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Ancient Noronshasht

December 15, 2023

This article is about the historical city. For Russian Fort Narovchat, see Narovchat, Narovchatsky District, Penza Oblast.

Noronshasht (Moksha: νορονςαςτ, romanized: Noronshasht, lit. 'IPA ['noronʲʃɑʃtʲ]', Arabic:كبير IPA ['ka.biːr])[4]) was the large trade hub on the Silk Road and capital city of Moxel in 1230-1237. It was the administrative center of Murunza and one of the centres of coinage. In 1237 century the city was taken over by Batu Khan and became the capital of the Golden Horde. The ruins (buildings of stone, fortifications, Pagan cemetery) are in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the confluence of Sheldais and Moksha River.

Noronshasht
νορονσαστ, Noronshasht IPA [,noronʲ'ʃɑʃtʲ]
Kabeer on Al-Idrisi World map 804/1154 A.D.
Location of the site within Russia
Ancient Noronshasht (European Russia)
Alternative nameArabic:كبير IPA ['ka.biːr][3]
LocationPenza Oblast, Russia
RegionMoxel
Coordinates53°50′57″N 43°44′15″E / 53.8493°N 43.7374°E / 53.8493; 43.7374[1][2]
TypeCultural
Length2000
Width900
History
Materialstone
Foundedbefore 7th c AD
Abandoned1600s
PeriodsEarly Middle Ages
CulturesSaltovo-Mayaki
Satellite ofKhazar Khaganate (since 8th c.)
EventsMongol Takeover in 1237
Site notes
Excavation dates1923-1927
ArchaeologistsAleksandr Krotkov
ConditionIn ruins
ManagementPenza Oblast Authority
Websitemuseum-nar.penz.muzkult.ru
Moxel capital city in Moxel in 13th c.

Foundation and etymology edit

The city foundation date is unknown. The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha.[5] According to Iosif Cherapkin the ancient name of the city was Noronshasht in Middle Moksha means 'former bog place covered with grass'.[6] The city lay in a lowland on a former bog place. First mention of the city is al-Idrisi's map under the name Kabir (Great) in early version of 1154.[7] After 13th c he city was often referred to as Mukhsha or Mukhshi which in fact was the name of the ulus Mukhsha of the Golden Horde (after the name of Mokshaland), the official city name used in the Mongol period was Nurinjat [a].[8][9]

History edit

Noronshasht was the capital of Medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza.[10] Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of its king Puresh.[11] Noronshasht was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237. In ancient period attested private and public baths, running water, sewerage, underfloor heating. The streets were paved with stones, there were fountains with drinking water, inns, royal palace, houses of stone. There were potteries with ancient forges. There was an artisan quarter with numerous workshops. Residential quarters partly lay nowadays under the rural locality Narovchat. Northwest of Narovchat lays the gravefield (Pagan cemetery)[12][13]

Coinage edit

Main article: Mordovka

Yarmaq still means money in contemporary Moksha language[14] and shelegs might be minted in Noronshasht as well.[15]

 
Pax Khazarica sheleg coin minted between 830 and 840 AD
 
Erzya silver shelik probably minted in Noronshasht

Other coins names were valf[b], oka (gold), variaftom ([c], variavne [d], and sere/serene[e].[16]

Architecture edit

 
Animal style mask found in Sernya. Saltovo-Mayaki culture. Gold-finished bronze. ca. 2nd century AD
 
"Mokshan lions" in inner decor of Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, Vladimir

Moksha lions edit

Ethnologists and historians state that there is a connection between Mokshaland animal style archeological findings and early Russian reliefs especially so called "smiling lions" in inner decor of Cathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir. They believe similar "Mokshan lions" might have preserved in Ancient Noronshasht and Sernya stone buildings if the cities had not been destroyed in Middle ages. The animal style dates back to Scythian art and prominent for Saltovo-Mayaki culture. Schapov explains this by the fact that brother of Andrew the Pious Vsevolod the Big Nest had married to Russian: ясыня, romanized: yasinya, lit. 'Alanian' princess Maria (Shvarnovna). Artisans who performed this unique for Russia style came together with her and they were Alans who share Animal style with Mokshas[17][18] Larionov also mentions animal style in Church of the Intercession on the Nerl of Andrew the Pious and Cathedral of the Nativity in Suzdal.[19]

Discovery and Excavations edit

The Medieval city ruins were discovered by Russian archeologist Aleksandr Krotkov in 1915.

Museum-reserve edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lebedev 1958, pp. 11, 16, 19
  2. ^ Ikonnikov & Baisheva 2018
  3. ^ Madurov 2012
  4. ^ Lebedev 1957
  5. ^ Lebedev 1957
  6. ^ Krotkov 1923
  7. ^ Madurov 2012
  8. ^ Lebedev 1957
  9. ^ Lebedev 1958
  10. ^ Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского: в 12 томах. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829
  11. ^ Laurentian Codex, 1377, Russian National Library, Saint-Petersburg
  12. ^ Krotkov 1923
  13. ^ Ikonnikov & Baisheva 2018
  14. ^ Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
  15. ^ Golubev 2020
  16. ^ Cherapkin 1929, p. 14
  17. ^ Schapov 2013, pp. 16–17
  18. ^ Larionov 2019
  19. ^ Larionov 2019.

