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Rothschild & Co

Rothschild & Co is a multinational private and merchant bank, headquartered in London, England. It is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group controlled by the British and French branches of the Rothschild family.

Rothschild & Co
Headquarters at New Court in the City of London
FormerlyParis Orléans
TypePublic (under Rothschild family control)
Euronext Paris: ROTH
IndustryFinancial services
PredecessorN M Rothschild & Sons
Rothschild & Cie
Founded1811; 212 years ago (1811)
FounderNathan Mayer Rothschild
Headquarters
London, England
Area served
Worldwide[1]
Key people
  • David René de Rothschild (Supervisory Board Chairman)[2]
  • Alexandre de Rothschild (Executive Chairman)[3]
  • Robert Leitão (co-Chairman of the Group Executive Committee and Managing Partner)[1]
  • François Pérol (co-Chairman of the Group Executive Committee and Managing Partner)[1]
  • Marc-Olivier Laurent (Managing Partner)[1]
Products
Revenue 1,799 million (2020)[4]
€ 374 million (2020)[4]
€ 309 million (2020)[4]
AUM € 78.1 billion (2020)[4]
Total assets € 14.7 billion (2020)[4]
Number of employees
3,589 (2020)[4]
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.rothschild.com

The banking business of the firm covers the areas of investment banking, restructuring, corporate banking, private equity, asset management, and private banking. It is also known to serve as the advisor and lender to governments and major corporations.[5] In addition, the firm has its own investment account in private equity.

Rothschild's financial advisory division is known to serve British nobility as well as the British royal family. Past chairman Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was the personal financial advisor of Queen Elizabeth II, and she knighted him in 1989 for his services to banking and finance.[6]

History edit

 
Coat of arms of the House of Rothschild

Rothschild & Co is the result of a merger between the French and British houses of Rothschild, each with individual but intertwined histories.

British history (N M Rothschild & Sons) edit

Late 18th century edit

In the late 18th century and early 19th century, Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) rose to become one of Europe's most powerful bankers in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire. In pursuit of expansion, he appointed his sons to start banking operations in the various capitals of Europe, including sending his third son, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), to England.[7]

Early 19th century edit

Nathan Mayer Rothschild first settled in Manchester, where he established a business in finance and textile trading. He later moved to London, founding N M Rothschild & Sons in 1811 at New Court, which is still the location of Rothschild & Co's headquarters today.[8] Through this company, Nathan Mayer Rothschild made a fortune with his involvement in the bond market.[9]

According to historian Niall Ferguson in 1999, "For most of the nineteenth century, N M Rothschild was part of the biggest bank in the world which dominated the international bond market. For a contemporary equivalent, one has to imagine a merger between Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase & Co. and probably Goldman Sachs too—as well, perhaps, as the International Monetary Fund, given the nineteenth-century Rothschild's role in stabilizing the finances of numerous governments."[9]

During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain. In 1818 the Rothschild bank arranged a £5 million loan to the Prussian government and the issuing of bonds for government loans. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.[10]

Like most firms with global operations in the 19th century, Rothschild had links to slavery, even though the firm was instrumental in abolishing it by providing a £15m gilt issue necessary to pass the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.[11][12] The money provided by Rothschild was used to pay slave owners compensation for their slaves and the gilt issue was only fully redeemed in 2015.[13]

Late 19th century edit

 
Logo of N M Rothschild & Sons Ltd, the "Five Arrows", representing the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and their respective businesses[14]

Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879) succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of a controlling interest in the Suez Canal. Lionel also began to invest in railways as his uncle James had been doing in France. In 1869, Lionel's son, Alfred de Rothschild (1842–1918), became a director of the Bank of England, a post he held for 20 years. Alfred was one of those who represented the British Government at the 1892 International Monetary Conference in Brussels.[15]

The Rothschild bank funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company and Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at Oxford University. In 1873 de Rothschild Frères (trans. "The Rothschild Brothers") of Paris and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30%. In 1887, the French and English Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.[16]

20th century edit

The First World War marked a change of fortune and emphasis for Rothschild. After the War, the Rothschild banks began a steady transition towards advisory work and finance raising for commercial concerns, including the London Underground. In 1938, the Austrian Rothschilds’ interests were given to the Nazis, bringing to an end more than a century at the heart of Central European banking. In France and Austria, the family was scattered for the duration of the Second World War. After the war, the British and French banks committed themselves to further developing their new operation in the United States, which was eventually to become Rothschild Inc,[17] and increased focus on mergers and acquisitions, asset management, and merchant-banking.[18]

In the 20th century, Rothschild developed into a pre-eminent global organisation, which enhanced its ability to secure key advisory roles in some of the most important, complex and recognizable mergers and acquisitions. In the 1980s, Rothschild took a leading role in the international phenomenon of privatization. The company was involved from the beginning and developed a pioneering role which spread out to more than thirty countries worldwide. In recent years, Rothschild advised on nearly a thousand completed mergers and acquisitions with a cumulative value in excess of US$1 trillion. Rothschild also advised on some of the largest and most high-profile corporate restructurings around the world.[19]

The bank decided to enter the securities market buying Smith Brothers, a stock jobber, in December 1983.[20]

The price of gold was fixed for years, twice daily at 10:30 am and 3:00 pm, in a small room at Rothschild's New Court headquarters on St Swithin's Lane.[21] The world's main bullion houses: Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Scotia-Mocatta and Société Générale used the agreed rate as a price benchmark for gold products and derivatives in the world's markets. The chairperson, traditionally appointed by the Rothschild bank, sat in the center, although the bank itself has largely withdrawn from trading. The five members of the London Bullion Association: Barclays Capital, Deutsche Bank, Scotiabank, HSBC and Société Générale, now conduct their twice-daily meetings over the telephone. The meetings were a tradition as great as the ringing of the bell at the New York Stock Exchange until 2004.[22]

French history (Paris Orléans) edit

19th century edit

The Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans was founded in 1838 as a railway company; after several takeovers and a merger with the Chemins de fer du Midi it had about 11,000 km (6,800 mi) of track, and was one of the major railway companies in France. In 1938, it was nationalised along with five other railway undertakings to form the national state railway company SNCF.[23]

