fbpx
Wikipedia

Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency

August 14, 2023

23°22′N 92°00′E / 23.36°N 92.00°E / 23.36; 92.00

Mizoram
Lok Sabha constituency
Location of Mizoram in India
Constituency details
CountryIndia
RegionNortheast India
StateMizoram
Assembly constituencies40:(District - MAMIT) Hachhek(ST) , Dampa(ST) , Mamit(ST) , (District - KOLASIB) Tuirial(ST) , Kolasib(ST) , Serlui(ST) , (District - AIZAWL)Tuivawl(ST) , Chalfilh(ST) , Tawi(ST) , Aizawl North 1(ST) , Aizawl North 2(ST) , Aizawl North 3(ST) , Aizawl East 1, Aizawl East 2(ST) , Aizawl West 1(ST) , Aizawl West 2(ST) , Aizawl West 3(ST) , Aizawl South 1(ST) , Aizawl South 2(ST) , Aizawl South 3(ST) , (District - CHAMPHAI) Lengteng(ST) , Tuichang(ST) , Champhai North(ST) , Champhai South(ST) , East Tuipui(ST) , (District - SERCHHIP) Serchhip(ST) , Tuikum(ST) , Hrangturzo(ST) , (District - LUNGLEI) South Tuipui(ST) , Lunglei North(ST) , Lunglei East(ST) , Lunglei West(ST) , Lunglei South(ST) , Thorang(ST) , West Tuipui(ST) ,(District - LAWNGTLAI) Tuichawng(ST) , Lawngtlai West(ST) , Lawngtlai East(ST) ,(District - SAIHA) Saiha(ST) , Palak(ST) [1]
Established1972
Total electors7,02,170[2]
ReservationST
Member of Parliament
17th Lok Sabha
Incumbent
PartyMizo National Front
Elected year2019

Mizoram is the only Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituency in the Northeast Indian state of Mizoram, and covers the entire area of the state. The seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Its first member of parliament (MP) was Sangliana of the Mizo Union who represented this constituency in the Fifth Lok Sabha when it became a union territory on 21 January 1972.[3][4] On 20 February 1987, Mizoram was converted into a State of India.[3] As of the 2019 elections, this constituency's MP is C. Lalrosanga of the Mizo National Front.

Assembly segments

Presently, the Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following forty Legislative Assembly segments:[5]

# Name Reserved for
(SC/ST/None) 		District Number of electors
(2013)[5]
1 Hachhek ST Mamit 21,136
2 Dampa 16,158
3 Mamit 19,739
4 Tuirial Kolasib 15,569
5 Kolasib 18,934
6 Serlui 16,627
7 Tuivawl Aizawl 14,922
8 Chalfilh 17,039
9 Tawi 14,440
10 Aizawl North 1 20,216
11 Aizawl North 2 20,524
12 Aizawl North 3 17,181
13 Aizawl East 1 None 20,168
14 Aizawl East 2 ST 16,258
15 Aizawl West 1 20,804
16 Aizawl West 2 18,563
17 Aizawl West 3 19,043
18 Aizawl South 1 19,938
19 Aizawl South 2 21,232
20 Aizawl South 3 17,619
21 Lengteng Champhai 16,016
22 Tuichang 14,993
23 Champhai North 16,858
24 Champhai South 15,590
25 East Tuipui 13,825
26 Serchhip Serchhip 15,906
27 Tuikum 14,255
28 Hrangturzo 14,710
29 South Tuipui Lunglei 13,604
30 Lunglei North 14,737
31 Lunglei East 13,064
32 Lunglei West 13,102
33 Lunglei South 15,063
34 Thorang 12,339
35 West Tuipui 12,470
36 Tuichawng Lawngtlai 26,272
37 Lawngtlai West 23,020
38 Lawngtlai East 21,234
39 Saiha Saiha 18,265
40 Palak 15,439
Total: 686,872

Members of Parliament

Election results

As a Union Territory

General election 1972

Mizoram's first MP was Sangliana of the Mizo Union who represented this constituency in the Fifth Lok Sabha after Mizoram became a union territory on 21 January 1972.[3][4][8]