Notes edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Turki ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat IPA [nurinˈdʒɑt]
  2. ^ later equal to Russian rouble
  3. ^ lit.: 'not holed'
  4. ^ lit.: 'holed', probably later equal to Russian kopeck, more cheap
  5. ^ copper coin

Sources edit

  • Krotkov, Aleksandr (1923), In Search Of Mukhshi. Saratov University History, Archeology and Ethnography Society (in Russian), Saratov{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lebedev, Vitaly (1957), Mysterious City Mokhshi (in Russian), Penza{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lebedev, Vitaly (1958), Excavations Description. Archeologist Vitaly Lebedev's works (in Russian), Penza{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Ikonnikov, Dmitry; Baisheva, Marina (2018), "Golden Horde City Mokhshi Topography in 13-14th Centuries", Вестник Пензенского Государственного Университета (in Russian), Penza State University Review, 1 (21): 82–90
  • Madurov, Dmitry (2012), "Great City" Localization In The Light Of 1184 Events Reconstruction. Statehood Of East Bulghars between 9th and 13th centuries (in Russian), Cheboksary: Taus
  • Schapov, V.A. (2013), Clan Symbol (in Russian), Penza{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Larionov, Vladimir (2019). From The Second Jerusalem To The Third Rome. Sacred Tstardom Symbols. Ideocratic Paradigm Genesis In Russian Culture in between 11th and 13th centuries (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5041862824.
  • Serebrenikov, B.A.; Feoktistov, A.P.; Polyakov, O.Y., eds. (1998) [First published 1998]. Moksha-Russian Dictionary (in Russian). Digora. ISBN 5-200-02012-3.
  • Golubev, O.V. (2020), Mokhshi Coinage (in Russian), Penza: Sokolov Publishing
  • Kamola, Stefan (2019). Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474421423.
  • Cherapkin, Iosif (1929). "Mokshoks Yarmak Lepne [Currency terms in Mokshan]". Valda Yan (in Moksha). Saransk.

See also edit

  

