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Marsha P. Johnson

January 01, 1970

Marsha P. Johnson (August 24, 1945 – July 6, 1992) was an American gay liberation[6][7] activist and self-identified drag queen.[8][9] Known as an outspoken advocate for gay rights, Johnson was one of the prominent figures in the Stonewall uprising of 1969.[6][10][11]

Marsha P. Johnson
Born
Malcolm Michaels Jr.[1][2][3][4]

(1945-08-24)August 24, 1945[1][2][3]
Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.[5]
DiedJuly 6, 1992(1992-07-06) (aged 46)[5]
New York, New York, U.S.
Known forGay liberation and AIDS activist, performer with the Hot Peaches and the Angels of Light

Johnson was a founding member of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and co-founded the radical activist group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), alongside close friend Sylvia Rivera.[12] Popular in New York's gay community, Johnson was also active in the City's art scene, modeling for Andy Warhol and appearing onstage with the drag performance troupe Hot Peaches.[6] Johnson was known as the "mayor of Christopher Street" for being a welcoming presence in the streets of Greenwich Village. Beginning in 1987, Johnson was an AIDS activist with ACT UP.[6]

Johnson's body was found floating in the Hudson River in 1992. While initially ruled a suicide by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), controversy and protest followed the case, resulting in it eventually being re-opened as a possible homicide.[13][14]

Biography

Early life

Marsha P. Johnson was born Malcolm Michaels Jr. on August 24, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey,[3][4] to father Malcolm Michaels Sr., an assembly line worker at General Motors, and mother Alberta Claiborne, a housekeeper. They were raised alongside six siblings, and the family attended Mount Teman African Methodist Episcopal Church.[5][15][16][17] Commenting on this upbringing, Johnson said, "I got married to Jesus Christ when I was sixteen years old, still in high school."[15]

Johnson first began wearing dresses at the age of five but stopped temporarily due to harassment by boys who lived nearby. In a 1992 interview, Johnson described being the young victim of rape by a thirteen-year-old boy.[18][19] After this, Johnson described the idea of being gay as "some sort of dream", rather than something that seemed possible, and so chose to remain sexually inactive until leaving for New York City at age 17.[20] Johnson's mother reportedly said that being homosexual was like being "lower than a dog",[21] but Johnson said that she was unaware of the LGBT community. Johnson's mother also encouraged them to find a "billionaire" boyfriend or husband to take care of (Johnson) for life, a goal they often talked about.[22]

After graduating from Edison High School (now the Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Academy) in Elizabeth in 1963, Johnson left home for New York with $15 and a bag of clothes.[5] They waited tables after moving to Greenwich Village in 1966.[23][24] After Johnson began spending time with the street hustlers near the Howard Johnson's restaurant at Sixth Avenue and 8th Street, their life changed. Johnson came out and said, "my life has been built around sex and gay liberation, being a drag queen" and sex work.[20]

Performance work and identity

Johnson initially used the moniker "Black Marsha", but later decided on the drag queen name "Marsha P. Johnson", getting Johnson from the Howard Johnson's restaurant on 42nd Street, stating that the P stood for "pay it no mind"[25] and used the phrase sarcastically when questioned about gender, saying "it stands for 'pay it no mind'".[26] Johnson said the phrase once to a judge, who was amused by it, leading to Johnson's release. Johnson variably identified as gay, as a transvestite, and as a queen (referring to drag queen or "street queen").[26] According to Susan Stryker, a professor of human gender and sexuality studies at the University of Arizona, Johnson's gender expression could be called gender non-conforming; Johnson never self-identified with the term transgender, and the term was also not in broad use during Johnson's lifetime.[27]

The definitions used by Johnson and Sylvia Rivera were not always the same as those documented in the more mainstream literature of the era. For instance, Rivera insisted on claiming transvestite solely for use by gay people, writing in the essay "Transvestites: Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution", "Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex."[28] In an interview with Allen Young, in Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation, Johnson discussed being a member of the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), saying, "A transvestite is still like a boy, very manly looking, a feminine boy."[29] Johnson distinguishes this from transsexual, defining transsexuals as those who are on hormones and getting surgery.[29] Also discussed are Johnson's experiences of the dangers of working as a street prostitute in drag, and the murder of Johnson's husband.[clarification needed] Johnson and Rivera's interviews and writings in this era also at times used terminology in ways that were sarcastic and camp, other times serious, or all of the above at once.[29]

Johnson's style of drag was not serious ("high drag" or "show drag"[20]), due to being unable to afford to purchase clothing from expensive stores.[30] They received leftover flowers after sleeping under tables used for sorting flowers in Manhattan's Flower District, and was known for wearing crowns of fresh flowers.[31] Johnson was tall, slender and often dressed in flowing robes and shiny dresses, red plastic high heels and bright wigs, which tended to draw attention.[5] As Edmund White wrote in his 1979 Village Voice article "The Politics of Drag", Johnson also liked dressing in ways that would display "the interstice between masculine and feminine". A feature photo of Johnson in this article shows Johnson in a flowing wig and makeup, and a translucent shirt, pants and parka – highlighting the ways that, quoting Kate Millett's Sexual Politics, Johnson is "both masculine and feminine at once — or male, but feminine."[32]

There is some existing footage of Johnson doing full, glamorous, "high drag" on stage, but most of their performance work was with groups that were more grassroots, comedic and political.[33] Johnson sang and performed as a member of J. Camicias' New York-based international drag performance troupe, Hot Peaches, from 1972 through to shows in the 1990s.[34][35] When The Cockettes, a similar drag troupe from San Francisco, formed an East Coast troupe, The Angels of Light, Johnson was also asked to perform with them.[36] In 1973, Johnson performed the role of "The Gypsy Queen" in the Angels' production, "The Enchanted Miracle", about the Comet Kohoutek.[37] In 1975, Johnson was photographed by famed artist Andy Warhol, as part of a "Ladies and Gentlemen" series of Polaroids.[38][37] In 1990, Johnson performed with Hot Peaches in London.[39] Johnson, who was also HIV positive,[40] became an AIDS activist and appeared in Hot Peaches production The Heat in 1990, singing the song "Love" while wearing an ACT UP, "Silence = Death" button.[41]

While the photos of Johnson in dramatic, femme ensembles are the most well-known, there are also photos and film footage of Johnson dressed down in more daily wear of jeans and a flannel shirt and cap,[42] or in shorts and a tank top, and no wig, such as at the Christopher Street Liberation March in 1979,[43] or singing with the New York City Gay Men's Chorus at an AIDS memorial in the 1980s,[44] or marching in a protest in Greenwich Village in 1992.[42]

Though generally regarded as "generous and warmhearted" and "saintly" under the Marsha persona, Johnson's angry, violent side could sometimes emerge when they were depressed or under severe stress. Some felt that it was more common for this to happen under Johnson's "male persona as Malcolm".[45] During those moments when Johnson's violent side emerged, according to acquaintance Robert Heide, they would be aggressive, short-tempered, speak in a deeper voice, and, as Malcolm, would "become a very nasty, vicious man, looking for fights".[45] This dual personality has been described as "a schizophrenic personality at work".[46] When this happened, Johnson would often get in fights and wind up hospitalized and sedated, and friends would have to organize and raise money to bail them out of jail or try to secure release from places like Bellevue Hospital.[46] In the 1979 Village Voice article, and further elaborated upon by Stonewall historian Carter, it had perhaps been for this reason that other activists had been reluctant at first to credit Johnson for helping to spark the gay liberation movement of the early 1970s.[46] Watson also reported that Johnson's saintly personality was "volatile", and listed a roster of gay bars from which they had been banned.[20][46]

Stonewall uprising

 
Stonewall Inn (2016)

Johnson was one of the first drag queens to go to the Stonewall Inn after the establishment began taking business from women and drag queens; it was previously a bar only for gay men.[11] On the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall uprising occurred. While the first two nights of rioting were the most intense, the clashes with police would result in a series of spontaneous demonstrations and marches through the gay neighborhoods of Greenwich Village for roughly a week afterwards.[46]

Johnson has been named, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona,[47] by a number of the Stonewall veterans interviewed by David Carter in his book, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, as being "three individuals known to have been in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police at the uprising.[46][38] However, Johnson denied starting the uprising. In 1987 they recalled arriving at around "2:00 [that morning]", that "the riots had already started" by that time and that the Stonewall building had already been set on fire by police.[11] The riots reportedly started at around 1:20 a.m. after Stormé DeLarverie fought back against a police officer who attempted to arrest her that night.[46]