General election 1977

1977 Indian general election: Mizoram[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent R. Rothuama 53,350 52.97 N/A
INC C. L. Ruala 37,342 37.07 N/A
Independent H. K. Bawichhuaka 8,534 8.47 N/A
Independent K. Sanglianchhungi 1,499 1.49 N/A
Margin of victory 16,008 15.90 N/A
Turnout 102,075 49.92 N/A
Independent gain from Mizo Union Swing

General election 1980

1980 Indian general election: Mizoram[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent R. Rothuama 74,430 58.00 +5.03
Peoples Conference C. Venkunga 53,891 42.00 N/A
Margin of victory 20,539 16.00 +0.10
Turnout 129,533 56.12 +6.20
Independent hold Swing

General election 1984

Shri Lalduhoma of the INC was elected to represent this constituency in the Eighth Lok Sabha.[11]

As a State

General election 1989

1989 Indian general election: Mizoram[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC C. Silvera 109,571 48.45 N/A
MNF Zoramthanga 70,749 31.28 N/A
Democratic Party Malswma Colney 43,667 19.31 N/A
Independent Binde Basu Chakma 2,159 0.95 N/A
Margin of victory 38,822 17.17 N/A
Turnout 228,202 58.26 N/A
INC gain from Independent Swing

General election 1991

1991 Indian general election: Mizoram[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC C. Silvera 91,612 38.08 -10.37
MNF Lalduhawma 82,019 34.09 +2.81
JD Thenphunga Sailo 56,491 23.48 N/A
Independent Chawngzika 4,455 1.85 N/A
Independent Paul T. K. Dawnga 4,159 1.73 N/A
Independent C. Thangmura 1,511 0.63 N/A
Independent Zohanmania Ralte 348 0.14 N/A
Margin of victory 9,593 3.99 -13.18
Turnout 242,999 58.64 +0.38
INC hold Swing

General election 1996

1996 Indian general election: Mizoram[14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC C. Silvera 126,191 42.50 +4.42
MNF Lalremsiama F. 111,710 37.63 +3.54
Independent Lalhmingthanga 57,690 19.43 N/A
Independent Lalthlamuana 1,295 0.44 N/A
Margin of victory 14,481 4.87 +0.88
Turnout 299,593 73.41 +14.77
INC hold Swing

General election 1998

1998 Indian general election: Mizoram[15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent H. Lallungmuana 106,552 34.87 N/A
INC J. Lalsangzuala 106,511 34.86 -7.64
MNF R. Lalthangliana 82,047 26.85 -10.78
BJP P. L. Chhuma 8,998 2.94 N/A
RJD Lalianzuala 974 0.32 N/A
Independent Zailiana 494 0.16 N/A
Margin of victory 41 0.01 -4.86
Turnout 307,767 69.56 -3.85
Independent gain from INC Swing

General election 1999

1999 Indian general election: Mizoram[16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Vanlalzawma 171,557 58.80 N/A
Independent Rokamlova 102,898 35.26 N/A
Maraland Democratic Front Mylai Hlychho 8,444 2.89 N/A
Independent Rualpawla 4,508 1.54 N/A
Margin of victory 68,659 23.54 +23.53
Turnout 293,513 65.31 -4.25
Independent hold Swing

General election 2004

2004 Indian general election: Mizoram[17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
MNF Vanlalzawma 182,864 52.46 N/A
Independent Dr. Laltluangliana Khiangte 159,170 45.67 N/A
Ephraim Union Tlangdingliana 6,512 1.87 N/A
Margin of victory 23,694 6.79 -16.75
Turnout 348,546
MNF gain from Independent Swing

General election 2009

2009 Indian general elections: Mizoram[18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC C. L. Ruala 213,779 65.58 N/A
Independent Dr. H. Lallungmuana 104,824 32.16 N/A
Independent Rualpawla 4,089 1.25 N/A
NCP Lalawmpuia Chhangte 3,299 1.01 N/A
Margin of victory 108,955 33.42 +26.63
Turnout 325,991 51.80
INC gain from MNF Swing

General election 2014

2014 Indian general elections: Mizoram[2][19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
INC C. L. Ruala 2,10,485 48.59 -16.99
Independent Robert Romawia Royte 2,04,331 47.17 N/A
AAP M. Lalmanzuala 11,890 2.74 N/A
NOTA None of the above 6,495 1.50 N/A
Majority 6,154 1.42 -32.00
Turnout 4,33,201 61.95 +10.15
INC hold Swing

