 Edit Further information Sagay massacre The massacre occurred in Sagay Negros Occidental when a group of gunmen shot and killed nine sugarcane farmers including four women and two children while they were eating dinner in a makeshift tent on a farm in Sagay Negros Occidental on October 20 2018 5 The farmers were members of the National Federation of Sugar Workers 6 and the massacre may have been motivated by ongoing conflicts over land reform in the Philippines 7 2019 Edit On April 22 2019 Escalante councilor and Escalante Massacre survivor Bernardino Toto Patigas was brazenly murdered by a motorcycle gunman hiding neither behind mask nor helmet The International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines ICHRP pins the blame squarely and unambiguously on the entrenched oligarchy of the island 8 On August 18 2019 a 24 year old woman named Cristal Faith Jastiva was shot at close range by two motorcycle assailants as she was waiting for a pedicab along Magsaysay Avenue in Bago 9 2020 Edit On June 23 2020 Jose Jerry Catalogo of the National Federation of Sugar Workers NFSW was assassinated by unidentified gunmen in Escalante 10 11 He was reportedly placed under taxpayer paid surveillance before his murder 12 On August 17 Zara Alvarez a church worker and paralegal was gunned down in Bacolod 13 Negros Oriental Edit2018 Edit On December 27 2018 at 7 a m three armed men stormed the house of the Isugan family in Guihulngan Negros Oriental and killed one of the family members 3 A few weeks later their house was burned down by the assailants 3 One of the family members believed that the motive for the killing is the family s involvement in the peasant organization 3 2019 Edit On March 30 2019 police operations conducted simultaneously in three different municipalities within Negros Oriental leaving 14 people dead and 12 others arrested 14 15 16 17 Local police and the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group CIDG who conducted the operations alleged that the suspects opened fire and resisted arrest while being served warrants for illegal possession of firearms and explosives 15 14 Police and CIDG also alleged that the victims were members of the Special Partisan Unit of the New People s Army NPA 14 PNP Chief Oscar Albayalde asserted that the operation was not a massacre and that the people who were killed had fought back 18 Karapatan and farmers groups Unyon ng mga Manggagawa sa Agrikultura UMA and National Federation of Sugar Farmers condemned the incident saying that the victims were merely farmers and habal habal drivers 18 As a result the provincial director of Negros Oriental police and three other police officers were relieved from their post 19 Human Rights Watch and UMA called for an investigation into the killings 19 Kabataan Party list Representative Sarah Elago condemned the killings holding the Duterte administration accountable for the incident 20 Elago also added that the incident brought the death toll of farmers to 197 under the Duterte administration 21 On April 9 the Diocese of Dumaguete called for the impartial investigation into the deaths of these 14 men 16 Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said that the families of the slain people should file charges 22 On July 18 four police officers were killed in an ambush in Barangay Mabato in Ayungon town 23 According to the authorities the police officers said that there was a presence of New People s Army in the area when they were attacked 23 Another source is that the police officers were allegedly being tortured after they were cornered by the groups 24 President Rodrigo Duterte has offered a P3 million reward to find the responsible 24 Duterte also visited the wake of the slain police officers 25 On July 24 two men on a motorcycle gunned down and killed lawyer Anthony Trinidad and injured his wife in Guihulngan Negros Oriental Opposition Senator Leila de Lima has called for justice for Trinidad who she said represented political prisoners in Negros and was reportedly among the names on a hit list by an alleged anti communist group 26 The Defend Negros Network said in a statement through a Facebook account that Trinidad is allegedly among the names on a list of an alleged anti communist group called Kawsa Guihulnganon Batok Komunista KAGUBAK 26 27 On July 25 2019 in Guihulngan Guihulngan Science High School principal Arthur Bayawa and his sister Ardale Bayawa were killed inside their homes by unknown gunmen The Bayawa siblings were killed inside their home by at least 10 assailants 28 Forty minutes later at 1 40 a m PHT Barangay Chairman Romeo Alipan was also killed by at least 20 unidentified gunmen in his home Guihulngan City Police Station Lieutenant Colonel Bonifacio Tecson said that motive of killing Alipan could be his joining the anti insurgency campaign of the government 28 On July 26 Fedirico Sabejon of Barangay 3 in Siaton was killed by gunmen on a motorcycle 29 On July 27 gunmen killed Ernesto Posadas barangay chair of Panubigan Canlaon inside his home The suspects fled in a white van and green pickup truck after writing Mabuhay ang NPA transl Long live the NPA and Traydor sa NPA transl Traitor to the NPA in spray painting 29 On July 27 unidentified gunmen killed four persons inside their homes in separate incidents including Canlaon City Councilor Ramon Jalandoni former mayor Edsel Enardecido his cousin Leo Enardecido and Ernesto Posadas 30 On July 28 a man named Anaciancino Rosalita a resident of Barangay Bucalan in Canlaon was gunned down in broad daylight according to Negros Oriental Provincial Police Office NORPPO 31 On August 15 a grade 11 senior high school student named Joshua Partosa was gunned down and stabbed in the neck by four assailants aboard two motorcycles in broad daylight in Sibulan Barangay councilor Raul Fat and former barangay councilor Fernando Toreno were gunned down in separate places in neighboring Negros Occidental 32 