The Pashalik of Timbuktu was a West African political entity that existed between the 16th and the 19th century. It was formed after the Battle of Tondibi, when a military expedition sent by Saadian sultan Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco defeated the Songhai Empire and established control over a territory centered on Timbuktu. Following the decline of the Saadian Sultanate in the early 16th century, Morocco retained only nominal control of the Pashalik.[1][2]
By the end of the 16th century, Moroccan sultans were strengthened after the completion of the reunification of Morocco and the victory over the Portuguese at the Battle of the Three Kings, but their financial needs lead them to extend their realm southward to Saharan gold mines and Songhay territories.[3]
In 1577, a Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza. In 1582, a first expedition to Timbuktu was defeated.
In 1591, a Moroccan force which left Marrakesh with between three and four thousand soldiers, together with several hundred auxiliaries[4] defeated the Songhai army at Tondibi and conquered Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné. The Pashalik of Timbuktu was then established and Timbuktu became its capital.
Starting from 1618, the Pasha, who was then appointed by the Sultan of Morocco, became elected by the Armas.[5] However, while governing the Pashalik as an independent republic, the Armas continued to recognize Moroccan sultans as their leaders. During the civil war that followed the death of Ahmad al-Mansur in Morocco, the Pashalik supported the legitimate Sultan, Zidan al-Nasir,[6] and in 1670 they recognized the Alaouite sultans and pledged allegiance.[7]
By the middle of the eighteenth century, the pashalik was in total eclipse. In about 1770, the Tuareg took possession of Gao, and in 1787 they entered Timbuktu and made the Pashalik their tributary.[8]
References and Bibliography
References
^Hunwick, J.O. (2012). "Timbuktu". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
^Abitbol, Michel (1992). "The end of the Songhay Empire". In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. UNESCO. p. 201. ISBN9789231017117.
Elias N. Saad (1983). Social History of Timbuktu The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-24603-3.
Fage, J.D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-20413-2.
N. Levtzion, Chp. III - North-West Africa: from the Maghrib to the fringes of the forest, pp. 142–222
The pashalik of Timbuktu, pp. 152–158
Timbuktu, Jenne and Massina under the Arma, pp. 158–164
The Arma, Songhay and Tuareg, pp. 165–171
The Bambara states, pp. 171–182
Grémont, Charles (2010). Les Touaregs Iwellemmedan, 1647-1896 un ensemble politique de la boucle du Niger. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN978-2-8111-0397-2.
Chp. III - Karidenna, ancêtre historique et figure emblématique (1647–1713), pp. 149–212
Chp. IV - Les Iwellemmedan au XVIIIe siècle: émergence d'une entité politique, pp. 213–290
M. Abitbol, Tombouctou et les Arma: de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 a l'hégémonie de l'Empire peul du Macina en 1833, Ed. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1979. (ISBN2706807709)
B. Rosenberg, Michel Abitbol, Tombouctou et les Arma. De la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'Empire Peulh du Macina en 1833 (compte rendu), in: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 37(4), 1982, pp. 833–836
Bethwell A. Ogot (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. UNESCO. ISBN978-92-3-101711-7.
M. Abitbol, Chp. XI - The end of the Songhay empire, pp. 300–326
Davoine, Robert (2003). Tombouctou fascination et malédiction d'une ville mythique. L'Harmattan. ISBN978-2-7475-3939-5.
