Melophagus ovinus
Melophagus ovinus, or the sheep ked, is a brown, hairy fly that resembles a tick. This wingless fly is about 4 to 6 mm long and has a small head; it is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of sheep.[1] The sheep ked feeds on the blood of its host by inserting its sharp mouthparts into capillaries beneath the skin.[2] The legs of the sheep ked are very strong and tipped with claws. Sheep keds live their whole lives in the wool of sheep. They are most commonly found on the neck, shoulders, and underbelly of the host animal.[3] Although they are often referred to as the “sheep tick”, sheep keds spend their entire lifecycle on their hosts, which is distinguishable from the characteristics of a true tick. Additionally, sheep keds have six legs, whereas true ticks have eight legs.[2]
| Melophagus ovinus | |
|---|---|
| Male, female and puparium | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Hippoboscidae |
| Genus: | Melophagus |
| Species: | M. ovinus |
| Binomial name | |
| Melophagus ovinus | |
| Subspecies | |
| Synonyms | |
Distribution edit
Native to most of Europe including Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, as well as North West Africa, Mongolia, and North India, it was introduced and established in Kenya, South Africa, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, most of North America, and many parts of South America,[4] including Tristan da Cunha and the Falkland Islands.[1]
Hosts edit
The primary host of M. ovinus is the domestic sheep. Also, records on argali (Ovis ammon), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) are doubted.[1]
Lifecycle edit
Sheep keds live for typically four to six months, and may produce from 10 to 20 larvae. The female fly produces a single larva at a time, retaining the larva internally until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk" gland in the uterus of the female. After three larval instars, the white prepupa immediately forms a hard, dark puparium. This is deposited on the wool of the sheep and is attached with a glue-like material. The larva immediately hardens and becomes a darker color. This pupal stage lasts for 19 to 23 days in the summer and 20 to 36 days in the winter. Pupal stages are not susceptible to insecticides. If removed from the host, the adult lives for 7–10 days.[3]
Symbiotic enterobacterium Candidatus Sodalis melophagi was described to live in evolutionary early/intermediate state of symbiosis with sheep keds. [5]
Immune response and effects edit
In lambs, the sheep ked may cause anemia and reduce weight gain.[3] It feeds on the blood of its host, so causes irritation to the sheep, leading it to rub, producing both loss and damage of the wool. It also makes firm, hard nodules that develops on the skin called a cockle, this will reduce the value of the hide. The ked feces also stains the sheep's wool reducing its value.[3] They also transmit Trypanosoma melophagium nonpathogenic protozoan parasite of sheep.[6] A sheep’s immune response to keds reduces capillary flow to the skin. Although this response is trying to combat the ked infestation, it also results in a less abundant and lower quality fleece.[7]
Treatment edit
Adult keds can be killed using treatment dips and sprays most commonly containing ivermectin or pyrethrin.[8] However, the pupal stage is resistant to treatment, so treatment must be repeated at 24- to 28-day intervals. Using insecticides with a 3- to 4-week residual activity would also eliminate emerging adult keds.[9] Additionally, because both adult keds and pupae stages live in the wool of the sheep, shearing can dramatically reduce the ked population. It would be most beneficial to shear before insecticide treatment. Most modern treatments used to control sheep lice will also control sheep ked infestations.
Disease vector edit
The sheep ked is capable of transmitting bluetongue virus in sheep, though little evidence suggests they are bluetongue disease vectors in nature.[10]
Sheep resistance to keds edit
Some sheep have been shown to be resistant to the harmful effects of sheep keds. Resistant sheep’s skin was histologically examined and showed arteriolar vasoconstriction in addition to fibrinoid degeneration of the tunica media in the lower dermis. This subepidermal region showed an increased infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The upper dermis of resistant sheep showed an increase of empty capillaries, whereas the upper dermis of susceptible sheep showed capillaries filled with red cells. The resistance of some sheep to keds was due to prolonged cutaneous arteriolar vasoconstriction. In resistant sheep, keds were unable to obtain enough blood and eventually died from starvation.[11]
Subspecies edit
The subspecies Melophagus ovinus himalayae Maa, 1969 is from Nepal and Tibet. Its host is the yak (Bos grunniens), and domestic cattle.[1]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d Maa TC (1969). "A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)". Pacific Insects Monograph. 20. Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 261–299.
- ^ a b "Sheep Keds". Veterinary Entomology. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d McDermit S, Stephan A, Bennett A (2003). . West Lafayette, IN, USA: Purdue University Animal Science Sheep Research and Education Center. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ Larroza M (16 January 2013). Caracterización de la melofagosis en ovinos en la región patagónica: ciclo biológico, dinámica poblacional y distribución (Doctoral thesis). Universidad Nacional de La Plata. doi:10.35537/10915/34476. hdl:10915/34476. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ Chrudimský T, Husník F, Nováková E, Hypša V (2012-07-17). Driks A (ed.). "Candidatus Sodalis melophagi sp. nov.: phylogenetically independent comparative model to the tsetse fly symbiont Sodalis glossinidius". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e40354. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740354C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040354. PMC 3398932. PMID 22815743.
- ^ "Sheep Keds". Merck Vet Manual. Merck & Co. 2008. p. 1.
- ^ Ludek Z. "Sheep Ked" (PDF). K-State Research and Extension. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Ectoparasites - Melphagus". Disease Information. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Hendrix C. "Sheep Keds". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Luedke AJ, Jochim MM, Bowne JG (September 1965). "Preliminary bluetongue Transmission with the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (L.)". Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. 29 (9). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: 229–31. PMC 1494446. PMID 4221988.
- ^ Nelson WA, Bainborough AR (2004). "Development in Sheep of Resistance to the Ked Melophagus Ovinus (L.). III. Histopathology of Sheep Skin as a Clue to the Nature of Resistance". Journal of Experimental Parasitology. 13 (2): 118–127. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(63)90061-4. PMID 13938065.