20th century edit

 
Logo of Rothschild prior to 2015 rebranding

After the Second World War, the French branch of the Rothschild family took over the remains of Paris Orléans and transformed it into a holding company for its banking activities and corporate investments. These mainly included the Banque Rothschild (Bank), SGIM (property company), the SIACI (insurance), the Francarep (oil company) and the SGDBR (wineries), now Domaines Barons de Rothschild (DBR).[24]

By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs ($5 billion in the currency rates of 1980).[25]

The Socialist French government of François Mitterrand nationalized the Banque Rothschild and renamed it Compagnie Européenne de Banque in 1981.[26] In 1983, David de Rothschild and Eric de Rothschild recapitalized the family's business just as their ancestors had done in the prior century under the name Paris Orléans as it was banned from using the family name until 1986,[27] at which time the firm was renamed Rothschild & Cie Banque.[28]

Modern history and recent events edit

Anglo-French Rothschild merger edit

In 2003, the English (N M Rothschild & Sons) and French (Rothschild & Cie Banque) firms announced plans to merge under the leadership of David R. de Rothschild. Paris Orléans SCA became the flagship holding company of the family business of Rothschild. Although Paris Orléans is listed on the exchange, the family retains control of the firm.[29][30] After the merger of the banking activities, Paris Orléans SCA became the sole owner Concordia BV, which controls Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG, which controls the Rothschild Group's banking activities.[31] By 2011, the firm had merged operations and was unified.[32]

Recent history edit

 
Current Logo of Rothschild & Co (2015–)

In 2007, Rothschild formed joint venture Jardine Rothschild Asia Capital with Jardine Strategic, specializing in growth capital investments.[33]

In 2010, the firm appointed the first non-family member chief executive officer, Nigel Higgins.[34]

In 2011, the firm rebranded from "N M Rothschild & Sons" to "Rothschild & Co."[35] The goal of this was to show "a new global positioning as the fulcrum of the Financial Market."[36]

In 2015, the parent company Paris Orléans changed its name to Rothschild & Co to match the trade name of the business.[37]

In 2017, Rothschild & Co acquired the family-controlled French private bank Martin Maurel.[38] This merger united the businesses of two European financial families. After the acquisition, Rothschild & Co became the leading private bank in France.[39]

In 2018, Rothschild & Co sold its trust services division (responsible for the creation and administration of trust structures) to Richard Martin,[40] a long-time Rothschild executive for an undisclosed amount. This restructuring of Rothschild's Wealth Management practice allowed the firm to focus more on its private banking activities from the recent purchase and integration of Rothschild Martin Maurel.[38]

In 2019, the firm acquired a stake in Redburn,[41] a global financial services firm that provides research in various coverage sectors and brokerage execution services for traditional and algorithmic sales and trading.[42]

In 2022, Wintrust announced a deal to acquire the U.S. asset management arm of Rothschild, which held around $8 billion in assets under management at the time.[43]

In 2023, the Rothschild family announced its intention to take Rothschild & Co. private by repurchasing the shares listed on stock exchanges.[44][45] The transaction values the firm at €3.7bn[46] and would end several decades of the firm being publicly listed.[47]

Operations edit

Rothschild & Co has three primary businesses: Global Advisory (Investment Banking Division), Wealth and Asset Management, and Merchant Banking.

Global Advisory (Investment Banking Division) edit

The banking business is structured as follows:[48]

  • M&A and Strategic Advisory
  • Debt Advisory and Restructuring
  • Equity Advisory and Capital Markets

Rothschild & Co is consistently in the top 10 global investment banks for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisory by Thomson Reuters by both number and size of deals.[49] In 2018, as with previous years, the firm ranked 1st globally and 1st in Europe by number of completed M&A transactions.[50]

Wealth and Asset Management edit

Rothschild & Co's wealth management practice stems on wealth preservation through generations, just as the Rothschild family has done for over two centuries. The words of one of Mayer Amschel Rothschild's sons and founder of Rothschild & Co still illustrate the service provided to clients:

"It takes a great deal of boldness and a great deal of caution to make a great fortune; and when you have got it, it requires ten times as much wit to keep it" –Nathan Mayer Rothschild[51]

Merchant Banking edit

Merchant banking is the investment arm of Rothschild & Co, deploying the firm's capital alongside private and institutional investors. The portfolio is in excess of €8 billion.[52]

Vineyards edit

Historically, the Rothschild family has owned many Bordeaux vineyards since 1868. Les Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Lafite) and Champagne Barons de Rothschild are some of the wineries owned in part by Rothschild & Co.[53][54]

Corporate culture edit

Rothschild & Co has a unique culture in part due to its more than two-century history and the firm still remaining under family control.[55] The firm's new analyst education program in London, for instance, lasts nearly two months.[56]

New Court headquarters edit

 
Fourth iteration of New Court

Rothschild & Co's headquarters in London have been continuously located at New Court, St. Swithin's Lane, London for over two centuries. After acquiring the lease in 1809,[57] the firm continued to grow. In 1865, a new building designed by Thomas Marsh Nelson in the Italian "palazzo" style was created at the same site.[58] This building served as the headquarters for Rothschild through both world wars. In 1962, the firm demolished and rebuilt its New Court headquarters for a third time at the suggestion of Evelyn Robert de Rothschild.[59] In 2005, the firm decided to create a fourth iteration of the building that opens up views of St Stephen Walbrook church from its lobby, and views of the London skyline from a roof-top "sky pavilion" designed by Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA).[60][61]

Controversies and legal issues edit

Jürg Heer scandal edit

Jürg Heer worked for Rothschild Bank AG (since October 2018 Rothschild & Co. Bank AG) in Zurich for more than twenty years, the last nine as its credit manager. He was dismissed in June 1992. Heer was accused of taking kickbacks of more than US$20 million in exchange for making unsecured and unapproved loans to the German and Canadian real estate magnate Karsten von Wersebe resulting in a loss of US$155 million to the bank. In 1998, in the district court of Zurich, Heer confessed that he embezzled about US$33 million from Rothschild Bank AG between 1986 and 1992.[62][63] The Rothschild family committed CHF 150 million to supporting its bank in recovering from one of the then largest financial frauds in Switzerland.[64]