According to Carter, Robin Souza reported that fellow Stonewall veterans such as Morty Manford and Marty Robinson had witnessed Johnson throw a shot glass at a mirror in the torched bar, screaming, "I got my civil rights!"[46] Souza told the Gay Activists Alliance shortly afterwards that it "was the shot glass that was heard around the world".[46] Carter, however, concluded that Robinson had given several different accounts of the uprising and in none of the accounts was Johnson's name brought up, possibly in fear that if he publicly credited the uprising to Johnson, then their well-known mental state and gender nonconforming, "could have been used effectively by the movement's opponents".[46] The alleged "shot glass" incident has also been heavily disputed.[14] Prior to Carter's book, it was claimed Johnson had "thrown a brick" at a police officer, an account that was never verified. Johnson also confirmed not being present at the Stonewall Inn when the rioting broke out, but instead had heard about it and went to get Rivera, who was at a park uptown sleeping on a bench, to inform her about it.[48] However, many have corroborated that on the second night, Johnson climbed up a lamppost and dropped a bag with a brick in it onto a police car, shattering the windshield.[46]

Other activism

 
Marsha P. Johnson, Joseph Ratanski and Sylvia Rivera in 1973 by Gary LeGault

Following the Stonewall uprising, Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and was active in the GLF Drag Queen Caucus.[49] On the first anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, on June 28, 1970, Johnson marched in the first Gay Pride rally, then called the Christopher Street Liberation Day. One of their most notable direct actions occurred in August 1970, staging a sit-in protest at Weinstein Hall at New York University alongside fellow GLF members after administrators canceled a dance when they found out that it was sponsored by gay organizations.[50]

Shortly after, Johnson and Rivera co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (initially titled Street Transvestites Actual Revolutionaries, or STAR). The two of them became a visible presence at gay liberation marches and other radical political actions.[6] In 1973, Johnson and Rivera were banned from participating in the gay pride parade by the gay and lesbian committee who were administering the event, stating they "weren't gonna allow drag queens" at their marches claiming they were "giving them a bad name".[6] Their response was to march defiantly ahead of the parade.[51][6] During a gay rights rally at New York City Hall in the early '70s, photographed by Diana Davies, a reporter asked Johnson why the group was demonstrating, they shouted into the microphone, "Darling, I want my gay rights now!"[52][53]

During another incident around this time, Johnson was confronted by police officers for hustling in New York. When the officers attempted to perform an arrest, Johnson hit them with a handbag which contained two bricks. When asked by the judge for an explanation for hustling, Johnson claimed to be trying to secure enough money for a tombstone for their husband. During a time when same-sex marriage was illegal in the United States, the judge asked what "happened to this alleged husband", Johnson responded, "Pig shot him".[54] Initially sentenced to ninety days in prison for the assault, Johnson's lawyer eventually convinced the judge that Bellevue Hospital would be more suitable.[54]

STAR House

In 1970, Johnson and Rivera established STAR House, a shelter for homeless gay and trans youth,[55] and paid the rent for it with money they made themselves as sex workers.[56] While the House was not focused on performance, Johnson was a "drag mother" of STAR House, in the longstanding tradition of "Houses" as chosen family in the Black and Latino LGBT community. Johnson worked to provide food, clothing, emotional support and a sense of family for the young drag queens, trans women, gender nonconformists and other gay street kids living on the Christopher Street docks or in their house on the Lower East Side.[57][58] While the original location of STAR House was evicted in 1971 and the building was destroyed,[55] the household existed in different configurations and at different locations over the years.[56]

Later life

By 1966, Johnson lived on the streets[2] and engaged in survival sex.[59] In connection with sex work, they claimed to have been arrested over 100 times, and was also shot once, in the late 1970s.[5] Johnson spoke of first having a mental breakdown in 1970.[60] According to Bob Kohler, Johnson would walk naked up Christopher Street and be taken away for two or three months to be treated with chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication. Upon returning, the medication would wear off over the course of one month and Johnson would then return to normal.[61]

Between 1980 and Johnson's death in 1992, they lived with a friend, Randy Wicker, who had invited Johnson to stay the night one time when it was "very cold out—about 10 degrees [Fahrenheit]" (−12 °C), and Johnson had just never left.[62] When Wicker's lover, David, became terminally ill with AIDS, Johnson became his caregiver. After visiting David and other friends with the virus in the hospital during the AIDS pandemic, Johnson, who was also HIV-positive, became committed to sitting with the sick and dying, as well as doing street activism with AIDS activist groups including ACT UP.[40]

In David France's documentary, The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson, Johnson is seen participating in a 1980s memorial service and action for those who had died of AIDS, along with members of the Gay Men's Health Crisis.[44] In 1992, New York became gripped by a gay bashing epidemic with 1,300 reports, 18% of which was allegedly perpetrated by police.[63] Marches were organized in response, and Johnson was one of the activists who marched in the streets, demanding justice.[42] Only weeks later, Johnson would also be found dead, having sustained a severe head injury.[42]

 
Christopher Park in 2013, now part of the Stonewall National Monument, stands across the street from the Stonewall Inn. George Segal's Gay Liberation statues now stand where Johnson and the other street queens and homeless gay youth spent time in decades past.

In 1992, George Segal's sculpture, Gay Liberation was moved to Christopher Park as part of the new Gay Liberation Monument. Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."[64]

Johnson remained devoutly religious in later life, often lighting candles and praying at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Hoboken,[65] saying in 1992: "I practice the Catholic religion because the Catholic religion is part of the Santería of the saints, which says that we are all brothers and sisters in Christ."[66] Johnson would also make offerings to the saints and spirits in a more personal manner, keeping a private altar at home when possible.[5][67] As friend James Gallagher related in the documentary Pay it No Mind,[68] "Marsha would always say she went to the Greek Church, she went to the Catholic Church, she went to the Baptist Church, she went to the Jewish Temple - she said she was covering all angles."[69] In the summer of 1991, Johnson participated in the interfaith AIDS memorial service at the Church of Saint Veronica in Greenwich Village.[70] When asked about religion in the last interview, Johnson said, "I use Jesus Christ the most in my prayers, most of the time." A neighbor also said Johnson would pray, prostrate on the floor in front of the statue of the Virgin Mary, in the church across from Wicker's apartment (where Johnson lived in later years). Johnson's friend Sasha McCaffrey added, "I would find her in the strangest churches. She'd be wearing velvet and throwing glitter."[71]

Johnson expressed a relationship with the Divine that was direct and personal, saying in their last interview (June 1992), about leaving home in 1963, "I got the Lord on my side, and I took him to my heart with me and I came to the city, for better or worse. And he said, 'You know, you might wind up with nothing.' 'Cause you know, me and Jesus is always talking. And I said, Honey, I don't care if I never have nothing ever till the day I die. All I want is my freedom."[72] "I believe [Jesus is] the only man I can truly trust. He's like the spirit that follows me around, you know, and helps me out in my hour of need."[15]

In Pay it No Mind, friends Bob Kohler and Agosto Machado talk about Johnson's relationship with Neptune. Kohler tells a story of sunbathing at the Christopher Street piers when Johnson, naked, began grabbing at Kohler's shirt, shouting, "My father needs those clothes!"[73] Johnson succeeded in pulling Kohler's shirt off and throwing it into the Hudson River. "These were sacrifices to her father, and to Neptune, who got all mixed up together," explains Kohler.[73] Machado continues, "She was making offerings of flowers and change to King Neptune as an appeasement to help her friends who are on the other side."[74]

Near the time of Johnson's death in 1992, Wicker said Johnson was increasingly sick and in a fragile state. However, none of their friends or relatives believed Johnson was suicidal.[75]

Death

Shortly after the 1992 gay pride parade, Johnson's body was discovered floating in the Hudson River.[5] Police initially ruled the death a suicide,[38] but Johnson's friends and other members of the local community insisted they were not suicidal and noted that the back of their head had a massive wound.[76][77]

Johnson's death occurred during a time when anti-LGBT violence was at a peak in New York City, including bias crime by police.[63] Johnson was one of the activists who had been drawing attention to the issue, participating in marches and other activism to demand justice for victims, and an inquiry into how to stop the violence.[42] They had been speaking out against the "dirty cops" and elements of organized crime that many believed responsible for some of these assaults and murders, and had even voiced the concern that some of what Wicker was stirring up, and pulling Johnson into, "could get you murdered."[78] This added to the suspicions of foul play and possible murder.[63][42]

