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Massina Empire

August 23, 2023

The Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Arabic: خلافة حمد الله; also: Dina of Massina, Sise Jihad state) commonly known as the Massina empire (also spelled Maasina or Macina) was an early nineteenth-century Fulbe Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of what is now the Mopti and Ségou Regions of Mali. Its capital was at Hamdullahi.

Caliphate of Hamdullahi
خلافة حمد الله
1818–1862
The Fulani Jihad States of West Africa, c. 1830.
CapitalHamdullahi
Common languagesArabic (official)
Maasina Fulfulde, Bambara, Tamasheq
Religion
Islam
GovernmentJihad state
Almami 
• 1818 – 1845
Seku Amadu
• 1845 – 1852
Amadu II
• 1852 – 1862
Amadu III
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Established
1818
• Disestablished
1862
Today part ofMali

History

The Fulas of the region had for centuries been the vassals of larger states, including the Mali Empire (13th-14th centuries), the Songhai Empire (15th century), the Moroccan pashas of Tomboctou (16th century), and the Bambara Empire at Ségou (17th century).

By the early 1800s, many of these larger states had declined in power and inspired by the recent Muslim uprisings of Usman dan Fodio in nearby Hausaland, preacher and social reformer Seku Amadu began efforts at increasing religious revivals in his homeland.[1] Early struggle created the Massina leadership and in 1818 Seku Amadu led a jihad against the Bambara Empire in 1818. The empire expanded rapidly, taking Djenné in 1819 and establishing a new capital at Hamdullahi in 1820.[2][3]

At the height of the Empire's power, a 10,000 man army was stationed in the city, and Seku Amadu ordered the construction of six hundred madrasas to further the spread of Islam. Alcohol, tobacco, music and dancing were banned in accordance with Islamic law, while a social welfare system provided for widows and orphans. A strict interpretation of Islamic injunctions against ostentation led Amadu to order the Great Mosque of Djenné to be abandoned, and all future mosques were ordered built with low ceilings and without decoration or minarets.

One of the most enduring accomplishments was a code regulating the use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities.

In 1825, Seku Amadu conquered Timbuktu. According to the Nigerian historian J. F. Ade Ajayi, the Massina Empire "dominated the area of the Niger bend until its incorporation into al-Hadjdj 'Umar's empire, which stretched from the headwaters of the Senegal and Gambia rivers to Timbuktu."[4] Amedu died in 1845, leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son, Amadu II, who was succeeded by his son Amadu III.

In 1862, Omar Tall of Toucouleur launched an attack on the Massina from his newly secured base at Ségou. After a series of bloody battles, he entered Hamdullahi on March 16, leveling it. Amadu III was captured and put to death. Though resistance briefly continued under Amadu III's brother Ba Lobbo, the destruction marked the effective end of the Massina Empire.[citation needed]

List of rulers

Names and dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[5]

Masina founded in c. 1400 by the Fulanis.[5]

Rulers from 1814 to 1873, except for Tukolor regents, used the title of 'Sheikh'[5]

# Name Reign Start Reign End
1 Majam Dyallo c. 1400 1404
2 Birahim I 1404 1424
3 Ali I 1424 1433
4 Kanta 1433 1466
5 Ali II 1466 1480
6 Nguia 1480 1510
7 Sawadi 1510 1539
8 Ilo 1539 1540
9 Amadi Sire 1540 1543
10 Hammadi I 1543 1544
11 Bubu I 1544 1551
12 Ibrahim 1551 1559
13 Bubu II 1559 1583
14 Hammadi II 1583 c. 1595
Moroccan rule (c. 1595 – 1599)
14 Hammadi II (Restored) 1599 1603
15 Bubu III 1603 1613
16 Birahim II 1613 1625
17 Silamaka 1625 1627
18 Hammadi III 1627 1663
19 Hammadi IV 1663
20 Ali III 1663 1673
21 Gallo 1673 1675
22 Gurori I 1675 1696
23 Gueladio 1696 1706
24 Guidado 1706 1716
25 Hammadi V 1761 1780
26 Ya Gallo 1780 1801
27 Gurori II 1801 1810
28 unknown 1810 1814
29 Hamadu I 1814 1844
30 Hamadu II 1844 1852
31 Hamadu III 1852 1862
Tukolor military government (1862 – 1863)
32 Sidi al-Bakka (Tukolor regent) 1863 1864
33 Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i (Tukolor regent) 1864
34 Badi Tali 1864 1871
35 Badi Sidi 1871 1872
36 Ahmadu 1872 1873
- Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i (Tukolor regent) (Restored) 1873 1874