2020 Edit On December 15 2020 Mary Rose Sancelan and her husband were killed by a gunman on a motorcycle outside a subdivision in Guihulngan Negros Oriental 33 Responses and reactions EditPhilippine National Police Chief Oscar Albayalde said that he ordered the deployment of 300 Special Action Force SAF commandos to Negros Island following the series of killings 34 Albayalde has also raised the possibility that the CPP and its armed wing the New People s Army which blames the government for the killings were responsible for the deaths as part of the group s propaganda 35 Senators Leila de Lima and Risa Hontiveros expressed concern over the killings in the province 36 The Communist Party of the Philippines CPP condemned the incident and accused the military police and paramilitary forces of orchestrating the attacks 37 The Commission on Human Rights CHR called for the government to stop the killings and urged the government to investigate the incident 38 Human rights group Karapatan said that the incident might be attributed to the implementation of the Oplan Kapanatagan Memorandum 32 and Oplan Sauron in the province 38 Bishops Gerardo Alminaza Julito Cortes Patricio Buzon and Louie Galbines of San Carlos Dumaguete Bacolod and Kabankalan respectively denounced the killings 39 Col Raul Tacaca was relieved from his post as provincial police chief of Negros Oriental following the April 2019 killings He was reinstated on April 30 2019 but was relieved again in July 2019 after a series of killings occurred in that month The Philippine National Police launched an investigation whether there were lapses on Tacaca s part in dealing with the killings 40 PNP chief Albayalde said on July 29 2019 that there will be no declaration of martial law on Negros island despite the situation in Negros Oriental 41 On August 20 the United Methodist Church said that the deployment of additional troop forces complicated the already worsening human rights situation on the island 42 See also EditEscalante massacreReferences Edit Esguerra Darryl John November 23 2018 Duterte sends more troops in Bicol Samar Negros vs lawless violence Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 6 2018 Retrieved January 27 2022 Duterte orders more soldiers cops in Bicol Samar Negros Island Rappler November 23 2018 Archived from the original on October 22 2020 a b c d e Death comes unprovoked upon Negros Island Rappler Farmer with militant group shot dead in Negros Occidental January 26 2017 PNP eyes 4 groups in killing of 9 sugar farmers in Sagay Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved October 23 2018 PNP claims slain Negros farmers org is Red legal front ABS CBN News 9 killed including two minors in Negros Occidental sugar plantation CNN Philippines Retrieved October 22 2018 In the killing fields of Negros the lives of farmers and activists mean nothing April 26 2019 Woman gunned down near Bacolod police station Rappler Retrieved August 25 2019 https www pinoyweekly org 2020 10 two years after sagay massacre bare URL Burgos Jr Nestor P July 28 2020 Family of slain Negros Oriental lawyer continues to live in fear one year after his killing Inquirer Retrieved November 7 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Denounce killing of peasant in Escalante Negros Negros based activist killed in Bacolod rights group Karapatan August 17 2020 a b c 14 killed in police operations in Negros Oriental Rappler a b 14 dead in Negros Oriental police operations The Philippine Star a b Dumaguete Diocese seeks impartial probe into 14 farmers death SunStar Palace defends Negros Oriental police ops that left 14 farmers dead ABS CBN News a b PNP Negros Oriental operations where 14 died not a massacre The Philippine Star a b Negros Oriental police officials relieved over ops that killed 14 farmers The Philippine Star 14 farmers massacred in Negros Oriental lawmaker says ABS CBN News 14 killed in joint military police operations in Negros Oriental CNN Philippines Families of 14 farmers killed in Negros Oriental should file charges says Malacanang BusinessWorld a b 4 policemen killed in Negros Oriental ambush Rappler a b Spate of slays What is happening in Negros Oriental ABS CBN News Duterte raises P3 million bounty on killers of Negros Oriental cops ABS CBN News a b Lawyer killed in Negros Oriental ambush Rappler Central Visayas police identify 3 motives in killing of Negros Oriental lawyer Rappler a b School principal 2 others killed in Negros Oriental home invasions Rappler a b 13 killings in 5 days stoke martial law talk in Negros Philippine Daily Inquirer Councilor ex mayor 3 others killed in Negros Oriental Rappler 14th victim killed as Negros Oriental bloodbath continues Philippine Daily Inquirer TIMELINE Killings in Negros Rappler Retrieved August 24 2019 24 Oras Livestream December 17 2020 Replay Full Episode GMA News Retrieved December 21 2020 via YouTube Note Skip at 40 48 300 elite cops coming to Negros after fresh bloodshed ABS CBN News Caliwan Christopher Lloyd July 29 2019 300 SAF troops deployed on Negros Island over killings Philippine News Agency Retrieved August 3 2019 Hontiveros De Lima raise alarm on Negros killings ABS CBN News Retrieved August 3 2019 CPP slams Negros Oriental killings Philippine Daily Inquirer a b Stop Negros Oriental killings govt urged The Manila Times Bayoran Gilbert Punay Edu July 29 2019 Bishops call for end to Negros killings Philippine Star Retrieved August 3 2019 Negros Oriental police chief sacked again amid new killings CNN Philippines July 31 2019 Retrieved August 3 2019 Ellera Teresa July 29 2019 PNP chief on Negros killings No martial law Sunstar Bacolod Retrieved August 3 2019 Methodist Church Militarization has turned Negros into howling wilderness Rappler Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Negros killings amp oldid 1107742275, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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