Johnson's body was cremated and, following a funeral at a local church and a march down Seventh Avenue, friends released their ashes over the Hudson River, off the Christopher Street piers. Police allowed Seventh Avenue to be closed while Johnson's ashes were carried to the river. After the funeral, a series of demonstrations and marches to the police precinct took place, to demand justice for Johnson.[79]

Postmortem developments

According to Rivera, Kohler believed Johnson committed suicide due to an ever-increasing fragile state, which Rivera herself disputed, claiming she and Johnson had "made a pact" to "cross the 'River Jordan' together".[80] Those who were close to Johnson considered the death suspicious; many claimed that while Johnson did struggle mentally, this did not manifest itself as suicidal ideation.[81] Wicker later said that Johnson may have hallucinated and walked into the river, or may have jumped into the river to escape harassers, but stated that Johnson was never suicidal.[75][14]

Several people came forward to say they had seen Johnson harassed by a group of "thugs" who had also robbed people.[76][77] According to Wicker, a witness saw a neighborhood resident fighting with Johnson on July 4. During the fight he used a homophobic slur, and later bragged to someone at a bar that he had killed a drag queen named Marsha. The witness said that when he tried to tell police what he had seen, his story was ignored.[14] Other locals stated later that law enforcement was not interested in investigating Johnson's death, stating that the case was about a "gay black man" and wanting little to do with it at the time.[82]

In December 2002, a police investigation resulted in reclassification of Johnson's cause of death from "suicide" to "undetermined".[14] Former New York politician Thomas Duane fought to reopen the case because, "Usually when there is a death by suicide the person usually leaves a note. She didn't leave a note."[13] In November 2012, activist Mariah Lopez succeeded in getting the police to reopen the case as a possible homicide.[14]

In 2016, Victoria Cruz of the Anti-Violence Project also tried to get Johnson's case reopened and succeeded in gaining access to previously unreleased documents and witness statements. She sought out new interviews with witnesses, friends, other activists and police who had worked the case or had been on the force at the time of Johnson's death.[83] Some of her work to find justice for Johnson was filmed by David France for the 2017 documentary The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson.[84]

Tributes

 
Mural of Marsha P. Johnson (2020), Astoria, Queens, New York
 
Commemorative plaque in the Plaza de la Diversidad de la Ciudad de Murcia (Spain)
  • The 2012 documentary Pay It No Mind – The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson heavily features segments from a 1992 interview with Johnson, which was filmed shortly before Johnson's death. Many friends of Johnson's from Greenwich Village are interviewed for the documentary.[6]
  • Johnson appears as a character in two fictional film dramas that are based on real events, including Stonewall (2015), played by Otoja Abit,[85] and Happy Birthday, Marsha! (2016), played by Mya Taylor. Both movies are creative interpretations, inspired by the Stonewall uprising.
  • The 2017 documentary, The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson, follows trans woman Victoria Cruz of the Anti-Violence Project as she investigates Johnson's death.[83][84] Like Pay It No Mind, it relies on archival footage and interviews.
  • New York City artist Anohni produced multiple tributes to Johnson, including baroque pop band Anohni and the Johnsons[57] (named in Johnson's honor), and the 1995 play The Ascension of Marsha P. Johnson.[86] Their 2023 album My Back Was a Bridge For You to Cross depicts Johnson on the album's artwork.[87]
  • American drag queen and TV personality RuPaul has called Johnson an inspiration, describing Johnson as "the true Drag Mother".[26] During an episode of his show RuPaul's Drag Race in 2012, RuPaul told her contestants that Johnson "paved the way for all of [them]".[88]
  • In 2018 the New York Times published a belated obituary for Johnson.[2]
  • A large, painted mural depicting Johnson and Sylvia Rivera went on display in Dallas, Texas, in 2019 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. The painting of the "two pioneers of the gay rights movement" in front of a transgender flag claims to be the world's largest mural honoring the trans community.[89]
  • On May 30, 2019, it was announced that Johnson and Sylvia Rivera would be honored with monuments at Greenwich Village, near the site of the Stonewall club.[90] Construction is rumored to be completed by 2021.[91] These monuments of Johnson and Rivera will be the world's first to honor transgender activists.[92]
  • On May 31, 2019, queer street artists Homo Riot and Suriani created a mural, as part of the WorldPride Mural Project and Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, and dedicated to Queer Liberation, featuring multiple images of Johnson. The mural, located at 2nd Avenue and Houston Street in New York City, was curated by photographer and filmmaker Daniel "Dusty" Albanese.[93]
  • In June 2019, Johnson was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn.[94][95] The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history,[96] and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[97]
  • On June 30, 2020, Google celebrated Marsha P. Johnson with a Google Doodle.[98]
  • In August 2020 the Union County, New Jersey Office of LGBTQ Affairs announced Johnson's hometown, Elizabeth, New Jersey, would erect a monument to Johnson.[99] A petition to remove the Christopher Columbus monument and replace it with a statue of Johnson received over 75,000 signatures.[100] A mural of Johnson, also in Elizabeth, was vandalized during Pride Month in June 2021.[101][102] Community organizers vowed to fund restoration of the mural to honor Pride Month and Johnson's legacy.[102][103]
  • On August 24, 2020, the 75th anniversary of Johnson's birth, the Marsha P. Johnson State Park was renamed in Johnson's honor, becoming the first New York state park named after an openly LGBT person.[104][105] Two years later, governor Kathy Hochul announced that a new gate to the park would be constructed in Johnson's honor.[106][107]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Washington, K.C. (April 9, 2019). "Marsha P. Johnson (1945–1992)". BlackPast.org. from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Sewell Chan (March 8, 2018). "Marsha P. Johnson, a Transgender Pioneer and Activist – The New York Times". The New York Times. from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Scan of Birth Certificate February 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Name: Malcolm Michaels; Sex: Male; Place of Birth: St. Elizabeth Hospital; Date of Birth: August 24, 1945; Registration Date: August 27, 1945; Date of Issue: September 4, 1990. Accessed September 10, 2015.
  4. ^ a b U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936–2007, Death, Burial, Cemetery & Obituaries: "Michaels, Malcolm Jr [Malcolm Mike Michaels Jr], [M Michae Jr], [Malculm Jr]. ...Gender: Male. Race: Black. Birth Date: 24 Aug 1945. Birth Place: Elizabeth, Union, New Jersey [Elizabeth, New Jersey]. Death Date: Jul 1992. Database on-line. Provo, UT, US: Ancestry.com"
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Chan 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Kasino 2012.
  7. ^ "I've been involved in gay liberation ever since it first started in 1969", 15:20 into the interview, Johnson is quoted as saying this.
  8. ^ Feinberg, Leslie (September 24, 2006). "Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries". Workers World Party. from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2017. Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha 'Pay It No Mind' Johnson ... Both were self-identified drag queens.
  9. ^ Jacobs, Julia (May 29, 2019). "Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York". The New York Times. from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2019. 'I was no one, nobody, from Nowheresville, until I became a drag queen,' Ms. Johnson said in 1992.
  10. ^ Carter, David (2004). Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. St. Martin's. pp. 64, 261, 298. ISBN 0-312-20025-0.
  11. ^ a b c "Making Gay History: Episode 11 – Johnson & Wicker". 1987. from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  12. ^ Giffney, Noreen (December 28, 2012). Queering the Non/Human. Ashgate Publishing. p. 252. ISBN 9781409491408. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  13. ^ a b "The Death of Marsha P. Johnson and the Quest for Closure". Inside Edition. March 30, 2019. from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Jacobs, Shayna (December 16, 2012). "DA reopens unsolved 1992 case involving the 'saint of gay life'". New York Daily News. from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Kasino 2012: events occur at 5:54. Note - Source misspells church name as "Mount Teamon". Website of church has correct spelling: Mount Teman AME Church July 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Also: in A queer history of the United States for young people August 3, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (Boston, 2019) Michael Bronski writes, "Johnson was raised Roman Catholic August 3, 2022, at the Wayback Machine." But seems to be alone in this claim.
  16. ^ "Heroes of Stonewall: Marsha P. Johnson". World Queerstory. June 7, 2019. from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  17. ^ Coke, Hope (June 25, 2020). "The inspiring life of activist and drag queen Marsha P. Johnson - A passionate advocate for gay rights, Marsha was an instrumental figure in the Stonewall uprising". Tatler. from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  18. ^ Kasino 2012: events occur at 4:21 and 4:41.
  19. ^ Chan 2018: "Later, Johnson said in an interview toward the end of her life, she was sexually assaulted by another boy, who was around 13."
  20. ^ a b c d Watson, Steve (June 15, 1979). "Stonewall 1979: The Drag of Politics". The Village Voice. from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  21. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 46:52.
  22. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 46:35.
  23. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 47:22.
  24. ^ Carter 2010.
  25. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 37:22; Carter 2010: "In the early days she tended to go out mainly in semidrag and call herself Black Marsha. (When she later dropped the Black and started calling herself Marsha P. Johnson, she explained that the P. stood for 'Pay it no mind.')"
  26. ^ a b c "#LGBTQ: Doc Film, "The Death & Life of Marsha P. Johnson" Debuts At Tribeca Film Fest – The WOW Report". The Wow Report. April 6, 2017. from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  27. ^ Chan 2018: "Many transgender people have also come to hail Johnson, and her longtime friend and colleague Sylvia Rivera, as pioneering heroes. (The term transgender was not in wide use in Johnson's lifetime; she usually used female pronouns for herself, but also referred to herself as gay, as a transvestite or simply as a queen.) 'Marsha P. Johnson could be perceived as the most marginalized of people — black, queer, gender-nonconforming, poor,' said Susan Stryker ..."
  28. ^ Rivera, Sylvia, "Transvestites: Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution" in Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries: Survival, Revolt, and Queer Antagonist Struggle. Untorelli Press, 2013. "Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex."
  29. ^ a b c Scarpi, Bebe (1992). Jay, Karla (ed.). Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation (20th ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 114–118. A drag queen is one that usually goes to a ball, and that's the only time she gets dressed up. Transvestites live in drag. A transsexual spends most of her life in drag. I never come out of drag to go anywhere. Everywhere I go I get all dressed up. A transvestite is still like a boy, very manly looking, a feminine boy. You wear drag here and there. When you're a transsexual, you have hormone treatments and you're on your way to a sex change, and you never come out of female clothes.
  30. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 10:11.
  31. ^ Kasino 2012: event occurs at 8:42.
  32. ^ White, Edmund (June 25, 1979). "The Politics of Drag". The Village Voice. from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  33. ^ Marsha P. Johnson 'A Beloved Star!'. from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2019. – Randolfe Wicker. Published on January 22, 2007. Accessed July 1, 2019. Note: Collection of brief clips from a number of different performances.
  34. ^ "Feature Doc 'Pay It No Mind: The Life & Times of Marsha P. Johnson' Released Online. Watch It". Indiewire. September 24, 2015. from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019. 27:15
  35. ^ NYC's Hot Peaches July 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine website. Accessed January 23, 2016.
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  66. ^ Marsha P. Johnson's Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial. Event occurs at 4:12. from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021. – Village AIDS Memorial. Accessed July 6, 2021. Note: It is hard to make out the word here. Some have heard this as "Sangria", which does not translate to anything having to do with the saints, while "Santería" does. The closed captioning, which is generally not very good, in this case does say "Santería".
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Sources