NM Rothschild & Sons Ltd vs. Rothschild & Co (UK) Ltd edit

On 27 January 2009 NM Rothschild & Sons Ltd filed under s.69(1)(b) of the UK Companies Act 2006 for a change of name of the respondent company, Rothschild & Co (UK) Ltd, which had been registered since 31 October 2008. The Company Names Tribunal found for the applicant and ordered the respondent to change its name or else have its name changed by the adjudicator, as well as to pay the applicant's costs.[65]

Von Schönau-Riedweg vs. Rothschild Bank AG & others (2012–present) edit

On 20 December 2012 Rothschild Bank AG brought suit against its client Corinna von Schönau-Riedweg in Switzerland, seeking a declaration that the bank had no liability with respect to the private equity transactions recommended by Rothschild Bank's former employee Wilfrid von Plotho.[66] As a reaction to this suit von Schönau brought suit in the Superior Court in Boston/USA against Rothschild Bank AG, Rothschild Trust (Schweiz) AG, Wilfrid von Plotho and others. In December 2014 a separate and final judgment over US$15 million against von Plotho and his Panamanian offshore company ARA Management was entered in force; neither von Plotho nor ARA Management appealed from that judgment.[66] In June 2019 the Appeals Court of Massachusetts (Boston) decided that von Schönau's suit against Rothschild Bank should be revived, as she had made a showing that Wilfrid von Plotho, she claims caused her millions of dollars to lose, was Rothschild Bank's agent in Switzerland as well as in the USA.[67]

Penalty of USD 11,510,000: Non-Prosecution Agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice (2013-2015) edit

According to the Non-Prosecution Agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice (Tax Division) of June 2015 Rothschild Bank (now Rothschild & Co. Bank AG) admitted that it had 66 U.S.-related accounts held by entities created in Panama, Liechtenstein, British Virgin Islands or other foreign countries with U.S. beneficial owners. Knowing it was highly probable that the U.S. clients were engaging in schemes to avoid U.S. taxes, Rothschild Bank permitted the accounts to trade in U.S. securities without reporting account earnings, or transmitting any withholding taxes, to the IRS.[68] Of the U.S. related accounts with an aggregate maximum balance of approximately US$836 million had U.S. beneficial owners, representing approx. 5% of the aggregate maximum balance of Rothschild Bank's total assets under management during the period in question.[68] In recognition of its illegal conduct Rothschild Bank agreed to pay US$11,510,000 as a penalty to the U.S. Department of Justice without having to admit any guilt in the matter.[69][70]

1MDB Malaysian sovereign wealth fund scandal (2015–present) edit

Rothschild Bank AG (since October 2018 renamed Rothschild & Co. Bank AG), a subsidiary of Rothschild & Co,[71] broke anti-money-laundering rules in 1MDB case according to Swiss prosecutiors.[72] In July 2018 the Swiss Financial Market Authority (FINMA) concluded final 1MDB proceedings, in which Rothschild Bank AG and its subsidiary Rothschild Trust (Schweiz) AG have been found to be in serious breach of money laundering rules in the context of 1 MDB. The FINMA appointed an audit agent to review enhancements already put in place by Rothschild Bank. FINMA stated, that Rothschild Bank and Rothschild Trust were found to be in "breach of due diligence, reporting and documentation requirements […]. Although there were early indications that this client could be involved in money laundering activities, the institutions decided nevertheless to enter into the relationship and at a later stage considerably expand it."[73] The 1MDB fraud saw billions of dollars siphoned off from the sovereign wealth fund into the pockets of corrupt officials.[74][75]

Dispute between Rothschild & Co and Edmond de Rothschild Group edit

After Paris Orleans was renamed to Rothschild & Co, the Swiss-based Edmond de Rothschild Group disputed the use of the family name for branding purposes. Until their settlement, Rothschild & Co and the Edmond de Rothschild Group were cross-shareholders in each other's business, further complicating the matter. In 2018 the two sides of the family resolved the dispute.[76]

Marjorie Taylor Greene "space laser" accusation edit

In January 2021, US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) was reported to have made a Facebook post blaming "Rothschild, Inc" among others for using "space solar generators" to ignite the 2018 Camp Fire, one of California's deadliest and most destructive wildfires.[77]

Notable current and former employees edit

Many notable people, including heads of state, CEOs, and billionaires have been involved with the firm. This partial list excludes the many notable members of the Rothschild family who have worked at the family firm. [78]

Business edit

Politics and public service edit

Armed forces edit

See also edit

References edit

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  12. ^ Rothschilds gained less from slavery than from financing its abolition Financial Times, 30 June 2009
  13. ^ "Slavery Abolition Act of 1833" (PDF). HM Government. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
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  73. ^ FINMA, Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht. "FINMA concludes final 1MDB proceedings". Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht FINMA. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  74. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Rothschild bank sanctioned for role in 1MDB scandal". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  75. ^ "Rothschild Bank: Vorschriften gegen Geldwäscherei missachtet". finews.ch (in German). 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  76. ^ Kostov, Nick (29 June 2018). "Rothschilds End Family Feud Over Use of Name in Banking". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  77. ^ "Marjorie Taylor Greene blamed deadly forest fire on Rothschilds and space lasers". Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  78. ^ "Versicherungsmakler Kassel". halili.de (in German). Retrieved 30 January 2021.