General Election 2019

2019 Indian general elections: Mizoram[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
MNF C. Lalrosanga 2,24,286 44.89
Independent Lalnghinglova Hmar 2,16,146 43.26
BJP Nirupam Chakma 28,707 5.75
PRISMP[a] T.B.C. Lalvenchhunga 13,323 2.67
Independent Lal Hriatrenga Chhangte 12,675 2.54
Independent Lalthlamuani 1,975 0.4
NOTA None of the above 2,509 0.50
Majority 8,140 1.63
Turnout 5,00,347 63.14
Registered electors 792,464
MNF gain from INC Swing
  1. ^ Peoples Representation for Identity and Status of Mizoram

See also

References

  1. ^ "District and AC wise PS list" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b . Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b c "History of Mizoram". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Ahuja, M. L. (1 January 2005). General elections in India: electoral politics, electoral reforms, and political parties. New Delhi: Icon Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 323. ISBN 9788188086221.
  5. ^ a b "General Election to the Legislative Assembly - 2013 - Voters Turnout Report (AC Wise)" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  6. ^ . The Telegraph. 11 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  7. ^ a b "General Election 2019". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Former Members". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  9. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  10. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  11. ^ "Members Bioprofile". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  12. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  13. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. pp. 240–241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  14. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 358. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  15. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 223. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  16. ^ "Statistical report on general elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 215. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  17. ^ "Statistical report on general elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 267. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  18. ^ "Election Commission of India, General Elections, 2009 (15th Lok Sabha)" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 104. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  19. ^ . Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.

External links

  • Mizoram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule
  • Mizoram Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website