  • Carter, David (May 25, 2010). Stonewall: the riots that sparked the gay revolution. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312671938. OCLC 659681252.
  • Chan, Sewell (March 8, 2018). "Marsha P. Johnson: A transgender pioneer and activist who was a fixture of Greenwich Village street life". The New York Times.
  • Kasino, Michael (2012). Pay It No Mind – The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson (Documentary film). Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marsha P. Johnson.
  • Marsha P. Johnson at IMDb  
  • Marsha P. Johnson photographs by roommate and archivist Randy Wicker
  • "Marsha P Johnson – People's Memorial" on YouTube - conversations with friends of Johnson at the memorial where Johnson's body was found
  • Photographs of Marsha P. Johnson by Diana Davies at the New York Public Library Digital Collections (note: the photo of the much younger person, sitting on the table wearing a headscarf, has been mislabeled; it is actually GLF and Youth Group member, Zazu Nova, also a Stonewall veteran)

January 01, 1970
marsha, johnson, august, 1945, july, 1992, american, liberation, activist, self, identified, drag, queen, known, outspoken, advocate, rights, johnson, prominent, figures, stonewall, uprising, 1969, bornmalcolm, michaels, 1945, august, 1945, elizabeth, jersey, . Marsha P Johnson August 24 1945 July 6 1992 was an American gay liberation 6 7 activist and self identified drag queen 8 9 Known as an outspoken advocate for gay rights Johnson was one of the prominent figures in the Stonewall uprising of 1969 6 10 11 Marsha P JohnsonBornMalcolm Michaels Jr 1 2 3 4 1945 08 24 August 24 1945 1 2 3 Elizabeth New Jersey U S 5 DiedJuly 6 1992 1992 07 06 aged 46 5 New York New York U S Known forGay liberation and AIDS activist performer with the Hot Peaches and the Angels of Light Johnson was a founding member of the Gay Liberation Front GLF and co founded the radical activist group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries STAR alongside close friend Sylvia Rivera 12 Popular in New York s gay community Johnson was also active in the City s art scene modeling for Andy Warhol and appearing onstage with the drag performance troupe Hot Peaches 6 Johnson was known as the mayor of Christopher Street for being a welcoming presence in the streets of Greenwich Village Beginning in 1987 Johnson was an AIDS activist with ACT UP 6 Johnson s body was found floating in the Hudson River in 1992 While initially ruled a suicide by the New York City Police Department NYPD controversy and protest followed the case resulting in it eventually being re opened as a possible homicide 13 14 Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Performance work and identity 1 3 Stonewall uprising 1 4 Other activism 1 5 STAR House 1 6 Later life 1 7 Death 2 Postmortem developments 3 Tributes 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksBiographyEarly life Marsha P Johnson was born Malcolm Michaels Jr on August 24 1945 in Elizabeth New Jersey 3 4 to father Malcolm Michaels Sr an assembly line worker at General Motors and mother Alberta Claiborne a housekeeper They were raised alongside six siblings and the family attended Mount Teman African Methodist Episcopal Church 5 15 16 17 Commenting on this upbringing Johnson said I got married to Jesus Christ when I was sixteen years old still in high school 15 Johnson first began wearing dresses at the age of five but stopped temporarily due to harassment by boys who lived nearby In a 1992 interview Johnson described being the young victim of rape by a thirteen year old boy 18 19 After this Johnson described the idea of being gay as some sort of dream rather than something that seemed possible and so chose to remain sexually inactive until leaving for New York City at age 17 20 Johnson s mother reportedly said that being homosexual was like being lower than a dog 21 but Johnson said that she was unaware of the LGBT community Johnson s mother also encouraged them to find a billionaire boyfriend or husband to take care of Johnson for life a goal they often talked about 22 After graduating from Edison High School now the Thomas A Edison Career and Technical Academy in Elizabeth in 1963 Johnson left home for New York with 15 and a bag of clothes 5 They waited tables after moving to Greenwich Village in 1966 23 24 After Johnson began spending time with the street hustlers near the Howard Johnson s restaurant at Sixth Avenue and 8th Street their life changed Johnson came out and said my life has been built around sex and gay liberation being a drag queen and sex work 20 Performance work and identity Johnson initially used the moniker Black Marsha but later decided on the drag queen name Marsha P Johnson getting Johnson from the Howard Johnson s restaurant on 42nd Street stating that the P stood for pay it no mind 25 and used the phrase sarcastically when questioned about gender saying it stands for pay it no mind 26 Johnson said the phrase once to a judge who was amused by it leading to Johnson s release Johnson variably identified as gay as a transvestite and as a queen referring to drag queen or street queen 26 According to Susan Stryker a professor of human gender and sexuality studies at the University of Arizona Johnson s gender expression could be called gender non conforming Johnson never self identified with the term transgender and the term was also not in broad use during Johnson s lifetime 27 The definitions used by Johnson and Sylvia Rivera were not always the same as those documented in the more mainstream literature of the era For instance Rivera insisted on claiming transvestite solely for use by gay people writing in the essay Transvestites Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex 28 In an interview with Allen Young in Out of the Closets Voices of Gay Liberation Johnson discussed being a member of the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries STAR saying A transvestite is still like a boy very manly looking a feminine boy 29 Johnson distinguishes this from transsexual defining transsexuals as those who are on hormones and getting surgery 29 Also discussed are Johnson s experiences of the dangers of working as a street prostitute in drag and the murder of Johnson s husband clarification needed Johnson and Rivera s interviews and writings in this era also at times used terminology in ways that were sarcastic and camp other times serious or all of the above at once 29 Johnson s style of drag was not serious high drag or show drag 20 due to being unable to afford to purchase clothing from expensive stores 30 They received leftover flowers after sleeping under tables used for sorting flowers in Manhattan s Flower District and was known for wearing crowns of fresh flowers 31 Johnson was tall slender and often dressed in flowing robes and shiny dresses red plastic high heels and bright wigs which tended to draw attention 5 As Edmund White wrote in his 1979 Village Voice article The Politics of Drag Johnson also liked dressing in ways that would display the interstice between masculine and feminine A feature photo of Johnson in this article shows Johnson in a flowing wig and makeup and a translucent shirt pants and parka highlighting the ways that quoting Kate Millett s Sexual Politics Johnson is both masculine and feminine at once or male but feminine 32 There is some existing footage of Johnson doing full glamorous high drag on stage but most of their performance work was with groups that were more grassroots comedic and political 33 Johnson sang and performed as a member of J Camicias New York based international drag performance troupe Hot Peaches from 1972 through to shows in the 1990s 34 35 When The Cockettes a similar drag troupe from San Francisco formed an East Coast troupe The Angels of Light Johnson was also asked to perform with them 36 In 1973 Johnson performed the role of The Gypsy Queen in the Angels production The Enchanted Miracle about the Comet Kohoutek 37 In 1975 Johnson was photographed by famed artist Andy Warhol as part of a Ladies and Gentlemen series of Polaroids 38 37 In 1990 Johnson performed with Hot Peaches in London 39 Johnson who was also HIV positive 40 became an AIDS activist and appeared in Hot Peaches production The Heat in 1990 singing the song Love while wearing an ACT UP Silence Death button 41 While the photos of Johnson in dramatic femme ensembles are the most well known there are also photos and film footage of Johnson dressed down in more daily wear of jeans and a flannel shirt and cap 42 or in shorts and a tank top and no wig such as at the Christopher Street Liberation March in 1979 43 or singing with the New York City Gay Men s Chorus at an AIDS memorial in the 1980s 44 or marching in a protest in Greenwich Village in 1992 42 Though generally regarded as generous and warmhearted and saintly under the Marsha persona Johnson s angry violent side could sometimes emerge when they were depressed or under severe stress Some felt that it was more common for this to happen under Johnson s male persona as Malcolm 45 During those moments when Johnson s violent side emerged according to acquaintance Robert Heide they would be aggressive short tempered speak in a deeper voice and as Malcolm would become a very nasty vicious man looking for fights 45 This dual personality has been described as a schizophrenic personality