Further reading edit

External links edit

  • Rothschild
  • Rothschild & Co
  • Official site of the Rothschild Archive
  • Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Château Lafite Rothschild) – Winery company partly held by Rothschild & Co

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N M Rothschild amp Sons and Rothschild amp Cie Banque redirect here For other Rothschild branded banks see Rothschild Bank disambiguation Rothschild amp Co is a multinational private and merchant bank headquartered in London England It is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group controlled by the British and French branches of the Rothschild family Rothschild amp CoHeadquarters at New Court in the City of LondonFormerlyParis OrleansTypePublic under Rothschild family control Traded asEuronext Paris ROTHIndustryFinancial servicesPredecessorN M Rothschild amp SonsRothschild amp CieFounded1811 212 years ago 1811 FounderNathan Mayer RothschildHeadquartersLondon EnglandArea servedWorldwide 1 Key peopleDavid Rene de Rothschild Supervisory Board Chairman 2 Alexandre de Rothschild Executive Chairman 3 Robert Leitao co Chairman of the Group Executive Committee and Managing Partner 1 Francois Perol co Chairman of the Group Executive Committee and Managing Partner 1 Marc Olivier Laurent Managing Partner 1 ProductsInvestment bankingCorporate bankingPrivate equityAsset managementPrivate bankingRevenue 1 799 million 2020 4 Operating income 374 million 2020 4 Net income 309 million 2020 4 AUM 78 1 billion 2020 4 Total assets 14 7 billion 2020 4 Number of employees3 589 2020 4 SubsidiariesRothschild Martin Maurel France Belgium Monaco Rothschild Bank Global Websitewww rothschild comThe banking business of the firm covers the areas of investment banking restructuring corporate banking private equity asset management and private banking It is also known to serve as the advisor and lender to governments and major corporations 5 In addition the firm has its own investment account in private equity Rothschild s financial advisory division is known to serve British nobility as well as the British royal family Past chairman Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild was the personal financial advisor of Queen Elizabeth II and she knighted him in 1989 for his services to banking and finance 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 British history N M Rothschild amp Sons 1 1 1 Late 18th century 1 1 2 Early 19th century 1 1 3 Late 19th century 1 1 4 20th century 1 2 French history Paris Orleans 1 2 1 19th century 1 2 2 20th century 1 3 Modern history and recent events 1 3 1 Anglo French Rothschild merger 1 3 2 Recent history 2 Operations 2 1 Global Advisory Investment Banking Division 2 2 Wealth and Asset Management 2 3 Merchant Banking 2 4 Vineyards 2 5 Corporate culture 3 New Court headquarters 4 Controversies and legal issues 4 1 Jurg Heer scandal 4 2 NM Rothschild amp Sons Ltd vs Rothschild amp Co UK Ltd 4 3 Von Schonau Riedweg vs Rothschild Bank AG amp others 2012 present 4 4 Penalty of USD 11 510 000 Non Prosecution Agreement with the U S Department of Justice 2013 2015 4 5 1MDB Malaysian sovereign wealth fund scandal 2015 present 4 6 Dispute between Rothschild amp Co and Edmond de Rothschild Group 4 7 Marjorie Taylor Greene space laser accusation 5 Notable current and former employees 5 1 Business 5 2 Politics and public service 5 3 Armed forces 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory edit nbsp Coat of arms of the House of RothschildRothschild amp Co is the result of a merger between the French and British houses of Rothschild each with individual but intertwined histories British history N M Rothschild amp Sons edit Late 18th century edit In the late 18th century and early 19th century Mayer Amschel Rothschild 1744 1812 rose to become one of Europe s most powerful bankers in the Landgraviate of Hesse Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire In pursuit of expansion he appointed his sons to start banking operations in the various capitals of Europe including sending his third son Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 1836 to England 7 Early 19th century edit Nathan Mayer Rothschild first settled in Manchester where he established a business in finance and textile trading He later moved to London founding N M Rothschild amp Sons in 1811 at New Court which is still the location of Rothschild amp Co s headquarters today 8 Through this company Nathan Mayer Rothschild made a fortune with his involvement in the bond market 9 According to historian Niall Ferguson in 1999 For most of the nineteenth century N M Rothschild was part of the biggest bank in the world which dominated the international bond market For a contemporary equivalent one has to imagine a merger between Merrill Lynch Morgan Stanley JP Morgan Chase amp Co and probably Goldman Sachs too as well perhaps as the International Monetary Fund given the nineteenth century Rothschild s role in stabilizing the finances of numerous governments 9 During the early part of the 19th century the Rothschild London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars Through the creation of a network of agents couriers and shippers the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain In 1818 the Rothschild bank arranged a 5 million loan to the Prussian government and the issuing of bonds for government loans The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank s business for the better part of the century N M Rothschild amp Sons financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825 the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis 10 Like most firms with global operations in the 19th century Rothschild had links to slavery even though the firm was instrumental in abolishing it by providing a 15m gilt issue necessary to pass the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 11 12 The money provided by Rothschild was used to pay slave owners compensation for their slaves and the gilt issue was only fully redeemed in 2015 13 Late 19th century edit nbsp Logo of N M Rothschild amp Sons Ltd the Five Arrows representing the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and their respective businesses 14 Nathan Mayer s eldest son Lionel de Rothschild 1808 1879 succeeded him as head of the London branch Under Lionel the bank financed the British government s 1875 purchase of a controlling interest in the Suez Canal Lionel also began to invest in railways as his uncle James had been doing in France In 1869 Lionel s son Alfred de Rothschild 1842 1918 became a director of the Bank of England a post he held for 20 years Alfred was one of those who represented the British Government at the 1892 International Monetary Conference in Brussels 15 The Rothschild bank funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company and Leopold de Rothschild 1845 1917 administered Rhodes s estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at Oxford University In 1873 de Rothschild Freres trans The Rothschild Brothers of Paris and N M Rothschild