pashalik, timbuktu, west, african, political, entity, that, existed, between, 16th, 19th, century, formed, after, battle, tondibi, when, military, expedition, sent, saadian, sultan, ahmad, mansur, morocco, defeated, songhai, empire, established, control, over,. The Pashalik of Timbuktu was a West African political entity that existed between the 16th and the 19th century It was formed after the Battle of Tondibi when a military expedition sent by Saadian sultan Ahmad al Mansur of Morocco defeated the Songhai Empire and established control over a territory centered on Timbuktu Following the decline of the Saadian Sultanate in the early 16th century Morocco retained only nominal control of the Pashalik 1 2 Pashalik of Timbuktuباشوية تمبكتو Bashauyat TimbuktuPashalik of Morocco1591 1833FlagMap of the Pashalik of Timbuktu striped as part of Morocco late 16th centuryCapitalTimbuktuHistory TypePashalik of Morocco 1591 1603 Vassal state of Morocco 1603 1826 Tributary state of the Tuaregs 1787 1833 History Established1591 De facto independence1727 Battle of Toya beginning of the pre eminence of the Tuareg1737 Progressive loss of power by the Arma people to the Tuareg1787 1826 Disestablished1833Preceded by Succeeded bySonghay Empire Massina EmpireToday part ofMali Contents 1 History 2 References and Bibliography 2 1 References 2 2 BibliographyHistory EditBy the end of the 16th century Moroccan sultans were strengthened after the completion of the reunification of Morocco and the victory over the Portuguese at the Battle of the Three Kings but their financial needs lead them to extend their realm southward to Saharan gold mines and Songhay territories 3 In 1577 a Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza In 1582 a first expedition to Timbuktu was defeated In 1591 a Moroccan force which left Marrakesh with between three and four thousand soldiers together with several hundred auxiliaries 4 defeated the Songhai army at Tondibi and conquered Gao Timbuktu and Djenne The Pashalik of Timbuktu was then established and Timbuktu became its capital Starting from 1618 the Pasha who was then appointed by the Sultan of Morocco became elected by the Armas 5 However while governing the Pashalik as an independent republic the Armas continued to recognize Moroccan sultans as their leaders During the civil war that followed the death of Ahmad al Mansur in Morocco the Pashalik supported the legitimate Sultan Zidan al Nasir 6 and in 1670 they recognized the Alaouite sultans and pledged allegiance 7 By the middle of the eighteenth century the pashalik was in total eclipse In about 1770 the Tuareg took possession of Gao and in 1787 they entered Timbuktu and made the Pashalik their tributary 8 References and Bibliography EditReferences Edit Hunwick J O 2012 Timbuktu In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill Abitbol Michel 1992 The end of the Songhay Empire In Ogot Bethwell A ed Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century UNESCO p 201 ISBN 9789231017117 R Davoine 2003 p 36 UNESCO General History of Africa Vol V pg 301 B A Ogot 1992 p 307 J D Fage 1975 p 155 B A Ogot 1992 p 315 J D Fage 1975 p 170 Bibliography Edit Elias N Saad 1983 Social History of Timbuktu The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400 1900 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 24603 3 Fage J D Gray Richard Oliver Roland 1975 The Cambridge History of Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 20413 2 N Levtzion Chp III North West Africa from the Maghrib to the fringes of the forest pp 142 222 The pashalik of Timbuktu pp 152 158 Timbuktu Jenne and Massina under the Arma pp 158 164 The Arma Songhay and Tuareg pp 165 171 The Bambara states pp 171 182 Gremont Charles 2010 Les Touaregs Iwellemmedan 1647 1896 un ensemble politique de la boucle du Niger KARTHALA Editions ISBN 978 2 8111 0397 2 Chp III Karidenna ancetre historique et figure emblematique 1647 1713 pp 149 212 Chp IV Les Iwellemmedan au XVIIIe siecle emergence d une entite politique pp 213 290 M Abitbol Tombouctou et les Arma de la conquete marocaine du Soudan nigerien en 1591 a l hegemonie de l Empire peul du Macina en 1833 Ed Maisonneuve et Larose 1979 ISBN 2706807709 B Rosenberg Michel Abitbol Tombouctou et les Arma De la conquete marocaine du Soudan nigerien en 1591 a l hegemonie de l Empire Peulh du Macina en 1833 compte rendu in Annales Economies Societes Civilisations 37 4 1982 pp 833 836 Bethwell A Ogot 1992 Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century UNESCO ISBN 978 92 3 101711 7 M Abitbol Chp XI The end of the Songhay empire pp 300 326 Davoine Robert 2003 Tombouctou fascination et malediction d une ville mythique L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 7475 3939 5 Portal Morocco Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pashalik of Timbuktu amp oldid 1111563772, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