at work 46 When this happened Johnson would often get in fights and wind up hospitalized and sedated and friends would have to organize and raise money to bail them out of jail or try to secure release from places like Bellevue Hospital 46 In the 1979 Village Voice article and further elaborated upon by Stonewall historian Carter it had perhaps been for this reason that other activists had been reluctant at first to credit Johnson for helping to spark the gay liberation movement of the early 1970s 46 Watson also reported that Johnson s saintly personality was volatile and listed a roster of gay bars from which they had been banned 20 46 Stonewall uprising nbsp Stonewall Inn 2016 Johnson was one of the first drag queens to go to the Stonewall Inn after the establishment began taking business from women and drag queens it was previously a bar only for gay men 11 On the early morning hours of June 28 1969 the Stonewall uprising occurred While the first two nights of rioting were the most intense the clashes with police would result in a series of spontaneous demonstrations and marches through the gay neighborhoods of Greenwich Village for roughly a week afterwards 46 Johnson has been named along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona 47 by a number of the Stonewall veterans interviewed by David Carter in his book Stonewall The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution as being three individuals known to have been in the vanguard of the pushback against the police at the uprising 46 38 However Johnson denied starting the uprising In 1987 they recalled arriving at around 2 00 that morning that the riots had already started by that time and that the Stonewall building had already been set on fire by police 11 The riots reportedly started at around 1 20 a m after Storme DeLarverie fought back against a police officer who attempted to arrest her that night 46 According to Carter Robin Souza reported that fellow Stonewall veterans such as Morty Manford and Marty Robinson had witnessed Johnson throw a shot glass at a mirror in the torched bar screaming I got my civil rights 46 Souza told the Gay Activists Alliance shortly afterwards that it was the shot glass that was heard around the world 46 Carter however concluded that Robinson had given several different accounts of the uprising and in none of the accounts was Johnson s name brought up possibly in fear that if he publicly credited the uprising to Johnson then their well known mental state and gender nonconforming could have been used effectively by the movement s opponents 46 The alleged shot glass incident has also been heavily disputed 14 Prior to Carter s book it was claimed Johnson had thrown a brick at a police officer an account that was never verified Johnson also confirmed not being present at the Stonewall Inn when the rioting broke out but instead had heard about it and went to get Rivera who was at a park uptown sleeping on a bench to inform her about it 48 However many have corroborated that on the second night Johnson climbed up a lamppost and dropped a bag with a brick in it onto a police car shattering the windshield 46 Other activism nbsp Marsha P Johnson Joseph Ratanski and Sylvia Rivera in 1973 by Gary LeGault Following the Stonewall uprising Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front GLF and was active in the GLF Drag Queen Caucus 49 On the first anniversary of the Stonewall uprising on June 28 1970 Johnson marched in the first Gay Pride rally then called the Christopher Street Liberation Day One of their most notable direct actions occurred in August 1970 staging a sit in protest at Weinstein Hall at New York University alongside fellow GLF members after administrators canceled a dance when they found out that it was sponsored by gay organizations 50 Shortly after Johnson and Rivera co founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries initially titled Street Transvestites Actual Revolutionaries or STAR The two of them became a visible presence at gay liberation marches and other radical political actions 6 In 1973 Johnson and Rivera were banned from participating in the gay pride parade by the gay and lesbian committee who were administering the event stating they weren t gonna allow drag queens at their marches claiming they were giving them a bad name 6 Their response was to march defiantly ahead of the parade 51 6 During a gay rights rally at New York City Hall in the early 70s photographed by Diana Davies a reporter asked Johnson why the group was demonstrating they shouted into the microphone Darling I want my gay rights now 52 53 During another incident around this time Johnson was confronted by police officers for hustling in New York When the officers attempted to perform an arrest Johnson hit them with a handbag which contained two bricks When asked by the judge for an explanation for hustling Johnson claimed to be trying to secure enough money for a tombstone for their husband During a time when same sex marriage was illegal in the United States the judge asked what happened to this alleged husband Johnson responded Pig shot him 54 Initially sentenced to ninety days in prison for the assault Johnson s lawyer eventually convinced the judge that Bellevue Hospital would be more suitable 54 STAR House In 1970 Johnson and Rivera established STAR House a shelter for homeless gay and trans youth 55 and paid the rent for it with money they made themselves as sex workers 56 While the House was not focused on performance Johnson was a drag mother of STAR House in the longstanding tradition of Houses as chosen family in the Black and Latino LGBT community Johnson worked to provide food clothing emotional support and a sense of family for the young drag queens trans women gender nonconformists and other gay street kids living on the Christopher Street docks or in their house on the Lower East Side 57 58 While the original location of STAR House was evicted in 1971 and the building was destroyed 55 the household existed in different configurations and at different locations over the years 56 Later life By 1966 Johnson lived on the streets 2 and engaged in survival sex 59 In connection with sex work they claimed to have been arrested over 100 times and was also shot once in the late 1970s 5 Johnson spoke of first having a mental breakdown in 1970 60 According to Bob Kohler Johnson would walk naked up Christopher Street and be taken away for two or three months to be treated with chlorpromazine an antipsychotic medication Upon returning the medication would wear off over the course of one month and Johnson would then return to normal 61 Between 1980 and Johnson s death in 1992 they lived with a friend Randy Wicker who had invited Johnson to stay the night one time when it was very cold out about 10 degrees Fahrenheit 12 C and Johnson had just never left 62 When Wicker s lover David became terminally ill with AIDS Johnson became his caregiver After visiting David and other friends with the virus in the hospital during the AIDS pandemic Johnson who was also HIV positive became committed to sitting with the sick and dying as well as doing street activism with AIDS activist groups including ACT UP 40 In David France s documentary The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Johnson is seen participating in a 1980s memorial service and action for those who had died of AIDS along with members of the Gay Men s Health Crisis 44 In 1992 New York became gripped by a gay bashing epidemic with 1 300 reports 18 of which was allegedly perpetrated by police 63 Marches were organized in response and Johnson was one of the activists who marched in the streets demanding justice 42 Only weeks later Johnson would also be found dead having sustained a severe head injury 42 nbsp Christopher Park in 2013 now part of the Stonewall National Monument stands across the street from the Stonewall Inn George Segal s Gay Liberation statues now stand where Johnson and the other street queens and homeless gay youth spent time in decades past In 1992 George Segal s sculpture Gay Liberation was moved to Christopher Park as part of the new Gay Liberation Monument Johnson commented How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people How many years does it take for people to see that we re all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we re all in this rat race together 64 Johnson remained devoutly religious in later life often lighting candles and praying at St Mary s Catholic Church in Hoboken 65 saying in 1992 I practice the Catholic religion because the Catholic religion is part of the Santeria of the saints which says that we are all brothers and sisters in Christ 66 Johnson would also make offerings to the saints and spirits in a more personal manner keeping a private altar at home when possible 5 67 As friend James Gallagher related in the documentary Pay it No Mind 68 Marsha would always say she went to the Greek Church she went to the Catholic Church she went to the Baptist Church she went to the Jewish Temple she said she was covering all angles 69 In the summer of 1991 Johnson participated in the interfaith AIDS memorial service at the Church of Saint Veronica in Greenwich Village 70 When asked about religion in the last interview Johnson said I use Jesus Christ the most in my prayers most of the time A neighbor also said Johnson would pray