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December 15, 2023
ancient, noronshasht, this, article, about, historical, city, russian, fort, narovchat, narovchat, narovchatsky, district, penza, oblast, noronshasht, moksha, νορονςαςτ, romanized, noronshasht, noronʲʃɑʃtʲ, arabic, كبير, biːr, large, trade, silk, road, capital. This article is about the historical city For Russian Fort Narovchat see Narovchat Narovchatsky District Penza Oblast Noronshasht Moksha noronsast romanized Noronshasht lit IPA noronʲʃɑʃtʲ Arabic كبير IPA ka biːr 4 was the large trade hub on the Silk Road and capital city of Moxel in 1230 1237 It was the administrative center of Murunza and one of the centres of coinage In 1237 century the city was taken over by Batu Khan and became the capital of the Golden Horde The ruins buildings of stone fortifications Pagan cemetery are in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the confluence of Sheldais and Moksha River Noronshashtnoronsast Noronshasht IPA noronʲ ʃɑʃtʲ Kabeer on Al Idrisi World map 804 1154 A D Location of the site within RussiaShow map of Penza OblastAncient Noronshasht European Russia Show map of European RussiaAlternative nameArabic كبير IPA ka biːr 3 LocationPenza Oblast RussiaRegionMoxelCoordinates53 50 57 N 43 44 15 E 53 8493 N 43 7374 E 53 8493 43 7374 1 2 TypeCulturalLength2000Width900HistoryMaterialstoneFoundedbefore 7th c ADAbandoned1600sPeriodsEarly Middle AgesCulturesSaltovo MayakiSatellite ofKhazar Khaganate since 8th c EventsMongol Takeover in 1237Site notesExcavation dates1923 1927ArchaeologistsAleksandr KrotkovConditionIn ruinsManagementPenza Oblast AuthorityWebsitemuseum nar penz muzkult ruMoxel capital city in Moxel in 13th c Contents 1 Foundation and etymology 2 History 2 1 Coinage 3 Architecture 3 1 Moksha lions 4 Discovery and Excavations 5 Museum reserve 6 See also 6 1 References 6 2 Notes 6 3 Footnotes 6 4 Sources 7 See alsoFoundation and etymology editThe city foundation date is unknown The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha 5 According to Iosif Cherapkin the ancient name of the city was Noronshasht in Middle Moksha means former bog place covered with grass 6 The city lay in a lowland on a former bog place First mention of the city is al Idrisi s map under the name Kabir Great in early version of 1154 7 After 13th c he city was often referred to as Mukhsha or Mukhshi which in fact was the name of the ulus Mukhsha of the Golden Horde after the name of Mokshaland the official city name used in the Mongol period was Nurinjat a 8 9 History editNoronshasht was the capital of Medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza 10 Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of its king Puresh 11 Noronshasht was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237 In ancient period attested private and public baths running water sewerage underfloor heating The streets were paved with stones there were fountains with drinking water inns royal palace houses of stone There were potteries with ancient forges There was an artisan quarter with numerous workshops Residential quarters partly lay nowadays under the rural locality Narovchat Northwest of Narovchat lays the gravefield Pagan cemetery 12 13 Coinage edit Main article Mordovka Yarmaq still means money in contemporary Moksha language 14 and shelegs might be minted in Noronshasht as well 15 nbsp Pax Khazarica sheleg coin minted between 830 and 840 AD nbsp Erzya silver shelik probably minted in NoronshashtOther coins names were valf b oka gold variaftom c variavne d and sere serene e 16 Architecture edit nbsp Animal style mask found in Sernya Saltovo Mayaki culture Gold finished bronze ca 2nd century AD nbsp Mokshan lions in inner decor of Cathedral of Saint Demetrius VladimirMoksha lions edit Ethnologists and historians state that there is a connection between Mokshaland animal style archeological findings and early Russian reliefs especially so called smiling lions in inner decor of Cathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir They believe similar Mokshan lions might have preserved in Ancient Noronshasht and Sernya stone buildings if the cities had not been destroyed in Middle ages The animal style dates back to Scythian art and prominent for Saltovo Mayaki culture Schapov explains this by the fact that brother of Andrew the Pious Vsevolod the Big Nest had married to Russian yasynya romanized yasinya lit Alanian princess Maria Shvarnovna Artisans who performed this unique for Russia style came together with her and they were Alans who share Animal style with Mokshas 17 18 Larionov also mentions animal style in Church of the Intercession on the Nerl of Andrew the Pious and Cathedral of the Nativity in Suzdal 19 Discovery and Excavations editThe Medieval city ruins were discovered by Russian archeologist Aleksandr Krotkov in 1915 Museum reserve editSee also editMoxel Alania Khazar Khaganate Gardariki Bjarmaland sheleg Oka Variaftom Variavne Sere coin References edit Lebedev 1958 pp 11 16 19 Ikonnikov amp Baisheva 2018 Madurov 2012 Lebedev 1957 Lebedev 1957 Krotkov 1923 Madurov 2012 Lebedev 1957 Lebedev 1958 Karamzin N M Istoriya gosudarstva Rossijskogo v 12 tomah SPb Tip N Grecha 1816 1829 Laurentian Codex 1377 Russian National Library Saint Petersburg Krotkov 1923 Ikonnikov amp Baisheva 2018 Serebrenikov Feoktistov amp Polyakov 1998 Golubev 2020 Cherapkin 1929 p 14 Schapov 2013 pp 16 17 Larionov 2019 Larionov 2019 Notes edit Footnotes edit Turki ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ Nurinjat IPA nurinˈdʒɑt later equal to Russian rouble lit not holed lit holed probably later equal to Russian kopeck more cheap copper coin Sources edit Krotkov Aleksandr 1923 In Search Of Mukhshi Saratov University History Archeology and Ethnography Society in Russian Saratov a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lebedev Vitaly 1957 Mysterious City Mokhshi in Russian Penza a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Lebedev Vitaly 1958 Excavations Description Archeologist Vitaly Lebedev s works in Russian Penza a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Ikonnikov Dmitry Baisheva Marina 2018 Golden Horde City Mokhshi Topography in 13 14th Centuries Vestnik Penzenskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta in Russian Penza State University Review 1 21 82 90 Madurov Dmitry 2012 Great City Localization In The Light Of 1184 Events Reconstruction Statehood Of East Bulghars between 9th and 13th centuries in Russian Cheboksary Taus Schapov V A 2013 Clan Symbol in Russian Penza a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Larionov Vladimir 2019 From The Second Jerusalem To The Third Rome Sacred Tstardom Symbols Ideocratic Paradigm Genesis In Russian Culture in between 11th and 13th centuries in Russian Litres ISBN 978 5041862824 Serebrenikov B A Feoktistov A P Polyakov O Y eds 1998 First published 1998 Moksha Russian Dictionary in Russian Digora ISBN 5 200 02012 3 Golubev O V 2020 Mokhshi Coinage in Russian Penza Sokolov Publishing Kamola Stefan 2019 Making Mongol History Rashid al Din and the Jamiʿ al Tawarikh Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 1474421423 Cherapkin Iosif 1929 Mokshoks Yarmak Lepne Currency terms in Mokshan Valda Yan in Moksha Saransk See also editMokshas Moxel Mokshaland History Burtas Khazar Khaganate nbsp nbsp This European history related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ancient Noronshasht amp oldid 1147616040, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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