amp Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government s money losing Rio Tinto copper mines The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business By 1905 the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 In 1887 the French and English Rothschild banking houses loaned money to and invested in the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa becoming its largest shareholders 16 20th century edit The First World War marked a change of fortune and emphasis for Rothschild After the War the Rothschild banks began a steady transition towards advisory work and finance raising for commercial concerns including the London Underground In 1938 the Austrian Rothschilds interests were given to the Nazis bringing to an end more than a century at the heart of Central European banking In France and Austria the family was scattered for the duration of the Second World War After the war the British and French banks committed themselves to further developing their new operation in the United States which was eventually to become Rothschild Inc 17 and increased focus on mergers and acquisitions asset management and merchant banking 18 In the 20th century Rothschild developed into a pre eminent global organisation which enhanced its ability to secure key advisory roles in some of the most important complex and recognizable mergers and acquisitions In the 1980s Rothschild took a leading role in the international phenomenon of privatization The company was involved from the beginning and developed a pioneering role which spread out to more than thirty countries worldwide In recent years Rothschild advised on nearly a thousand completed mergers and acquisitions with a cumulative value in excess of US 1 trillion Rothschild also advised on some of the largest and most high profile corporate restructurings around the world 19 The bank decided to enter the securities market buying Smith Brothers a stock jobber in December 1983 20 The price of gold was fixed for years twice daily at 10 30 am and 3 00 pm in a small room at Rothschild s New Court headquarters on St Swithin s Lane 21 The world s main bullion houses Deutsche Bank HSBC Scotia Mocatta and Societe Generale used the agreed rate as a price benchmark for gold products and derivatives in the world s markets The chairperson traditionally appointed by the Rothschild bank sat in the center although the bank itself has largely withdrawn from trading The five members of the London Bullion Association Barclays Capital Deutsche Bank Scotiabank HSBC and Societe Generale now conduct their twice daily meetings over the telephone The meetings were a tradition as great as the ringing of the bell at the New York Stock Exchange until 2004 22 French history Paris Orleans edit 19th century edit Main article Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris a Orleans The Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris a Orleans was founded in 1838 as a railway company after several takeovers and a merger with the Chemins de fer du Midi it had about 11 000 km 6 800 mi of track and was one of the major railway companies in France In 1938 it was nationalised along with five other railway undertakings to form the national state railway company SNCF 23 20th century edit nbsp Logo of Rothschild prior to 2015 rebrandingAfter the Second World War the French branch of the Rothschild family took over the remains of Paris Orleans and transformed it into a holding company for its banking activities and corporate investments These mainly included the Banque Rothschild Bank SGIM property company the SIACI insurance the Francarep oil company and the SGDBR wineries now Domaines Barons de Rothschild DBR 24 By 1980 the Paris business employed about 2 000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs 5 billion in the currency rates of 1980 25 The Socialist French government of Francois Mitterrand nationalized the Banque Rothschild and renamed it Compagnie Europeenne de Banque in 1981 26 In 1983 David de Rothschild and Eric de Rothschild recapitalized the family s business just as their ancestors had done in the prior century under the name Paris Orleans as it was banned from using the family name until 1986 27 at which time the firm was renamed Rothschild amp Cie Banque 28 Modern history and recent events edit Anglo French Rothschild merger edit In 2003 the English N M Rothschild amp Sons and French Rothschild amp Cie Banque firms announced plans to merge under the leadership of David R de Rothschild Paris Orleans SCA became the flagship holding company of the family business of Rothschild Although Paris Orleans is listed on the exchange the family retains control of the firm 29 30 After the merger of the banking activities Paris Orleans SCA became the sole owner Concordia BV which controls Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG which controls the Rothschild Group s banking activities 31 By 2011 the firm had merged operations and was unified 32 Recent history edit nbsp Current Logo of Rothschild amp Co 2015 In 2007 Rothschild formed joint venture Jardine Rothschild Asia Capital with Jardine Strategic specializing in growth capital investments 33 In 2010 the firm appointed the first non family member chief executive officer Nigel Higgins 34 In 2011 the firm rebranded from N M Rothschild amp Sons to Rothschild amp Co 35 The goal of this was to show a new global positioning as the fulcrum of the Financial Market 36 In 2015 the parent company Paris Orleans changed its name to Rothschild amp Co to match the trade name of the business 37 In 2017 Rothschild amp Co acquired the family controlled French private bank Martin Maurel 38 This merger united the businesses of two European financial families After the acquisition Rothschild amp Co became the leading private bank in France 39 In 2018 Rothschild amp Co sold its trust services division responsible for the creation and administration of trust structures to Richard Martin 40 a long time Rothschild executive for an undisclosed amount This restructuring of Rothschild s Wealth Management practice allowed the firm to focus more on its private banking activities from the recent purchase and integration of Rothschild Martin Maurel 38 In 2019 the firm acquired a stake in Redburn 41 a global financial services firm that provides research in various coverage sectors and brokerage execution services for traditional and algorithmic sales and trading 42 In 2022 Wintrust announced a deal to acquire the U S asset management arm of Rothschild which held around 8 billion in assets under management at the time 43 In 2023 the Rothschild family announced its intention to take Rothschild amp Co private by repurchasing the shares listed on stock exchanges 44 45 The transaction values the firm at 3 7bn 46 and would end several decades of the firm being publicly listed 47 Operations editRothschild amp Co has three primary businesses Global Advisory Investment Banking Division Wealth and Asset Management and Merchant Banking Global Advisory Investment Banking Division edit The banking business is structured as follows 48 M amp A and Strategic Advisory Debt Advisory