prostrate on the floor in front of the statue of the Virgin Mary in the church across from Wicker s apartment where Johnson lived in later years Johnson s friend Sasha McCaffrey added I would find her in the strangest churches She d be wearing velvet and throwing glitter 71 Johnson expressed a relationship with the Divine that was direct and personal saying in their last interview June 1992 about leaving home in 1963 I got the Lord on my side and I took him to my heart with me and I came to the city for better or worse And he said You know you might wind up with nothing Cause you know me and Jesus is always talking And I said Honey I don t care if I never have nothing ever till the day I die All I want is my freedom 72 I believe Jesus is the only man I can truly trust He s like the spirit that follows me around you know and helps me out in my hour of need 15 In Pay it No Mind friends Bob Kohler and Agosto Machado talk about Johnson s relationship with Neptune Kohler tells a story of sunbathing at the Christopher Street piers when Johnson naked began grabbing at Kohler s shirt shouting My father needs those clothes 73 Johnson succeeded in pulling Kohler s shirt off and throwing it into the Hudson River These were sacrifices to her father and to Neptune who got all mixed up together explains Kohler 73 Machado continues She was making offerings of flowers and change to King Neptune as an appeasement to help her friends who are on the other side 74 Near the time of Johnson s death in 1992 Wicker said Johnson was increasingly sick and in a fragile state However none of their friends or relatives believed Johnson was suicidal 75 Death Shortly after the 1992 gay pride parade Johnson s body was discovered floating in the Hudson River 5 Police initially ruled the death a suicide 38 but Johnson s friends and other members of the local community insisted they were not suicidal and noted that the back of their head had a massive wound 76 77 Johnson s death occurred during a time when anti LGBT violence was at a peak in New York City including bias crime by police 63 Johnson was one of the activists who had been drawing attention to the issue participating in marches and other activism to demand justice for victims and an inquiry into how to stop the violence 42 They had been speaking out against the dirty cops and elements of organized crime that many believed responsible for some of these assaults and murders and had even voiced the concern that some of what Wicker was stirring up and pulling Johnson into could get you murdered 78 This added to the suspicions of foul play and possible murder 63 42 Johnson s body was cremated and following a funeral at a local church and a march down Seventh Avenue friends released their ashes over the Hudson River off the Christopher Street piers Police allowed Seventh Avenue to be closed while Johnson s ashes were carried to the river After the funeral a series of demonstrations and marches to the police precinct took place to demand justice for Johnson 79 Postmortem developmentsAccording to Rivera Kohler believed Johnson committed suicide due to an ever increasing fragile state which Rivera herself disputed claiming she and Johnson had made a pact to cross the River Jordan together 80 Those who were close to Johnson considered the death suspicious many claimed that while Johnson did struggle mentally this did not manifest itself as suicidal ideation 81 Wicker later said that Johnson may have hallucinated and walked into the river or may have jumped into the river to escape harassers but stated that Johnson was never suicidal 75 14 Several people came forward to say they had seen Johnson harassed by a group of thugs who had also robbed people 76 77 According to Wicker a witness saw a neighborhood resident fighting with Johnson on July 4 During the fight he used a homophobic slur and later bragged to someone at a bar that he had killed a drag queen named Marsha The witness said that when he tried to tell police what he had seen his story was ignored 14 Other locals stated later that law enforcement was not interested in investigating Johnson s death stating that the case was about a gay black man and wanting little to do with it at the time 82 In December 2002 a police investigation resulted in reclassification of Johnson s cause of death from suicide to undetermined 14 Former New York politician Thomas Duane fought to reopen the case because Usually when there is a death by suicide the person usually leaves a note She didn t leave a note 13 In November 2012 activist Mariah Lopez succeeded in getting the police to reopen the case as a possible homicide 14 In 2016 Victoria Cruz of the Anti Violence Project also tried to get Johnson s case reopened and succeeded in gaining access to previously unreleased documents and witness statements She sought out new interviews with witnesses friends other activists and police who had worked the case or had been on the force at the time of Johnson s death 83 Some of her work to find justice for Johnson was filmed by David France for the 2017 documentary The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson 84 Tributes nbsp Mural of Marsha P Johnson 2020 Astoria Queens New York nbsp Commemorative plaque in the Plaza de la Diversidad de la Ciudad de Murcia Spain The 2012 documentary Pay It No Mind The Life and Times of Marsha P Johnson heavily features segments from a 1992 interview with Johnson which was filmed shortly before Johnson s death Many friends of Johnson s from Greenwich Village are interviewed for the documentary 6 Johnson appears as a character in two fictional film dramas that are based on real events including Stonewall 2015 played by Otoja Abit 85 and Happy Birthday Marsha 2016 played by Mya Taylor Both movies are creative interpretations inspired by the Stonewall uprising The 2017 documentary The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson follows trans woman Victoria Cruz of the Anti Violence Project as she investigates Johnson s death 83 84 Like Pay It No Mind it relies on archival footage and interviews New York City artist Anohni produced multiple tributes to Johnson including baroque pop band Anohni and the Johnsons 57 named in Johnson s honor and the 1995 play The Ascension of Marsha P Johnson 86 Their 2023 album My Back Was a Bridge For You to Cross depicts Johnson on the album s artwork 87 American drag queen and TV personality RuPaul has called Johnson an inspiration describing Johnson as the true Drag Mother 26 During an episode of his show RuPaul s Drag Race in 2012 RuPaul told her contestants that Johnson paved the way for all of them 88 In 2018 the New York Times published a belated obituary for Johnson 2 A large painted mural depicting Johnson and Sylvia Rivera went on display in Dallas Texas in 2019 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots The painting of the two pioneers of the gay rights movement in front of a transgender flag claims to be the world s largest mural honoring the trans community 89 On May 30 2019 it was announced that Johnson and Sylvia Rivera would be honored with monuments at Greenwich Village near the site of the Stonewall club 90 Construction is rumored to be completed by 2021 91 These monuments of Johnson and Rivera will be the world s first to honor transgender activists 92 On May 31 2019 queer street artists Homo Riot and Suriani created a mural as part of the WorldPride Mural Project and Stonewall 50 WorldPride NYC 2019 and dedicated to Queer Liberation featuring multiple images of Johnson The mural located at 2nd Avenue and Houston Street in New York City was curated by photographer and filmmaker Daniel Dusty Albanese 93 In June 2019 Johnson was one of the inaugural fifty American pioneers trailblazers and heroes inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument SNM in New York City s Stonewall Inn 94 95 The SNM is the first U S national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history 96 and the wall s unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots 97 On June 30 2020 Google celebrated Marsha P Johnson with a Google Doodle 98 In August 2020 the Union County New Jersey Office of LGBTQ Affairs announced Johnson s hometown Elizabeth New Jersey would erect a monument to Johnson 99 A petition to remove the Christopher Columbus monument and replace it with a statue of Johnson received over 75 000 signatures 100 A mural of Johnson also in Elizabeth was vandalized during Pride Month in June 2021 101 102 Community organizers vowed to fund restoration of the mural to honor Pride Month and Johnson s legacy 102 103 On August 24 2020 the 75th anniversary of Johnson s birth the Marsha P Johnson State Park was renamed in Johnson s honor becoming the first New York state park named after an openly LGBT person 104 105 Two years later governor Kathy Hochul announced that a new gate to the park would be constructed in Johnson s honor 106 107 See also nbsp LGBT portal nbsp Transgender portal Lee Brewster founder of the Queens Liberation Front LGBT culture in New York City List of LGBT people from New York City Storme DeLarverie biracial butch lesbian whose resistance of arrest incited the Stonewall uprising Thomas Lanigan Schmidt fellow Stonewall veteran artist and Union County native Paris Is Burning 1990 film about black drag culture in New York City in the 1980s List of unsolved deathsReferences a b