This article is about the historical city. For Moxel, see Ancient Noronshasht.
Mukhshi (Tatar: Muxşa, Mukhsha, Naruçat, Naruchat, Moksha: νορονσαστ, romanized: Noronshasht, lit. 'IPA ['noronʲʃɑʃtʲ]', Turki: نرنجاط, Nurinjat IPA [nurinˈdʒɑt])[3]) was the capital city of Murunza and capital of the Golden Horde in the 14th century during the reign of Öz Beg Khan and his official residence.[4] It was the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and one of the Golden Horde centres of coinage. In the 15th century the city lost its importance and declined. The ruins (buildings of bricks, stone baths, Muslim graves) are situated in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the upper stream of Moksha River.
The city foundation date is unknown. The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha.[7] According to Iosif Cherapkin the first name of the city Noronshasht in Middle Moksha means 'former bog place covered with grass'.[8] The city is often referred to as Mukhsha or Mukhshi which in fact was the name of the ulusMukhsha (after the name of Mokshaland), the official city name used in the Mongol period was Nurinjat [a].[9][10]
Mukhsha Ulusedit
Mukhsha became the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and residence of Öz Beg Khan in 1313–1342. In 1313-1367 the city minted dangs, dirhams and pūls. Destroyed by Timur in 1395. In 16th century in Nurindzhat attested private and public baths, running water, sewerage, underfloor heating. The streets were paved with stones, there were fountains with drinking water, cathedral mosque, tavern (teahouse), inns, caravanserai, palace, houses and mausoleums of stone, Muslim cemetery (Noronshasht gravefield). There were 3 potteries with ancient forges and a brick factory. Every brick made in Mukhshi had a special tamga. There was an artisan quarter with numerous workshops. Residential quarters partly lay nowadays under the rural locality Narovchat. Northwest of Narovchat lays another gravefield (old cemetery), divided into Muslim ([b] named so by later Russian population due to round foundations of mausoluems ruins) and presumably "Pagan" areas. 4 mausoleums and probably a mosque and a minaret ruins were found in the "Mosque field"[11][12] The Medieval city ruins were discovered by Russian archeologist Aleksandr Krotkov in 1915.
Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture) by Stefan Kamola, Edinburgh University Press; 1st edition (August 14, 2019), ISBN978-1474421423
Krotkov, Aleksandr (1923), In Search Of Mukhshi. Saratov University History, Archeology and Ethnography Society (in Russian), Saratov{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Lebedev, Vitaly (1957), Mysterious City Mokhshi (in Russian), Penza{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Lebedev, Vitaly (1958), Excavations Description. Archeologist Vitaly Lebedev's works (in Russian), Penza{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Ikonnikov, Dmitry; Baisheva, Marina (2018), "Golden Horde City Mokhshi Topography in 13-14th Centuries", Вестник Пензенского Государственного Университета (in Russian), 1 (21), Penza State University Review: 82–90
Madurov, Dmitry (2012), "Great City" Localization In The Light Of 1184 Events Reconstruction. Statehood Of East Bulghars between 9th and 13th centuries (in Russian), Cheboksary: Taus
Abp. of Don and Novocherkassk, Makarīĭ (1857), Monuments Of Church Antiquities. Nizhny Novgorod Governorate (in Russian), Sankt Peterburg: Synodal Typography
Ikonnikov, Dmitry; Karev, Igor; Baisheva, Maria (2019), "Narovchat Settlement in 14th Century: Historiography Review", Вестник Пензенского Государственного Университета (in Russian), 1 (25), Penza: Penza State University: 12–19
Zakiryanov, Kairat (2013), Тюркская сага Чингисхана и КЗ-фактор: документальное исследование [The Turkic Saga of Jenghiz Khan & КZ-factor: Documented Research] (in Russian), ISBN9786010625365
mukhsha, this, article, about, historical, city, moxel, ancient, noronshasht, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find,. This article is about the historical city For Moxel see Ancient Noronshasht This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mukhsha news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Mukhshi Tatar Muxsa Mukhsha Narucat Naruchat Moksha noronsast romanized Noronshasht lit IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ Turki نرنجاط Nurinjat IPA nurinˈdʒɑt 3 was the capital city of Murunza and capital of the Golden Horde in the 14th century during the reign of Oz Beg Khan and his official residence 4 It was the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and one of the Golden Horde centres of coinage In the 15th century the city lost its importance and declined The ruins buildings of bricks stone baths Muslim graves are situated in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the upper stream of Moksha River Muxsi MuxsaNoronshasht IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ Solumn chapiter of Ozbeg Khan reign periodLocation of the site within RussiaShow map of Penza OblastMukhsha European Russia Show map of European RussiaAlternative nameTurki ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ Nurinjat IPA nurinˈdʒɑt LocationPenza