August 14, 2023
mizoram, sabha, constituency, 00mizoramlok, sabha, constituencylocation, mizoram, indiaconstituency, detailscountryindiaregionnortheast, indiastatemizoramassembly, constituencies40, district, mamit, hachhek, dampa, mamit, district, kolasib, tuirial, kolasib, s. 23 22 N 92 00 E 23 36 N 92 00 E 23 36 92 00MizoramLok Sabha constituencyLocation of Mizoram in IndiaConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionNortheast IndiaStateMizoramAssembly constituencies40 District MAMIT Hachhek ST Dampa ST Mamit ST District KOLASIB Tuirial ST Kolasib ST Serlui ST District AIZAWL Tuivawl ST Chalfilh ST Tawi ST Aizawl North 1 ST Aizawl North 2 ST Aizawl North 3 ST Aizawl East 1 Aizawl East 2 ST Aizawl West 1 ST Aizawl West 2 ST Aizawl West 3 ST Aizawl South 1 ST Aizawl South 2 ST Aizawl South 3 ST District CHAMPHAI Lengteng ST Tuichang ST Champhai North ST Champhai South ST East Tuipui ST District SERCHHIP Serchhip ST Tuikum ST Hrangturzo ST District LUNGLEI South Tuipui ST Lunglei North ST Lunglei East ST Lunglei West ST Lunglei South ST Thorang ST West Tuipui ST District LAWNGTLAI Tuichawng ST Lawngtlai West ST Lawngtlai East ST District SAIHA Saiha ST Palak ST 1 Established1972Total electors7 02 170 2 ReservationSTMember of Parliament17th Lok SabhaIncumbent C LalrosangaPartyMizo National FrontElected year2019Mizoram is the only Lok Sabha lower house of the Indian parliament constituency in the Northeast Indian state of Mizoram and covers the entire area of the state The seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes Its first member of parliament MP was Sangliana of the Mizo Union who represented this constituency in the Fifth Lok Sabha when it became a union territory on 21 January 1972 3 4 On 20 February 1987 Mizoram was converted into a State of India 3 As of the 2019 elections this constituency s MP is C Lalrosanga of the Mizo National Front Contents 1 Assembly segments 2 Members of Parliament 3 Election results 3 1 As a Union Territory 3 1 1 General election 1972 3 1 2 General election 1977 3 1 3 General election 1980 3 1 4 General election 1984 3 2 As a State 3 2 1 General election 1989 3 2 2 General election 1991 3 2 3 General election 1996 3 2 4 General election 1998 3 2 5 General election 1999 3 2 6 General election 2004 3 2 7 General election 2009 3 2 8 General election 2014 3 2 9 General Election 2019 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksAssembly segments EditPresently the Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following forty Legislative Assembly segments 5 Name Reserved for SC ST None District Number of electors 2013 5 1 Hachhek ST Mamit 21 1362 Dampa 16 1583 Mamit 19 7394 Tuirial Kolasib 15 5695 Kolasib 18 9346 Serlui 16 6277 Tuivawl Aizawl 14 9228 Chalfilh 17 0399 Tawi 14 44010 Aizawl North 1 20 21611 Aizawl North 2 20 52412 Aizawl North 3 17 18113 Aizawl East 1 None 20 16814 Aizawl East 2 ST 16 25815 Aizawl West 1 20 80416 Aizawl West 2 18 56317 Aizawl West 3 19 04318 Aizawl South 1 19 93819 Aizawl South 2 21 23220 Aizawl South 3 17 61921 Lengteng Champhai 16 01622 Tuichang 14 99323 Champhai North 16 85824 Champhai South 15 59025 East Tuipui 13 82526 Serchhip Serchhip 15 90627 Tuikum 14 25528 Hrangturzo 14 71029 South Tuipui Lunglei 13 60430 Lunglei North 14 73731 Lunglei East 13 06432 Lunglei West 13 10233 Lunglei South 15 06334 Thorang 12 33935 West Tuipui 12 47036 Tuichawng Lawngtlai 26 27237 Lawngtlai West 23 02038 Lawngtlai East 21 23439 Saiha Saiha 18 26540 Palak 15 439Total 686 872Members of Parliament EditElection Member Party1972 Sangliana 4 Mizo Union1977 R Rothuama Independent19801984 Lalduhawma Indian National Congress1989 C Silvera199119961998 H Lallungmuana 6 Independent1999 Vanlalzawma2004 Mizo National Front2009 C L Ruala Indian National Congress20142019 C Lalrosanga 7 Mizo National FrontElection results EditAs a Union Territory Edit General election 1972 Edit Mizoram s first MP was Sangliana of the Mizo Union who represented this constituency in the Fifth Lok Sabha after Mizoram became a union territory on 21 January 1972 3 4 8 General election 1977 Edit 1977 Indian general election Mizoram 9 Party Candidate Votes Independent R Rothuama 53 350 52 97 N AINC C L Ruala 37 342 37 07 N AIndependent H K Bawichhuaka 8 534 8 47 N AIndependent K Sanglianchhungi 1 499 1 49 N AMargin of victory 16 008 15 90 N ATurnout 102 075 49 92 N AIndependent gain from Mizo Union SwingGeneral election 1980 Edit 1980 Indian general election Mizoram 10 Party Candidate Votes Independent R Rothuama 74 430 58 00 5 03Peoples Conference C Venkunga 53 891 42 00 N AMargin of victory 20 539 16 00 0 10Turnout 129 533 56 12 6 20Independent hold SwingGeneral election 1984 Edit Shri Lalduhoma of the INC was elected to represent this constituency in the Eighth Lok Sabha 11 As a State Edit General election 1989 Edit 1989 Indian general election Mizoram 12 Party Candidate Votes INC C Silvera 109 571 48 45 N AMNF Zoramthanga 70 749 31 28 N ADemocratic Party Malswma Colney 43 667 19 31 N AIndependent Binde Basu Chakma 2 159 0 95 N AMargin of victory 38 822 17 17 N ATurnout 228 202 58 26 N AINC gain from Independent SwingGeneral election 