See also

References

  1. ^ Abdul Azim Islahi (2009). "Islamic economic thinking in the 12th AH/18th CE century with special reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi" (PDF). MPRA (Paper No. 75432): 48,41. from the original on May 15, 2021.
  2. ^ Fage, J.D. (1969). A History of West Africa: An Introductory Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–155.
  3. ^ Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy: The Rise of Masina". Journal of African History. 17 (4): 481–495. doi:10.1017/S0021853700015024. S2CID 162679554.
  4. ^ J. F. Ade Ajayi; A. A. Boahen; UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1989). "3 - New trends and processes in Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s". General History of Africa (PDF). Vol. VI - Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s. Heinemann Publishers, University of California Press, UNESCO. p. 42. (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 173. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.

Further reading

  • Bâ, Amadou Hampâté; Daget, Jacques (1962). L'empire peul du Macina, 1818-1853. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Brown, William A. (1968). "Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Māsina)". Cahiers d'études africaines. 8 (31): 428–434. doi:10.3406/cea.1968.3136.
  • Klein, Martin (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59678-5.
  • Roberts, Richard L. (1987). Warriors, Merchants. and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1378-2.
  • Sanankoua, Bintou (1990). Un empire peul au XIXe siècle: la Diina du Maasina (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-286537234-8.

External links

  • Nineteenth Century Timeline of Western and Central Sudan

August 23, 2023
massina, empire, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Massina Empire news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Caliphate of Hamdullahi Arabic خلافة حمد الله also Dina of Massina Sise Jihad state commonly known as the Massina empire also spelled Maasina or Macina was an early nineteenth century Fulbe Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of what is now the Mopti and Segou Regions of Mali Its capital was at Hamdullahi Caliphate of Hamdullahiخلافة حمد الله1818 1862The Fulani Jihad States of West Africa c 1830 CapitalHamdullahiCommon languagesArabic official Maasina Fulfulde Bambara TamasheqReligionIslamGovernmentJihad stateAlmami 1818 1845Seku Amadu 1845 1852Amadu II 1852 1862Amadu IIIHistorical eraEarly modern period Established1818 Disestablished1862Preceded by Succeeded byBambara EmpirePashalik of Timbuktu Toucouleur EmpireToday part ofMali Contents 1 History 2 List of rulers 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory EditThe Fulas of the region had for centuries been the vassals of larger states including the Mali Empire 13th 14th centuries the Songhai Empire 15th century the Moroccan pashas of Tomboctou 16th century and the Bambara Empire at Segou 17th century By the early 1800s many of these larger states had declined in power and inspired by the recent Muslim uprisings of Usman dan Fodio in nearby Hausaland preacher and social reformer Seku Amadu began efforts at increasing religious revivals in his homeland 1 Early struggle created the Massina leadership and in 1818 Seku Amadu led a jihad against the Bambara Empire in 1818 The empire expanded rapidly taking Djenne in 1819 and establishing a new capital at Hamdullahi in 1820 2 3 At the height of the Empire s power a 10 000 man army was stationed in the city and Seku Amadu ordered the construction of six hundred madrasas to further the spread of Islam Alcohol tobacco music and dancing were banned in accordance with Islamic law while a social welfare system provided for widows and orphans A strict interpretation of Islamic injunctions against ostentation led Amadu to order the Great Mosque of Djenne to be abandoned and all future mosques were ordered built with low ceilings and without decoration or minarets One of the most enduring