and Restructuring Equity Advisory and Capital MarketsRothschild amp Co is consistently in the top 10 global investment banks for mergers and acquisitions M amp A advisory by Thomson Reuters by both number and size of deals 49 In 2018 as with previous years the firm ranked 1st globally and 1st in Europe by number of completed M amp A transactions 50 Wealth and Asset Management editRothschild amp Co s wealth management practice stems on wealth preservation through generations just as the Rothschild family has done for over two centuries The words of one of Mayer Amschel Rothschild s sons and founder of Rothschild amp Co still illustrate the service provided to clients It takes a great deal of boldness and a great deal of caution to make a great fortune and when you have got it it requires ten times as much wit to keep it Nathan Mayer Rothschild 51 Merchant Banking edit Merchant banking is the investment arm of Rothschild amp Co deploying the firm s capital alongside private and institutional investors The portfolio is in excess of 8 billion 52 Vineyards edit Historically the Rothschild family has owned many Bordeaux vineyards since 1868 Les Domaines Barons de Rothschild Lafite and Champagne Barons de Rothschild are some of the wineries owned in part by Rothschild amp Co 53 54 Corporate culture edit Rothschild amp Co has a unique culture in part due to its more than two century history and the firm still remaining under family control 55 The firm s new analyst education program in London for instance lasts nearly two months 56 New Court headquarters edit nbsp Fourth iteration of New CourtMain article New Court Rothschild amp Co s headquarters in London have been continuously located at New Court St Swithin s Lane London for over two centuries After acquiring the lease in 1809 57 the firm continued to grow In 1865 a new building designed by Thomas Marsh Nelson in the Italian palazzo style was created at the same site 58 This building served as the headquarters for Rothschild through both world wars In 1962 the firm demolished and rebuilt its New Court headquarters for a third time at the suggestion of Evelyn Robert de Rothschild 59 In 2005 the firm decided to create a fourth iteration of the building that opens up views of St Stephen Walbrook church from its lobby and views of the London skyline from a roof top sky pavilion designed by Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture OMA 60 61 Controversies and legal issues editJurg Heer scandal edit Jurg Heer worked for Rothschild Bank AG since October 2018 Rothschild amp Co Bank AG in Zurich for more than twenty years the last nine as its credit manager He was dismissed in June 1992 Heer was accused of taking kickbacks of more than US 20 million in exchange for making unsecured and unapproved loans to the German and Canadian real estate magnate Karsten von Wersebe resulting in a loss of US 155 million to the bank In 1998 in the district court of Zurich Heer confessed that he embezzled about US 33 million from Rothschild Bank AG between 1986 and 1992 62 63 The Rothschild family committed CHF 150 million to supporting its bank in recovering from one of the then largest financial frauds in Switzerland 64 NM Rothschild amp Sons Ltd vs Rothschild amp Co UK Ltd edit On 27 January 2009 NM Rothschild amp Sons Ltd filed under s 69 1 b of the UK Companies Act 2006 for a change of name of the respondent company Rothschild amp Co UK Ltd which had been registered since 31 October 2008 The Company Names Tribunal found for the applicant and ordered the respondent to change its name or else have its name changed by the adjudicator as well as to pay the applicant s costs 65 Von Schonau Riedweg vs Rothschild Bank AG amp others 2012 present edit On 20 December 2012 Rothschild Bank AG brought suit against its client Corinna von Schonau Riedweg in Switzerland seeking a declaration that the bank had no liability with respect to the private equity transactions recommended by Rothschild Bank s former employee Wilfrid von Plotho 66 As a reaction to this suit von Schonau brought suit in the Superior Court in Boston USA against Rothschild Bank AG Rothschild Trust Schweiz AG Wilfrid von Plotho and others In December 2014 a separate and final judgment over US 15 million against von Plotho and his Panamanian offshore company ARA Management was entered in force neither von Plotho nor ARA Management appealed from that judgment 66 In June 2019 the Appeals Court of Massachusetts Boston decided that von Schonau s suit against Rothschild Bank should be revived as she had made a showing that Wilfrid von Plotho she claims caused her millions of dollars to lose was Rothschild Bank s agent in Switzerland as well as in the USA 67 Penalty of USD 11 510 000 Non Prosecution Agreement with the U S Department of Justice 2013 2015 edit According to the Non Prosecution Agreement with the U S Department of Justice Tax Division of June 2015 Rothschild Bank now Rothschild amp Co Bank AG admitted that it had 66 U S related accounts held by entities created in Panama Liechtenstein British Virgin Islands or other foreign countries with U S beneficial owners Knowing it was highly probable that the U S clients were engaging in schemes to avoid U S taxes Rothschild Bank permitted the accounts to trade in U S securities without reporting account earnings or transmitting any withholding taxes to the IRS 68 Of the U S related accounts with an aggregate maximum balance of approximately US 836 million had U S beneficial owners representing approx 5 of the aggregate maximum balance of Rothschild Bank s total assets under management during the period in question 68 In recognition of its illegal conduct Rothschild Bank agreed to pay US 11 510 000 as a penalty to the U S Department of Justice without having to admit any guilt in the matter 69 70 1MDB Malaysian sovereign wealth fund scandal 2015 present edit Main article 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal Rothschild Bank AG since October 2018 renamed Rothschild amp Co Bank AG a subsidiary of Rothschild amp Co 71 broke anti money laundering rules in 1MDB case according to Swiss prosecutiors 72 In July 2018 the Swiss Financial Market Authority FINMA concluded final 1MDB proceedings in which Rothschild Bank AG and its subsidiary Rothschild Trust Schweiz AG have been found to be in serious breach of money laundering rules in the context of 1 MDB The FINMA appointed an audit agent to review enhancements already put in place by Rothschild Bank FINMA stated that Rothschild Bank and Rothschild Trust were found to be in breach of due diligence reporting and documentation requirements Although there were early indications that this client could be involved in money laundering activities the institutions decided nevertheless to enter into the relationship and at a later stage considerably expand it 73 The 1MDB fraud saw billions of dollars siphoned off from the sovereign wealth fund into the pockets of corrupt officials 74 75 Dispute between Rothschild amp Co and Edmond de Rothschild Group edit After Paris Orleans was renamed to Rothschild amp Co the Swiss based Edmond