1991 Edit 1991 Indian general election Mizoram 13 Party Candidate Votes INC C Silvera 91 612 38 08 10 37MNF Lalduhawma 82 019 34 09 2 81JD Thenphunga Sailo 56 491 23 48 N AIndependent Chawngzika 4 455 1 85 N AIndependent Paul T K Dawnga 4 159 1 73 N AIndependent C Thangmura 1 511 0 63 N AIndependent Zohanmania Ralte 348 0 14 N AMargin of victory 9 593 3 99 13 18Turnout 242 999 58 64 0 38INC hold SwingGeneral election 1996 Edit 1996 Indian general election Mizoram 14 Party Candidate Votes INC C Silvera 126 191 42 50 4 42MNF Lalremsiama F 111 710 37 63 3 54Independent Lalhmingthanga 57 690 19 43 N AIndependent Lalthlamuana 1 295 0 44 N AMargin of victory 14 481 4 87 0 88Turnout 299 593 73 41 14 77INC hold SwingGeneral election 1998 Edit 1998 Indian general election Mizoram 15 Party Candidate Votes Independent H Lallungmuana 106 552 34 87 N AINC J Lalsangzuala 106 511 34 86 7 64MNF R Lalthangliana 82 047 26 85 10 78BJP P L Chhuma 8 998 2 94 N ARJD Lalianzuala 974 0 32 N AIndependent Zailiana 494 0 16 N AMargin of victory 41 0 01 4 86Turnout 307 767 69 56 3 85Independent gain from INC SwingGeneral election 1999 Edit 1999 Indian general election Mizoram 16 Party Candidate Votes Independent Vanlalzawma 171 557 58 80 N AIndependent Rokamlova 102 898 35 26 N AMaraland Democratic Front Mylai Hlychho 8 444 2 89 N AIndependent Rualpawla 4 508 1 54 N AMargin of victory 68 659 23 54 23 53Turnout 293 513 65 31 4 25Independent hold SwingGeneral election 2004 Edit 2004 Indian general election Mizoram 17 Party Candidate Votes MNF Vanlalzawma 182 864 52 46 N AIndependent Dr Laltluangliana Khiangte 159 170 45 67 N AEphraim Union Tlangdingliana 6 512 1 87 N AMargin of victory 23 694 6 79 16 75Turnout 348 546MNF gain from Independent SwingGeneral election 2009 Edit 2009 Indian general elections Mizoram 18 Party Candidate Votes INC C L Ruala 213 779 65 58 N AIndependent Dr H Lallungmuana 104 824 32 16 N AIndependent Rualpawla 4 089 1 25 N ANCP Lalawmpuia Chhangte 3 299 1 01 N AMargin of victory 108 955 33 42 26 63Turnout 325 991 51 80INC gain from MNF SwingGeneral election 2014 Edit 2014 Indian general elections Mizoram 2 19 Party Candidate Votes INC C L Ruala 2 10 485 48 59 16 99Independent Robert Romawia Royte 2 04 331 47 17 N AAAP M Lalmanzuala 11 890 2 74 N ANOTA None of the above 6 495 1 50 N AMajority 6 154 1 42 32 00Turnout 4 33 201 61 95 10 15INC hold SwingGeneral Election 2019 Edit 2019 Indian general elections Mizoram 7 Party Candidate Votes MNF C Lalrosanga 2 24 286 44 89Independent Lalnghinglova Hmar 2 16 146 43 26BJP Nirupam Chakma 28 707 5 75PRISMP a T B C Lalvenchhunga 13 323 2 67Independent Lal Hriatrenga Chhangte 12 675 2 54Independent Lalthlamuani 1 975 0 4NOTA None of the above 2 509 0 50Majority 8 140 1 63Turnout 5 00 347 63 14Registered electors 792 464MNF gain from INC Swing Peoples Representation for Identity and Status of MizoramSee also EditList of constituencies of the Lok SabhaReferences Edit District and AC wise PS list PDF Election Commission of India Retrieved 29 October 2014 a b Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election 2014 Election Commission of India Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 Retrieved 30 May 2014 a b c History of Mizoram National Informatics Centre Retrieved 25 October 2014 a b c Ahuja M L 1 January 2005 General elections in India electoral politics electoral reforms and political parties New Delhi Icon Publications Pvt Ltd p 323 ISBN 9788188086221 a b General Election to the Legislative Assembly 2013 Voters Turnout Report AC Wise PDF Retrieved 3 December 2020 Mizoram polls today The Telegraph 11 April 2014 Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 Retrieved 25 October 2014 a b General Election 2019 Election Commission of India Retrieved 22 October 2021 Former Members National Informatics Centre Retrieved 25 October 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 166 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 190 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Members Bioprofile National Informatics Centre Retrieved 25 October 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 227 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India pp 240 241 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 358 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Statistical Report on General Elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 223 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 Statistical report on general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 215 Retrieved 30 May 2014 Statistical report on general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 267 Retrieved 30 May 2014 Election Commission of India General Elections 2009 15th Lok Sabha PDF Election Commission of India p 104 Retrieved 30 May 2014 General Election to Lok Sabha Trends amp Result 2014 Election Commission of India Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 External links EditMizoram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule Mizoram Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency amp oldid 1165810653, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.