Washington K C April 9 2019 Marsha P Johnson 1945 1992 BlackPast org Archived from the original on June 14 2020 Retrieved June 30 2020 a b c d Sewell Chan March 8 2018 Marsha P Johnson a Transgender Pioneer and Activist The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on June 28 2020 Retrieved March 9 2018 a b c Scan of Birth Certificate Archived February 7 2016 at the Wayback Machine Name Malcolm Michaels Sex Male Place of Birth St Elizabeth Hospital Date of Birth August 24 1945 Registration Date August 27 1945 Date of Issue September 4 1990 Accessed September 10 2015 a b U S Social Security Applications and Claims Index 1936 2007 Death Burial Cemetery amp Obituaries Michaels Malcolm Jr Malcolm Mike Michaels Jr M Michae Jr Malculm Jr Gender Male Race Black Birth Date 24 Aug 1945 Birth Place Elizabeth Union New Jersey Elizabeth New Jersey Death Date Jul 1992 Database on line Provo UT US Ancestry com a b c d e f g h Chan 2018 a b c d e f g h Kasino 2012 I ve been involved in gay liberation ever since it first started in 1969 15 20 into the interview Johnson is quoted as saying this Feinberg Leslie September 24 2006 Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries Workers World Party Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved July 15 2017 Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha Pay It No Mind Johnson Both were self identified drag queens Jacobs Julia May 29 2019 Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York The New York Times Archived from the original on June 30 2020 Retrieved June 8 2019 I was no one nobody from Nowheresville until I became a drag queen Ms Johnson said in 1992 Carter David 2004 Stonewall The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution St Martin s pp 64 261 298 ISBN 0 312 20025 0 a b c Making Gay History Episode 11 Johnson amp Wicker 1987 Archived from the original on July 7 2020 Retrieved July 6 2017 Giffney Noreen December 28 2012 Queering the Non Human Ashgate Publishing p 252 ISBN 9781409491408 Archived from the original on January 26 2021 Retrieved July 9 2017 a b The Death of Marsha P Johnson and the Quest for Closure Inside Edition March 30 2019 Archived from the original on December 14 2019 Retrieved December 14 2019 a b c d e f Jacobs Shayna December 16 2012 DA reopens unsolved 1992 case involving the saint of gay life New York Daily News Archived from the original on July 1 2019 Retrieved June 15 2015 a b c Kasino 2012 events occur at 5 54 Note Source misspells church name as Mount Teamon Website of church has correct spelling Mount Teman AME Church Archived July 9 2021 at the Wayback Machine Also in A queer history of the United States for young people Archived August 3 2022 at the Wayback Machine Boston 2019 Michael Bronski writes Johnson was raised Roman Catholic Archived August 3 2022 at the Wayback Machine But seems to be alone in this claim Heroes of Stonewall Marsha P Johnson World Queerstory June 7 2019 Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Coke Hope June 25 2020 The inspiring life of activist and drag queen Marsha P Johnson A passionate advocate for gay rights Marsha was an instrumental figure in the Stonewall uprising Tatler Archived from the original on July 11 2021 Retrieved July 9 2021 Kasino 2012 events occur at 4 21 and 4 41 Chan 2018 Later Johnson said in an interview toward the end of her life she was sexually assaulted by another boy who was around 13 a b c d Watson Steve June 15 1979 Stonewall 1979 The Drag of Politics The Village Voice Archived from the original on June 27 2019 Retrieved June 23 2019 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 46 52 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 46 35 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 47 22 Carter 2010 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 37 22 Carter 2010 In the early days she tended to go out mainly in semidrag and call herself Black Marsha When she later dropped the Black and started calling herself Marsha P Johnson she explained that the P stood for Pay it no mind a b c LGBTQ Doc Film The Death amp Life of Marsha P Johnson Debuts At Tribeca Film Fest The WOW Report The Wow Report April 6 2017 Archived from the original on February 7 2019 Retrieved July 9 2017 Chan 2018 Many transgender people have also come to hail Johnson and her longtime friend and colleague Sylvia Rivera as pioneering heroes The term transgender was not in wide use in Johnson s lifetime she usually used female pronouns for herself but also referred to herself as gay as a transvestite or simply as a queen Marsha P Johnson could be perceived as the most marginalized of people black queer gender nonconforming poor said Susan Stryker Rivera Sylvia Transvestites Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution in Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries Survival Revolt and Queer Antagonist Struggle Untorelli Press 2013 Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex a b c Scarpi Bebe 1992 Jay Karla ed Out of the Closets Voices of Gay Liberation 20th ed New York New York University Press pp 114 118 A drag queen is one that usually goes to a ball and that s the only time she gets dressed up Transvestites live in drag A transsexual spends most of her life in drag I never come out of drag to go anywhere Everywhere I go I get all dressed up A transvestite is still like a boy very manly looking a feminine boy You wear drag here and there When you re a transsexual you have hormone treatments and you re on your way to a sex change and you never come out of female clothes Kasino 2012 event occurs at 10 11 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 8 42 White Edmund June 25 1979 The Politics of Drag The Village Voice Archived from the original on June 4 2019 Retrieved June 16 2023 Marsha P Johnson A Beloved Star Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Retrieved July 1 2019 Randolfe Wicker Published on January 22 2007 Accessed July 1 2019 Note Collection of brief clips from a number of different performances Feature Doc Pay It No Mind The Life amp Times of Marsha P Johnson Released Online Watch It Indiewire September 24 2015 Archived from the original on July 21 2019 Retrieved July 21 2019 27 15 NYC s Hot Peaches Archived July 30 2017 at the Wayback Machine website Accessed January 23 2016 Gamson Joshua 2005 The fabulous Sylvester the legend the music the seventies in San Francisco Macmillan ISBN 978 0 8050 7250 1 Citation is for more information on the Cockettes but does not mention Johnson a b Marsha P Johnson amp 2015 Stonewall movie Event occurs at 51s Archived from the original on December 13 2021 Randolfe Wicker Published on October 5 2015 Rumi one of the original Cockettes recalls discovering Marsha P Johnson amp working with her in 1973 Accessed November 15 2017 Note Slideshow includes Warhol polaroids a b c Feinberg Leslie 1996 Transgender Warriors Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman Boston Beacon Press p 131 ISBN 0 8070 7941 3 Marsha P in London 90 NYC s Hot Peaches Archived from the original on August 3 2022 Retrieved June 9 2018 a b Marsha P Johnson s Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial Event occurs at 1 50 Archived from the original on August 3 2022 Retrieved October 15 2021 I think you should stand as close to them as you can and help them out as much as you can I m a strong believer and that s how I try and do that for everybody I know that has the virus Including myself I have HIV I ve had HIV for about two years Village AIDS Memorial Accessed July 6 2021 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 29 00 a b c d e f The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Event occurs at 54 28 Archived from the original on October 15 2021 Retrieved October 15 2021 Johnson is in plaid shirt and red cap waving at camera Accessed October 15 2021 Fierstein Harvey HarveyFierstein August 23 2021 Here I am marching with Jon Jon and Miss Marsha one sunny Gay Day We were young enough to believe we could change the world And you know what Together we did Tweet Retrieved October 23 2021 via Twitter Note photo is by Leonard Fink from the book Leonard Fink Coming Out Photographs of gay liberation and the New York waterfront Biel Bienne Switzerland Clandestin 2014 Edited by Judith Luks and Thomas Schoenberger ISBN 9783905297461 a b The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Event occurs at 50 45 Archived from the original on October 15 2021 Retrieved October 15 2021 Johnson is seen in a red sleeveless t shirt in profile holding a bouquet of flowers Accessed October 15 2021 a b Carter David 2004 Stonewall The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution St Martin s p 66 ISBN 0 312 20025 0 a b c d e f g h i j k Carter David 2004 Stonewall The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution St Martin s ISBN 0 312 20025 0 Carter David June 27 2019 Exploding the Myths of Stonewall Gay City News Gay City News Archived from the original on January 25 2020 Retrieved July 1 2020 Gay History Month June 28 1969 The REAL History of the Stonewall Riots Back2Stonewall October 23 2018 Archived from the original on March 30 2019 Retrieved March 30 2019 Shepard Benjamin Heim and Ronald Hayduk 2002 From ACT UP to the WTO Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization Verso pp 156 160 ISBN 978 1859 8435 67 Feinberg Leslie September 24 2006 Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries www workers org Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved July 13 2017 Wicker Randolfe 2014 Marsha P Johnson Carols for Ma amp Pa Xmas Presents Archived December 11 2019 at the Wayback Machine YouTube Kasino 2012 event occurs at 17 20 Davies Diana April 1973 Gay rights activists Sylvia Ray Rivera Marsha P Johnson Barbara Deming and Kady Vandeurs at City Hall rally for gay rights Digital Collections The New York Public Library Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved June 9 2018 Demonstration at City Hall New York City in support of gay rights bill Intro 475 April 1973 a b MARSHA P JOHNSON PIGS KILLED MY HUSBAND Archived from the original on December 13 2021 Retrieved July 13 2017 a b Site of the STAR House 1970 Clio Archived from the original on October 18 2021 Retrieved October 19 2021 a b Rapping With a Street Transvestite Revolutionary in Out of the closets voices of gay liberation Douglas c1972 a b Marsha P Johnson 1944 1992 Activist Drag Mother Archived December 8 2015 at the Wayback Machine A Gender Variance Who s Who May 2 2009 Under Creative Commons License Attribution Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries found STAR House Global Network of Sex Work Projects www nswp org Archived from the original on August 3 2022 Retrieved October 19 2021 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 17 34 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 20 12 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 19 42 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 9 40 a b c The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Event occurs at 53 49 Archived from the original on October 15 2021 Retrieved October 15 2021 Accessed October 15 2021 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 41 06 Marsha P Johnson s Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial Event occurs at 3 38 Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Village AIDS Memorial Accessed July 6 2021 Marsha P Johnson s Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial Event occurs at 4 12 Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Village AIDS Memorial Accessed July 6 2021 Note It is hard to make out the word here Some have heard this as Sangria which does not translate to anything having to do with the saints while Santeria does The closed captioning which is generally not very good in this case does say Santeria Watson Steve June 15 1979 Stonewall 1979 The Drag of Politics The Village Voice Archived from the original on June 27 2019 Retrieved June 23 2019 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 1 21 Marsha P Johnson s Connection to the Village AIDS Memorial Event occurs at 4 23 Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 7 2021 Village AIDS Memorial Accessed July 6 2021 Marsha P Johnson The Village AIDS Memorial Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 6 2021 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 41 36 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 48 00 a b Kasino 2012 event occurs at 18 30 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 19 27 a b Kasino 2012 event occurs at 51 20 a b Wicker Randolfe 1992 Bennie Toney 1992 Accessed July 26 2015 a b Wicker Randolfe 1992 Marsha P Johnson People s Memorial Accessed July 26 2015 The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Event occurs at 56 15 Archived from the original on October 15 2021 Retrieved October 15 2021 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 52 07 Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera On The Pier September 21 1995 Archived from the original on May 14 2017 Retrieved July 15 2017 The Death of Marsha P Johnson and the Quest for Closure Inside Edition March 30 2019 Archived from the original on December 14 2019 Retrieved December 14 2019 Kasino 2012 event occurs at 51 50 a b Desta Yohana October 3 2017 Meet the Transgender Activist Fighting to Keep Marsha P Johnson s Legacy Alive Vanity Fair Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 4 2017 a b Kohn Eric April 24 2017 The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson Review A Stonewall Hero Is Mourned In Fascinating Detective Story Tribeca 2017 Review IndieWire Archived from the original on May 6 2022 Retrieved May 6 2022 Stonewall Clip Marsha P Johnson Archived March 8 2021 at the Wayback Machine In Theaters September 25 2015 RoadsideFlix YouTube Accessed September 10 2015 Blacklips Performance Cult Chronology of Plays Archived November 18 2018 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 23 2016 Kornhaber Spencer July 5 2023 Anohni s Message To Save the World We ll Have to Forgive Ourselves The Atlantic Retrieved July 7 2023 Tungol JR October 15 2012 LGBT History Month Icon Of The Day Marsha P Johnson Huffington Post Archived from the original on February 16 2017 Retrieved July 9 2017 Parsons Vic December 12 2019 Mural of Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera vandalised with moustaches Pinknews co uk Archived from the original on December 13 2019 Retrieved December 29 2019 Street Mikelle May 30 2019 Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera Monuments Are Coming to NYC Out Archived from the original on May 30 2019 Retrieved May 30 2019 Jacobs Julia May 29 2019 Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 30 2020 Retrieved December 14 2019 Branigin Anne May 30 2019 New York City to Honor Revolutionary Trans Activist Marsha P Johnson With Monument The Root Archived from the original on August 3 2022 Retrieved December 14 2019 Homo Riot Suriani The Dusty Rebel Pay It No Mind Brooklyn Street Art June 6 2019 Archived from the original on August 8 2020 Retrieved June 6 2019 Glasses Baker Becca June 27 2019 National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn www metro us Archived from the original on June 28 2019 Retrieved June 28 2019 Rawles Timothy June 19 2019 National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn San Diego Gay and Lesbian News Archived from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved June 21 2019 Laird Cynthia Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall The Bay Area Reporter B A R Inc Archived from the original on May 24 2019 Retrieved May 24 2019 Sachet Donna April 3 2019 Stonewall 50 San Francisco Bay Times Archived from the original on May 25 2019 Retrieved May 25 2019 Celebrating Marsha P Johnson Google June 30 2020 Archived from the original on June 30 2020 Retrieved June 30 2020 Panico Rebecca August 27 2020 Marsha P Johnson late LGBTQ activist to get monument in N J hometown NJ com Archived from the original on August 29 2020 Retrieved August 28 2020 Over 75 000 sign petition to have Marsha P Johnson statue replace Columbus monument NBC News July 2020 Archived from the original on April 22 2021 Retrieved April 22 2021 News 12 Staff June 8 2021 Mural honoring prominent New Jersey transgender rights activist vandalized in Elizabeth News12 New Jersey Archived from the original on August 3 2022 Retrieved June 10 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b Mural of Marsha P Johnson in NJ Vandalized During Pride NBC 4 New York June 9 2021 Archived from the original on June 10 2021 Retrieved June 10 2021 Charlesworth Michelle June 10 2021 Campaign underway to restore vandalized mural of transgender pioneer Marsha P Johnson WABC NBC New York Archived from the original on June 9 2021 Retrieved June 10 2021 Riley John August 26 2020 New York governor dedicates state park in memory of LGBTQ activist Marsha P Johnson Metro Weekly Archived from the original on August 28 2020 Retrieved August 26 2020 Hickman Matt August 25 2020 Brooklyn s East River State Park renamed in honor of late LGBTQ activist and trans icon Marsha P Johnson The Architect s Newspaper Archived from the original on March 13 2021 Retrieved August 26 2020 Brendlen Kirstyn August 25 2022 Marsha P Johnson Park to get new ornamental gateway to cap off renovations honor park s namesake Brooklyn Paper Retrieved August 29 2022 Ginsburg Aaron August 25 2022 Brooklyn s Marsha P Johnson Park to get new ornamental entrance 6sqft Retrieved August 29 2022 SourcesCarter David May 25 2010 Stonewall the riots that sparked the gay revolution New York New York St Martin s Press ISBN 9780312671938 OCLC 659681252 Chan Sewell March 8 2018 Marsha P Johnson A transgender pioneer and activist who was a fixture of Greenwich Village street life The New York Times Kasino Michael 2012 Pay It No Mind The Life and Times of Marsha P Johnson Documentary film Archived from the original on December 13 2021 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marsha P Johnson Marsha P Johnson at IMDb nbsp Marsha P Johnson photographs by roommate and archivist Randy Wicker Marsha P Johnson People s Memorial on YouTube conversations with friends of Johnson at the memorial where Johnson s body was found Photographs of Marsha P Johnson by Diana Davies at the New York Public Library Digital Collections note the photo of the much younger person sitting on the table wearing a headscarf has been mislabeled it is actually GLF and Youth Group member Zazu Nova also a Stonewall veteran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marsha P Johnson amp oldid 1218193688, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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