fbpx
Wikipedia

Mohan Lal Kashmiri

March 02, 2024

Mohan Lal Zutshi KLS[1] (popularly known as Mohan Lal Kashmiri; 1812 – 1877) was an Indian traveler, diplomat, and author. He is credited as being an important player in the so-called Great Game—possibly the first notable Indian one.[2] He also played a central role in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–1842. His biography of Dost Mohammad Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan in Kabul, is a primary source on the war.

Mohan Lal Kashmiri

KLS
Photo of Mohan Lal in 1844 by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill
Born1812
Died1877
Delhi, British Raj
Other namesRam Nath
Occupation(s)Persian secretary (munshi), traveller and author
Notable workLife of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan
SpouseHyderi Begum

Mohan Lal's wife, Hyderi Begum, was a Muslim scholar. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, she was said to have maintained a diary of events in Delhi.

Early life and family edit

Mohan Lal (also called Ram Nath)[3] was from a Zutshi family of Kashmiri Pandits. His great grandfather, Pandit Mani Ram, had a high rank at the Mughal Court in the reign of Shah Alam II. His father, Rai Brahm Nath, also known as Rae Budh Singh, worked for a time for Mountstuart Elphinstone on a diplomatic mission to Peshawar (1808–1809).[4] Mohan Lal studied at the Delhi College, one of the first Indian students to be educated in the English curriculum there.[5]

His only brother, Kedar Nath Zutshi, was a Deputy Collector in Ambala, Panjab Province, and died in 1855.

Travels with Burnes edit

In 1831 Lieutenant (later Captain) Sir Alexander Burnes of the East India Company's service was deputed by the British Government to gather information in the countries lying between India and the Caspian. He was directed to appear as a private individual with a small retinue maintaining a character of poverty. Mohan Lal was engaged by Burnes primarily to assist him in his Persian correspondence and also because Burnes believed that his youth and creed would free him from all danger of his entering into intrigues with the people among whom he was going to travel.[6] Mohan Lal's official title was munshi, but Mohan Lal preferred the title "Persian secretary".[4]

 
A sketch of Mohan Lal Kashmiri. Digitized by Panjab Digital Library.

Alexander Burnes and Mohan Lal led an expedition to Central Asia in 1832–1834 for procuring political and military intelligence and became firm friends.

First Anglo-Afghan War edit

 
Etching of Mohan Lal by T. Peiken (1846)[7]

Later, Mohan Lal was the Commercial Agent for the British on the Indus and Political Assistant to Burnes in Kabul during the First Anglo-Afghan War. He witnessed the killing of Burnes by an angry mob in Kabul at the start of the war, which he described in a book he later wrote describing the Life of Amir Dost Mohammed Khan.[2] He survived the massacres of 1841 and continued to keep Calcutta informed of events in the Afghan capital from the house of a merchant where he had taken refuge. His reports contained many strong and cogent criticisms of the behaviour of British Officers, and particularly Sir William Hay Macnaghten and General William Elphinstone.

Mohan Lal had learned Persian in Delhi and travelled in the garb of a Muslim, under the pseudonym of "Aga Hasan Jan"[8] or as "Mirza Quli Kashmiri" in Persia and Afghanistan collecting information vital for his British superiors.

During the First Anglo-Afghan War, he was instrumental in setting up and expanding the British intelligence network in Afghanistan and is also alleged to have had a major hand in arranging the assassination, by poisoning, of Mir Masjidi Khan, a major Afghan resistance leader.[9] He found out and handed over to the British authorities secret letters written by the rulers of Kandahar to Mehrab Khan, the ruler of Kalat, exhorting him not to allow passage to the invading British army. He managed to obtain the services of very important functionaries like Mohammed Tahir, Haji Khan Kakari, Abdul Majeed Khan, Akhundzada Ghulam and Mullah Nasooh in Kandahar and Sardar Abdul Rashid Khan, a nephew of the Emir Sardar Dost Mohammad Khan in Ghazni. He played a major role in securing the release of British prisoners held hostage in Bamiyan. He tried to bring peace between the British and the Afghans during such inflammatory situations.