Oblast RussiaRegionMukhsha UlusCoordinates53 50 57 N 43 44 15 E 53 8493 N 43 7374 E 53 8493 43 7374 1 2 TypecityLength2000Width900HistoryAbandoned1600sPeriodsMedievalCulturesSaltovo MayakiSatellite ofGolden HordeAssociated withMongolsEventsMongol Takeover in 1237 Destruction by Timur in 1395Site notesExcavation dates1923 1927ArchaeologistsAleksandr KrotkovConditionIn ruinsCity of Mukhsha in the middle of the Golden Horde Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Foundation and name 1 3 Mukhsha Ulus 1 4 Volga Trade Route 2 Literature 2 1 References 2 2 Notes 2 3 Footnotes 2 4 Sources 3 External links 4 See alsoHistory editEarly history edit Main article Ancient Noronshasht Noronshasht was the capital of Medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza 5 Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of the king Puresh 6 Noronshasht was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237 Foundation and name edit The city foundation date is unknown The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha 7 According to Iosif Cherapkin the first name of the city Noronshasht in Middle Moksha means former bog place covered with grass 8 The city is often referred to as Mukhsha or Mukhshi which in fact was the name of the ulus Mukhsha after the name of Mokshaland the official city name used in the Mongol period was Nurinjat a 9 10 Mukhsha Ulus edit Mukhsha became the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and residence of Oz Beg Khan in 1313 1342 In 1313 1367 the city minted dangs dirhams and puls Destroyed by Timur in 1395 In 16th century in Nurindzhat attested private and public baths running water sewerage underfloor heating The streets were paved with stones there were fountains with drinking water cathedral mosque tavern teahouse inns caravanserai palace houses and mausoleums of stone Muslim cemetery Noronshasht gravefield There were 3 potteries with ancient forges and a brick factory Every brick made in Mukhshi had a special tamga There was an artisan quarter with numerous workshops Residential quarters partly lay nowadays under the rural locality Narovchat Northwest of Narovchat lays another gravefield old cemetery divided into Muslim b named so by later Russian population due to round foundations of mausoluems ruins and presumably Pagan areas 4 mausoleums and probably a mosque and a minaret ruins were found in the Mosque field 11 12 The Medieval city ruins were discovered by Russian archeologist Aleksandr Krotkov in 1915 Volga Trade Route edit In 14th century Mukhshi played an important role on trade route from Don to Black sea Principality of Theodoro and Genoese Gazaria colonies in Crimea 13 Literature editMaking Mongol History Rashid al Din and the Jamiʿ al Tawarikh Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture by Stefan Kamola Edinburgh University Press 1st edition August 14 2019 ISBN 978 1474421423 Golubev O V Mokhshi Coinage Penza 2020 Muxsa Tatar Encyclopaedia in Tatar Kazan The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia 2002 References edit Lebedev 1958 pp 11 16 19 Ikonnikov amp Baisheva 2018 Lebedev 1957 Zakiryanov 2013 Karamzin N M Istoriya gosudarstva Rossijskogo v 12 tomah SPb Tip N Grecha 1816 1829 Laurentian Codex 1377 Russian National Library Saint Petersburg Lebedev 1957 Krotkov 1923 Lebedev 1957 Lebedev 1958 Krotkov 1923 Ikonnikov amp Baisheva 2018 Ikonnikov Karev amp Baisheva 2019 Notes edit Footnotes edit Turki ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ Nurinjat IPA nurinˈdʒɑt Russian Mizgitnoe pole romanized Mizgtnoye field lit Mosque field Sources edit Krotkov Aleksandr 1923 In Search Of Mukhshi Saratov University History Archeology and Ethnography Society in Russian Saratov a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lebedev Vitaly 1957 Mysterious City Mokhshi in Russian Penza a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lebedev Vitaly 1958 Excavations Description Archeologist Vitaly Lebedev s works in Russian Penza a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Ikonnikov Dmitry Baisheva Marina 2018 Golden Horde City Mokhshi Topography in 13 14th Centuries Vestnik Penzenskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta in Russian 1 21 Penza State University Review 82 90 Madurov Dmitry 2012 Great City Localization In The Light Of 1184 Events Reconstruction Statehood Of East Bulghars between 9th and 13th centuries in Russian Cheboksary Taus Abp of Don and Novocherkassk Makariĭ 1857 Monuments Of Church Antiquities Nizhny Novgorod Governorate in Russian Sankt Peterburg Synodal Typography Ikonnikov Dmitry Karev Igor Baisheva Maria 2019 Narovchat Settlement in 14th Century Historiography Review Vestnik Penzenskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta in Russian 1 25 Penza Penza State University 12 19 Zakiryanov Kairat 2013 Tyurkskaya saga Chingishana i KZ faktor dokumentalnoe issledovanie The Turkic Saga of Jenghiz Khan amp KZ factor Documented Research in Russian ISBN 9786010625365External links editThe Golden Horde coinageSee also editMokshas Golden Horde Mukhsha Ulus Middle Volga region Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mukhsha amp oldid 1215619583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