de Rothschild Group disputed the use of the family name for branding purposes Until their settlement Rothschild amp Co and the Edmond de Rothschild Group were cross shareholders in each other s business further complicating the matter In 2018 the two sides of the family resolved the dispute 76 Marjorie Taylor Greene space laser accusation edit In January 2021 US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene R GA was reported to have made a Facebook post blaming Rothschild Inc among others for using space solar generators to ignite the 2018 Camp Fire one of California s deadliest and most destructive wildfires 77 Notable current and former employees editMany notable people including heads of state CEOs and billionaires have been involved with the firm This partial list excludes the many notable members of the Rothschild family who have worked at the family firm 78 Business edit Rene Pierre Azria Director of Jarden Corporation managing director of Blackstone Indosuez Claude Arpels heir to Van Cleef amp Arpels Dominic Barton Worldwide Managing Director of McKinsey amp Company Franco Bernabe CEO of Telecom Italia Director of PetroChina Michel de Carvalho Vice chairman of Investment Banking of Citigroup Director of Heineken International Jose Maria Castellano CEO of Inditex Group Sir John Collins CEO of Shell UK Chairman of National Power Alfonso Cortina chairman and CEO of Repsol Douglas Daft chairman and CEO of The Coca Cola Company Director of The McGraw Hill Companies Dudley Eustace Chairman of The Nielsen Company Vice chairman of Royal Philips Electronics Pehr G Gyllenhammar Chairman of Aviva Founder of European Round Table of Industrialists Jay Hambro CIO of Petropavlovsk plc CEO of Aricom Sir Graham Hearne Deputy Chairman of Gallaher Group chairman and CEO of Enterprise Oil Henry Keswick Chairman of Jardine Matheson Holdings Director of Mandarin Oriental James Lawrence Chairman of L E K Consulting CFO of Unilever Lord Leach of Fairford Director of Jardine Matheson Holdings Chairman of Open Europe Sir Carl Meyer Deputy Chairman of De Beers Governor of the National Bank of Egypt Baron Moser Chairman of British Museum Chairman Economist Intelligence Unit Paul Myners Chairman of Guardian Media Group Chairman of Marks amp Spencer Jonathan Oppenheimer Director of E Oppenheimer amp Son Ltd Robert S Pirie Senior Managing Director of Bear Stearns amp Co Gerald Rosenfeld Head of Investment Banking of Lazard Wilbur Ross investor billionaire and former United States Secretary of Commerce Trevor C Rowe Director of the Australian Securities Exchange Chairman of United Group Chairman of Queensland Investment Corporation QIC Anthony Salz Senior Partner of Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Acting Chairman of Board of Governors of the BBC Peter Smith Chairman of Coopers amp Lybrand Chairman of Savills Baron Vallance of Tummel Vice chairman of Royal Bank of Scotland Chairman of British Telecom Jeremy Weir CEO of Trafigura Sian Westerman Co chair of the BFC Fashion Trust and Trustee of the Royal Academy TrustPolitics and public service edit Thierry Breton French Minister of Economy Finance and Industry 2005 2007 Gerhard Schroder Chancellor of Germany 1998 2005 Liam Byrne Minister of State at the Home Office 2006 2010 Minister of State at Her Majesty s Treasury 2008 2010 Baron George Governor of the Bank of England 1993 2003 John Kingman Chief Executive of UK Financial Investments Baron Lamont Member of the British Parliament 1972 1997 Chancellor of the Exchequer 1990 93 Anthony Nelson Member of the British Parliament 1974 1997 Economic Secretary to the Treasury 1992 94 Sir Edwin Leather Member of the British Parliament 1950 1964 Governor of Bermuda 1973 1977 Oliver Letwin Chairman of the Conservative Research Department Minister of State for Policy Emmanuel Macron President of France and Co Prince of Andorra 2017 present Rene Mayer Prime Minister of France 1953 Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 2007 present Georges Pompidou Prime Minister of France 1962 1968 President of the French Republic and Co Prince of Andorra 1969 1974 John Redwood Member of the British Parliament 1987 present Jacob Rees Mogg Member of the British Parliament 2010 present Felix Rohatyn United States Ambassador to France 1997 2000 Goh Keng Swee Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore 1973 1984 Minister of Finance of Singapore 1959 1965 1967 1970 Baron Wakeham Leader of the House of Lords 1992 1994 Leader of the House of Commons 1987 1989 John Whittingdale British PoliticianArmed forces edit Field Marshal Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank Chief of the General Staff 1994 1997 Chief of the Defence Staff 1997 2001 See also edit nbsp Banks portal nbsp Companies portalRothschild family Rothschild banking family of FranceReferences edit a b c d Rothschild amp Co www rothschildandco com Retrieved 30 July 2019 Supervisory Board Rothschild amp Co Investor Relations Alexandre de Rothschild a b c d e f Full year 2020 results PDF Rothschild amp Co Retrieved 29 March 2021 Exhibitions Rothschild Timeline The Rothschild Archive www rothschildarchive org Retrieved 20 May 2019 No 51578 The London Gazette Supplement 30 December 1988 p 2 Gray Victor Aspey Melanie May 2006 2004 Rothschild Nathan Mayer 1777 1836 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 24162 Retrieved 21 May 2007 Subscription or UK public library membership required Brief history of the London house N M Rothschild amp Sons Rothschild Archive Retrieved 8 January 2021 a b Ferguson Niall 1999 The House of Rothschild The World s Banker 1849 1999 Viking p 479 ISBN 978 0 670 88794 1 N M Rothschild amp Sons the UK based investment bank founded in 1811 known as Rothschild www truedemocracy net Retrieved 21 May 2019 Rothschild and Freshfields founders had links to slavery papers reveal Financial Times 26 June 2009 Rothschilds gained less from slavery than from financing its abolition Financial Times 30 June 2009 Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 PDF HM Government Retrieved 7 May 2018 Cultivating good habits PDF Quarterly Letter London Rothschild Private Wealth p 5 Retrieved 27 March 2020 Mayer s five sons came to be known as the Five Arrows a symbol of their successes in Europe s leading economic centres of the time Today Rothschild amp Co and bottles of Rothschild wine wear the mark of the Five Arrows a reminder of the shared heritage and ownership of both these businesses Cross William Baron Alfred Charles de Rothschild Retrieved 11 February 2018 Kynaston David 1995 The City Of London Volume 1 A World of its Own 1815 1890 Pimlico ISBN 978 0712662000 BrokerCheck Find a broker investment or financial advisor brokercheck finra org Retrieved 21 May 2019 How Rothschild Inc Saved Donald Trump Philosophy of Metrics 21 June 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2018 Rothschild amp Co Names Homer Parkhill and Stephen Antinelli as Co Heads of Restructuring in North America PR Newswire 30 October 2017 Retrieved 11 February 2018 O Sullivan Brian 2018 From Crisis to Crisis The Transformation of Merchant