Later life edit

After the war, Mohan Lal travelled to Europe: In 1844 he sailed from Bombay via Egypt to Britain.[10] During his time in Europe he met Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and Frederick William IV of Prussia, the latter gifting Mohan Lal an inscribed ivory carving of himself.[11][12]

During his travels in Europe, Mohan Lal was photographed in 1844 by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill.[13] Today his photo is contained in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.[14] While in Scotland, Mohan Lal was also portraited by the famous Scottish painter William Allan. The painting was exhibited by the Royal Scottish Academy in 1845 under the title "Mirza Mohun Lal, Persian secretary to the British Mission at Cabool, and who had previously accompanied Sir Alexander Burnes on his journey to Bokhara".[15][16] The current location of the painting, which was sold on 18 April 1850, is unknown.[16] In 1846 he attended the burial of Dwarkanath Tagore in London.[17]

Mohan Lal retired at the age of 32, disappointed that he had not been properly rewarded for his contributions to the British cause in the First Anglo-Afghan War. His later years were spent in obscurity and financial troubles. His marriage to Hyderi Begum is said to have taken place in 1857.[18] His wife was portraited by Paul Fischer.[19]

Mohan Lal died in Delhi in 1877 in obscurity. According to his biographer Hari Ram Gupta, Mohan Lal is reported to have written an extensive diary until his death, but by 1943 its location was no longer known.[20]

Publications edit

  • Lal, Mohen (1834). Journal of a tour through the Punjab, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Khorasan and part of Persia in company with Lt Burnes, and Dr Gerard. Calcutta.
  • Lal, Mohan (1834). "A Brief Description of Herat". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 3: 9–18.
  • Lal, Mohan (1834). "Further Information regarfing the Siah Posh Tribe, or reputed descendants of the Macedonians". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 3: 76–79.
  • Lal, Mohan (1838). "Accout of Kálá Bágh on the right bank of the Indus". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 7: 25–27.
  • Lal, Mohan (1838). "A brief accout of the Origin of the Dáúd Putras, and of the power and birth of Baháwal Kha´n their Chief, on the bank of the Ghara and Indus". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 7: 27–33.
  • Mohan, Lal (1839). "On the trade of Khairpoor in Sinde". Reports and Papers, Political, Geographical, & Commercial Submitted to Government. Calcutta: Huttmann. pp. 36–38.
  • Lal, Mohen (1846). Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan, to Balk, Bokhara, and Herat; and a visit to Great Britain and Germany. Calcutta: Wm. H. Allen & Co. Reprinted (1979): Lahore: Al Biruni, 1979
  • Lal, Mohen (1846). Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan, of Kabul: with his political proceedings towards the English, Russian, and Persian governments, including victory and disasters of the British Army in Afghanistan. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.

Honours edit

Further reading edit

  • Burnes, Alexander (1834). Travels into Bokhara. Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. Also, narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore. Vol. I (1 ed.). London: John Murrary.
  • Buckland, Charles Edward (1906). "Mohan Lal". Dictionary of Indian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
  • Dean, Riaz (12 December 2019). Mapping the Great Game. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.
  • Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). "North Indian Munshis and Persian Secretaries". Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1699-1857). Delhi: permanent black. pp. 351–366. ISBN 9788178241548.
  • Ghobar, Mir Ghulam Muhamma (1980). Afghanistan dar masir-i tarikh [Afghanistan in the Course of History] (in Persian) (2 ed.). Qum: Payam-i Muhajir. pp. 454, 550.
  • Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). "Mohan Lal's Observations on the Causes of the Insurrection in Kabul". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3: 1388–1401. JSTOR 44252485.
  • Gupta, Hari Ram (1943). Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri, 1812–1877 (1st ed.). Lahore: Minerva Book Shop. OCLC 225191557.
  • Schofield, Victoria (2003). Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia. London: Tauris Parke. ISBN 978-1-86064-895-3.