accomplishments was a code regulating the use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities In 1825 Seku Amadu conquered Timbuktu According to the Nigerian historian J F Ade Ajayi the Massina Empire dominated the area of the Niger bend until its incorporation into al Hadjdj Umar s empire which stretched from the headwaters of the Senegal and Gambia rivers to Timbuktu 4 Amedu died in 1845 leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son Amadu II who was succeeded by his son Amadu III In 1862 Omar Tall of Toucouleur launched an attack on the Massina from his newly secured base at Segou After a series of bloody battles he entered Hamdullahi on March 16 leveling it Amadu III was captured and put to death Though resistance briefly continued under Amadu III s brother Ba Lobbo the destruction marked the effective end of the Massina Empire citation needed List of rulers EditNames and dates taken from John Stewart s African States and Rulers 1989 5 Masina founded in c 1400 by the Fulanis 5 Rulers from 1814 to 1873 except for Tukolor regents used the title of Sheikh 5 Name Reign Start Reign End1 Majam Dyallo c 1400 14042 Birahim I 1404 14243 Ali I 1424 14334 Kanta 1433 14665 Ali II 1466 14806 Nguia 1480 15107 Sawadi 1510 15398 Ilo 1539 15409 Amadi Sire 1540 154310 Hammadi I 1543 154411 Bubu I 1544 155112 Ibrahim 1551 155913 Bubu II 1559 158314 Hammadi II 1583 c 1595Moroccan rule c 1595 1599 14 Hammadi II Restored 1599 160315 Bubu III 1603 161316 Birahim II 1613 162517 Silamaka 1625 162718 Hammadi III 1627 166319 Hammadi IV 166320 Ali III 1663 167321 Gallo 1673 167522 Gurori I 1675 169623 Gueladio 1696 170624 Guidado 1706 171625 Hammadi V 1761 178026 Ya Gallo 1780 180127 Gurori II 1801 181028 unknown 1810 181429 Hamadu I 1814 184430 Hamadu II 1844 185231 Hamadu III 1852 1862Tukolor military government 1862 1863 32 Sidi al Bakka Tukolor regent 1863 186433 Sheikh Abidin al Bakha i Tukolor regent 186434 Badi Tali 1864 187135 Badi Sidi 1871 187236 Ahmadu 1872 1873 Sheikh Abidin al Bakha i Tukolor regent Restored 1873 1874See also EditMademba SyReferences Edit Abdul Azim Islahi 2009 Islamic economic thinking in the 12th AH 18th CE century with special reference to Shah Wali Allah al Dihlawi PDF MPRA Paper No 75432 48 41 Archived from the original on May 15 2021 Fage J D 1969 A History of West Africa An Introductory Survey Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 155 Johnson Marion 1976 The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy The Rise of Masina Journal of African History 17 4 481 495 doi 10 1017 S0021853700015024 S2CID 162679554 J F Ade Ajayi A A Boahen UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa 1989 3 New trends and processes in Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s General History of Africa PDF Vol VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s Heinemann Publishers University of California Press UNESCO p 42 Archived PDF from the original on May 15 2021 a b c Stewart John 1989 African States and Rulers London McFarland p 173 ISBN 0 89950 390 X Further reading EditBa Amadou Hampate Daget Jacques 1962 L empire peul du Macina 1818 1853 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Brown William A 1968 Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi Masina Cahiers d etudes africaines 8 31 428 434 doi 10 3406 cea 1968 3136 Klein Martin 1998 Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 59678 5 Roberts Richard L 1987 Warriors Merchants and Slaves The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley 1700 1914 Stanford CA Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 1378 2 Sanankoua Bintou 1990 Un empire peul au XIXe siecle la Diina du Maasina in French Paris Karthala Editions ISBN 978 286537234 8 External links EditNineteenth Century Timeline of Western and Central Sudan History of Mali French language Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Massina Empire amp oldid 1142819714, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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