Banking 1914 1939 Springer International Publishing p 341 ISBN 978 3319966984 Paris Orleans Annual report 2009 2010 PDF Paris orleans com Retrieved 30 July 2010 Rothschild to leave gold market BBC 15 April 2004 Retrieved 11 February 2018 Chen Zhenhua Haynes Kingsley 2015 Chinese Railways un the Era of High Speed Emerald Publishing p 179 ISBN 978 1784419844 History Domaines Barons de Rothschild Retrieved 20 May 2019 RPT French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98 Reuters Thu 14 June 2007 12 26 pm EDT Ibrahim Youssef M 27 October 1996 Restoring The House of Rothschild The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Lewis Paul 14 June 2007 Baron Guy de Rothschild Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty Dies at 98 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Baron Guy de Rothschild Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty Dies at 98 The New York Times Thu 14 June 2007 Banking activities organisation chart of Rothschild Paris orleans com Paris Orleans Annual report 2007 2008 PDF Paris orleans com Retrieved 31 July 2008 Rothschild family realigns London and Paris bank operations The Independent 8 July 2003 Retrieved 11 February 2018 Wilson Harry 5 April 2012 Rothschilds to merge British and French banking operations to secure control Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Jardines 2000 2009 Jardines com Retrieved 20 July 2017 Rothschild to appoint first non family chief Financial Times 10 February 2010 Retrieved 3 March 2020 Armitstead Louise 4 February 2011 Rothschild rebrand drops investment banking after 200 years The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 20 May 2019 OnionEye Branding for Rothschild Banking MICHAEL WINTER CREATIVE Retrieved 20 May 2019 Broom Giles 24 September 2015 Battle of the Rothschilds in Paris as Name Grab Sparks Complaint www bloomberg com Retrieved 20 May 2019 a b Bray Chad 6 June 2016 Rothschild amp Company to Acquire Compagnie Financiere Martin Maurel The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Valentini Fabio 6 June 2016 Rothschild amp Co Buying Martin Maurel to Expand in France www bloomberg com Retrieved 21 May 2019 Rothschild to sell trust services business Reuters 24 October 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Rothschild buys minority stake in equity research firm Redburn Reuters 17 July 2019 Retrieved 12 August 2019 About Redburn Redburn Retrieved 12 August 2019 Wintrust to buy Rothschild s U S money management unit 15 November 2022 Rosemain Mathieu Cerqueiro Pablo Mayo Cerqueiro Pablo Mayo 6 February 2023 Rothschild family to take Paris listed investment bank private Reuters Retrieved 13 April 2023 A handful of the richest families in Europe including the owners of Chanel and Peugeot are putting up almost 4 billion to take the Rothschild amp Co bank private Fortune Retrieved 13 April 2023 Rothschild family plans to take investment bank private Financial Times 6 February 2023 Retrieved 13 April 2023 Rothschild Family to Take Bank Private in 4 Billion Deal Bloomberg com 6 February 2023 Retrieved 13 April 2023 Global Advisory Rothschild amp Co www rothschildandco com Retrieved 20 May 2019 Thomson Reuters 2011 League Table Archived 2011 04 09 at the Wayback Machine Rothschild amp Co 2018 Availability of the 2018 Annual Report www rothschildandco com Retrieved 21 May 2019 Quotes Forbes Retrieved 20 May 2019 Merchant Banking Rothschild amp Co www rothschildandco com Retrieved 21 May 2019 Rothschild amp Co Champagne Barons De Rothschild Retrieved 21 May 2019 The Paris banking house Guide to the Archive guide to the archive rothschildarchive org Retrieved 21 May 2019 Grant James Why Rothschild is good for graduates Weavee Retrieved 20 May 2019 Rothschild amp Co Careers Career development www rothschildandco com Retrieved 21 May 2019 The Business Business premises The Rothschild Archive www rothschildarchive org Retrieved 21 May 2019 The Business Business premises The Rothschild Archive www rothschildarchive org Retrieved 21 May 2019 The Business Business premises The Rothschild Archive www rothschildarchive org Retrieved 21 May 2019 The Business Business premises The Rothschild Archive www rothschildarchive org Retrieved 21 May 2019 New Court Rothschild Bank OMA Retrieved 21 May 2019 Fall guy or wise guy Swiss private banker Juerg Heer www nypress com Retrieved 14 August 2019 Pleiten Im Nirwana Spiegel Online Vol 9 27 February 1995 Retrieved 14 August 2019 Rothschilds prop up Zurich bank The Independent 23 September 1992 Retrieved 14 August 2019 NM Rothschild amp Sons Ltd v Rothschild amp Co UK Ltd Retrieved 20 September 2014 a b Von Schonau Riedweg v Rothschild Bank No 17 P 787 Casetext casetext com Retrieved 14 August 2019 Sabrosky C W 1970 The case of Papilio aglaja Linnaeus Z N S 1791 The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 27 69 doi 10 5962 bhl part 29400 ISSN 0007 5167 a b Letter from the US Department of Justice Retrieved 12 April 2023 Wood Robert W Rothschild Bank Enters Deferred Prosecution Agreement Triggering More IRS Disclosures Forbes Retrieved 14 August 2019 Re Rothschild Bank US Department of Justice Retrieved 13 March 2020 Swiss regulator Rothschild Bank AG broke anti moneylaundering Reuters 20 July 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Swiss regulator Rothschild Bank AG broke anti moneylaundering Reuters 20 July 2018 Retrieved 21 May 2019 FINMA Eidgenossische Finanzmarktaufsicht FINMA concludes final 1MDB proceedings Eidgenossische Finanzmarktaufsicht FINMA Retrieved 14 August 2019 swissinfo ch S W I Corporation a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Rothschild bank sanctioned for role in 1MDB scandal SWI swissinfo ch Retrieved 14 August 2019 Rothschild Bank Vorschriften gegen Geldwascherei missachtet finews ch in German 20 July 2018 Retrieved 14 August 2019 Kostov Nick 29 June 2018 Rothschilds End Family Feud Over Use of Name in Banking Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Marjorie Taylor Greene blamed deadly forest fire on Rothschilds and space lasers Times of Israel Retrieved 18 October 2022 Versicherungsmakler Kassel halili de in German Retrieved 30 January 2021 Further reading editFerguson Niall 1999 The House of Rothschild Volume 1 Money s Prophets 1798 1848 New York Penguin Group ISBN 978 0 14 024084 9 Ferguson Niall 2000 The House of Rothschild Volume 2 The World s Banker 1849 1999 New York Penguin Group ISBN 978 0 14 028662 5 Ferguson Niall 2000 The Cash Nexus Money and Power in the Modern World 1700 2000 New York Penguin Group ISBN 978 0 465 02325 7 Kaplan Herbert H 2006 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty The Critical Years 1806 1816 Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 5165 0 External links editRothschild Rothschild amp Co Official site of the Rothschild Archive Domaines Barons de Rothschild Chateau Lafite Rothschild Winery company partly held by Rothschild amp Co Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rothschild 26 Co amp oldid 1180202864, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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