References edit

  1. ^ Johnstone, Christian Isobel (1846). "Travels of Mohan Lal". Tait's Edinburgh Magazine. 13: 308.
  2. ^ a b Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). pp. 41, 57. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.
  3. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. p. 353. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  4. ^ a b Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. pp. 352–353. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  5. ^ Dalrymple, William (2014). Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan.
  6. ^ Burnes, Alexander (1835). Travels into Bokhara. London: John Murray. p. ix (Preface to the First Edition).
  7. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. p. 361. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  8. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. p. 356. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  9. ^ Lady Florentia Sale, Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841-42, 1843, p.141
  10. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. p. 359. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  11. ^ Swami, Praveen (10 May 2019). "India's greatest spies: Unknown, uncelebrated, unacknowledged". Firstpost. from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  12. ^ Mohan, Lal (1846). Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan, to Balk, Bokhara, and Herat; and a visit to Great Britain and Germany. Calcutta: Wm. H. Allen & Co. p. 526.
  13. ^ "Mohun Lal, aged 28 in 1844". Flickr. from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Portrait of Mohun Lal, Edinburgh October 1844". National Galleries of Scotland. from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  15. ^ Rinder, Frank (1917). The Royal Scottish Academy 1826–1916. Glascow: Jame Maclehose and Sons. p. 14.
  16. ^ a b Bivar, Adrian David Hugh (1994). "The Portraits and Career of Mohammed Ali, Son of Kazem-Beg: Scottish Missionaries and Russian Orientalism". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 57 (2): 283–302. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00024861. JSTOR 620574.
  17. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain (1600-1857). Delhi: permanent black. p. 360. ISBN 9788178241548. OCLC 301709915.
  18. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1943). Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri. Lahore: Minerva Book Shop. p. 330.
  19. ^ "J. George Paul Fischer (1786-1875). Lot 38. Portrait of Hyderi Begum". Pierre Bergé & Associé. from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  20. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1943). Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri. Lahore: Minerva Book Shop. pp. XI–XII.
  21. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1943). Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri. Lahore: Minerva Book Shop. p. 47.
  22. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1943). Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri. Lahore: Minerva Book Shop. pp. IX.

External links edit

  • Garside, Juliette (21 April 2002). "Face of Afghan spy revealed in forgotten photo; Gallery uncovers 150-". The Sunday Herald.[dead link]

March 02, 2024
mohan, kashmiri, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, march, 2019, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, mo. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Mohan Lal Zutshi KLS 1 popularly known as Mohan Lal Kashmiri 1812 1877 was an Indian traveler diplomat and author He is credited as being an important player in the so called Great Game possibly the first notable Indian one 2 He also played a central role in the First Anglo Afghan War of 1838 1842 His biography of Dost Mohammad Khan the Emir of Afghanistan in Kabul is a primary source on the war Mohan Lal KashmiriKLSPhoto of Mohan Lal in 1844 by Robert Adamson and David Octavius HillBorn1812Died1877Delhi British RajOther namesRam NathOccupation s Persian secretary munshi traveller and authorNotable workLife of the Amir Dost Mohammed KhanSpouseHyderi BegumMohan Lal s wife Hyderi Begum was a Muslim scholar During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 she was said to have maintained a diary of events in Delhi Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Travels with Burnes 3 First Anglo Afghan War 4 Later life 5 Publications 6 Honours 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External linksEarly life and family editMohan Lal also called Ram Nath 3 was from a Zutshi family of Kashmiri Pandits His great grandfather Pandit Mani Ram had a high rank at the Mughal Court in the reign of Shah Alam II His father Rai Brahm Nath also known as Rae Budh Singh worked for a time for Mountstuart Elphinstone on a diplomatic mission to Peshawar 1808 1809 4 Mohan Lal studied at the Delhi College one of the first Indian students to be educated in the English curriculum there 5 His only brother Kedar Nath Zutshi was a Deputy Collector in Ambala Panjab Province and died in 1855 Travels with Burnes editIn 1831 Lieutenant later Captain Sir Alexander Burnes of the East India Company s service was deputed by the British Government to gather information in the countries lying between India and the Caspian He was directed to appear as a private individual with a small retinue maintaining a character of poverty Mohan Lal was engaged by Burnes primarily to assist him in his Persian correspondence and also because Burnes believed that his youth and creed would free him from all danger of his entering into intrigues with the people among whom he was going to travel 6 Mohan Lal s official title was munshi but Mohan Lal preferred the title Persian secretary 4 nbsp A sketch of Mohan Lal Kashmiri Digitized by Panjab Digital Library Alexander Burnes and Mohan Lal led an expedition to Central Asia in 1832 1834 for procuring political and military intelligence and became firm friends First Anglo Afghan War edit nbsp Etching of Mohan Lal by T Peiken 1846 7 Later Mohan Lal was the Commercial Agent for the British on the Indus and Political Assistant to Burnes in Kabul during the First Anglo Afghan War He witnessed the killing of Burnes by an angry mob in Kabul at the start of the war which he described in a book he later wrote describing the Life of Amir Dost Mohammed Khan 2 He survived the massacres of 1841 and continued to keep Calcutta informed of events in the Afghan capital from the house of a merchant where he had taken refuge His reports contained many strong and cogent criticisms of the behaviour of British Officers and particularly Sir William Hay Macnaghten and General William Elphinstone Mohan Lal had learned Persian in Delhi and travelled in the garb of a Muslim under the pseudonym of Aga Hasan Jan 8 or as Mirza Quli Kashmiri in Persia and Afghanistan collecting information vital for his British superiors During the First Anglo Afghan War he was instrumental in setting up and expanding the British intelligence network in Afghanistan and is also alleged to have had a major hand in arranging the assassination by poisoning of Mir Masjidi Khan a major Afghan resistance leader 9 He found out and handed over to the British authorities secret letters written by the rulers of Kandahar to Mehrab Khan the ruler of Kalat exhorting him not to allow passage to the invading British army He managed to obtain the services of very important functionaries like Mohammed Tahir Haji Khan Kakari Abdul Majeed Khan Akhundzada Ghulam and Mullah Nasooh in Kandahar and Sardar Abdul Rashid Khan a nephew of the Emir Sardar Dost Mohammad Khan in Ghazni He played a major role in securing the release of British prisoners held hostage in Bamiyan He tried to bring peace between the British and the Afghans during such inflammatory situations Later life editAfter the war Mohan Lal travelled to Europe In 1844 he sailed from Bombay via Egypt to Britain 10 During his time in Europe he met Queen Victoria Prince Albert and Frederick William IV of Prussia the latter gifting Mohan Lal an inscribed ivory carving of himself 11 12 During his travels in Europe Mohan Lal was photographed in 1844 by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill 13 Today his photo is contained in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery 14 While in Scotland Mohan Lal was also portraited by the famous Scottish painter William Allan The painting was exhibited by the Royal Scottish Academy in 1845 under the title Mirza Mohun Lal Persian secretary to the British Mission at Cabool and who had previously accompanied Sir Alexander Burnes on his journey to Bokhara 15 16 The current location of the painting which was sold on 18 April 1850 is unknown 16 In 1846 he attended the burial of Dwarkanath Tagore in London 17 Mohan Lal retired at the age of 32 disappointed that he had not been properly rewarded for his contributions to the British cause in the First Anglo Afghan War His later years were spent in obscurity and financial troubles His marriage to Hyderi Begum is said to have taken place in 1857 18 His wife was portraited by Paul Fischer 19 Mohan Lal died in Delhi in 1877 in obscurity According to his biographer Hari Ram Gupta Mohan Lal is reported to have written an extensive diary until his death but by 1943 its location was no longer known 20 Publications editLal Mohen 1834 Journal of a tour through the Punjab Afghanistan Turkistan Khorasan and part of Persia in company with Lt Burnes and Dr Gerard Calcutta Lal Mohan 1834 A Brief Description of Herat Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 3 9 18 Lal Mohan 1834 Further Information regarfing the Siah Posh Tribe or reputed descendants of the Macedonians Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 3 76 79 Lal Mohan 1838 Accout of Kala Bagh on the right bank of the Indus Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 7 25 27 Lal Mohan 1838 A brief accout of the Origin of the Daud Putras and of the power and birth of Bahawal Kha n their Chief on the bank of the Ghara and Indus Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 7 27 33 Mohan Lal 1839 On the trade of Khairpoor in Sinde Reports and Papers Political Geographical amp Commercial Submitted to Government Calcutta Huttmann pp 36 38 Lal Mohen 1846 Travels in the Panjab Afghanistan amp Turkistan to Balk Bokhara and Herat and a visit to Great Britain and Germany Calcutta Wm H Allen amp Co Reprinted 1979 Lahore Al Biruni 1979 Lal Mohen 1846 Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan of Kabul with his political proceedings towards the English Russian and Persian governments including victory and disasters of the British Army in Afghanistan London Longman Brown Green and Longmans Honours editKnight of the Order of the Lion and the Sun 1833 21 Order of the Durrani Empire 22 Further reading editBurnes Alexander 1834 Travels into Bokhara Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool Tartary and Persia Also narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore Vol I 1 ed London John Murrary Buckland Charles Edward 1906 Mohan Lal Dictionary of Indian Biography London Swan Sonnenschein amp Co Dean Riaz 12 December 2019 Mapping the Great Game Casemate ISBN 978 1 61200 814 1 Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 North Indian Munshis and Persian Secretaries Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1699 1857 Delhi permanent black pp 351 366 ISBN 9788178241548 Ghobar Mir Ghulam Muhamma 1980 Afghanistan dar masir i tarikh Afghanistan in the Course of History in Persian 2 ed Qum Payam i Muhajir pp 454 550 Gupta Hari Ram 1939 Mohan Lal s Observations on the Causes of the Insurrection in Kabul Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3 1388 1401 JSTOR 44252485 Gupta Hari Ram 1943 Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri 1812 1877 1st ed Lahore Minerva Book Shop OCLC 225191557 Schofield Victoria 2003 Afghan Frontier Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia London Tauris Parke ISBN 978 1 86064 895 3 References edit Johnstone Christian Isobel 1846 Travels of Mohan Lal Tait s Edinburgh Magazine 13 308 a b Dean Riaz 2019 Mapping The Great Game Explorers Spies amp Maps in Nineteenth century Asia Oxford Casemate UK pp 41 57 ISBN 978 1 61200 814 1 Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black p 353 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 a b Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black pp 352 353 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 Dalrymple William 2014 Return of a King The Battle for Afghanistan Burnes Alexander 1835 Travels into Bokhara London John Murray p ix Preface to the First Edition Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black p 361 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black p 356 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 Lady Florentia Sale Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan 1841 42 1843 p 141 Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black p 359 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 Swami Praveen 10 May 2019 India s greatest spies Unknown uncelebrated unacknowledged Firstpost Archived from the original on 22 November 2020 Retrieved 23 September 2020 Mohan Lal 1846 Travels in the Panjab Afghanistan amp Turkistan to Balk Bokhara and Herat and a visit to Great Britain and Germany Calcutta Wm H Allen amp Co p 526 Mohun Lal aged 28 in 1844 Flickr Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 Retrieved 13 July 2020 Portrait of Mohun Lal Edinburgh October 1844 National Galleries of Scotland Archived from the original on 12 July 2020 Retrieved 13 July 2020 Rinder Frank 1917 The Royal Scottish Academy 1826 1916 Glascow Jame Maclehose and Sons p 14 a b Bivar Adrian David Hugh 1994 The Portraits and Career of Mohammed Ali Son of Kazem Beg Scottish Missionaries and Russian Orientalism Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57 2 283 302 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00024861 JSTOR 620574 Fisher Michael Herbert 2006 Counterflows to Colonialism Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 1857 Delhi permanent black p 360 ISBN 9788178241548 OCLC 301709915 Gupta Hari Ram 1943 Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri Lahore Minerva Book Shop p 330 J George Paul Fischer 1786 1875 Lot 38 Portrait of Hyderi Begum Pierre Berge amp Associe Archived from the original on 22 November 2020 Retrieved 22 November 2020 Gupta Hari Ram 1943 Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri Lahore Minerva Book Shop pp XI XII Gupta Hari Ram 1943 Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri Lahore Minerva Book Shop p 47 Gupta Hari Ram 1943 Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri Lahore Minerva Book Shop pp IX External links editGarside Juliette 21 April 2002 Face of Afghan spy revealed in forgotten photo Gallery uncovers 150 The Sunday Herald dead link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mohan Lal Kashmiri amp oldid 1174410026, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.