fbpx
Wikipedia

Nepalese Civil War

October 21, 2023

The Nepalese Civil War was a protracted armed conflict that took place in the former Kingdom of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. It saw countrywide fighting between the Nepalese royal government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), with the latter making significant use of guerrilla warfare.[10] The conflict began on 13 February 1996, when the CPN (Maoist) initiated an insurgency with the stated purpose of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people's republic; it ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord on 21 November 2006.

Nepalese Civil War

A Maoist rebel speaks to villagers in the area around Piskar
Date13 February 1996 – 21 November 2006
(10 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Nepal
Result Comprehensive Peace Accord
Belligerents

Kingdom of Nepal

Supported by:
 India[1]
 Belgium[2]
 China[3]
 United Kingdom[4]
 United States[4]

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)

Supported by:
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)[5]
Commanders and leaders
King of Nepal:
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1972–2001)
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (2001–2008)
Prime Minister of Nepal:
Sher Bahadur Deuba (1995–1997; 2001–2002; 2004–2005)
Lokendra Bahadur Chand (1997–1997; 2002–2003)
Surya Bahadur Thapa (1997–1998; 2003–2004)
Girija Prasad Koirala (1998–1999; 2000–2001; 2006–2008)
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1999–2000)
COAS of the Nepalese Army:
Dharmapaal Barsingh Thapa (1995–1999)
Prajwalla Shumsher JBR (1999–2003)
Pyar Jung Thapa (2003–2006)
Rookmangud Katawal (2006–2009)
IGP of Nepal Police:
Moti Lal Bohora (1992–1996)
Achyut Krishna Kharel (1996–1996; 1996–1999)
Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan (1996–1996)
Pradip Shumsher J.B.R. (1999–2002)
Shyam Bhakta Thapa (2002–2006)
Om Bikram Rana (2006–2008)		 Pushpa Kamal Dahal
(Prachanda)
Baburam Bhattarai (Laldhwaj)
Mohan Baidya (Kiran)
Nanda Kishor Pun
(Pasang)
Ram Bahadur Thapa
(Badal)[6]
Netra Bikram Chand
(Biplav)[6]
Strength
95,000 50,000
Casualties and losses
4,500 killed[7] 8,200 killed (guerrillas)[7]
17,800 killed overall[8]
1,300 missing[9]

The civil war was characterized by numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity, including summary executions, massacres, purges, kidnappings, and mass rapes. It resulted in the deaths of over 17,000 people, including civilians, insurgents, and army and police personnel; and the internal displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, mostly throughout rural Nepal. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has received about 63,000 complaints, as reported by commissioner Madhabi Bhatta, while the Commission for Investigation of Enforced Disappearances has received around 3,000.[11]

Overview

 
Communist graffiti in Kathmandu. It reads: "Long Live Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Prachanda Path!"

On 10 January 1990, the United Left Front (ULF) was formed,[12]: 331  which, together with the Nepali Congress, was the backbone of the movement for democratic change. However, communist groups, uncomfortable with the alliance between the ULF and the Congress, formed a parallel front: the United National People's Movement (UNPM). The UNPM called for elections to a constituent assembly, and rejected compromises made by the ULF and the Congress party with the palace. In November 1990, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre), or CPN(UC), was formed, and included key elements of the UNPM. On 21 January 1991, the CPN(UC) set up the United People's Front of Nepal (UPFN), with Baburam Bhattarai as its head, as an open front to contest elections.[13]: 332  The CPN(UC) held its first convention on 25 November 1991;[13]: 332  it adopted a line of "protracted armed struggle on the route to a new democratic revolution",[14] and decided that the party would remain an underground party. In the 1991 election, the UPFN became the third-largest party in the Nepali parliament. However, disagreements within the UPFN surged, regarding which tactics were to be used by the party. One group, led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), argued for immediate armed revolution, while the other group, led by Nirmal Lama, claimed that Nepal was not yet ripe for armed struggle.[13]: 332 

On 22 May 1994, the CPN(UC)/UPFN was split in two. The militant faction later renamed itself the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), or CPN(M). This faction described the government forces, mainstream political parties, and the monarchy, as "feudal forces". The armed struggle began on 13 February 1996, when the CPN(M) carried out seven simultaneous attacks over six districts.[13]: 333  Initially, the government mobilized the Nepal Police to contain the insurgency. The Royal Nepal Army was not involved in direct fighting because the conflict was regarded as a policing matter. On Friday, 1 June 2001, King Birendra, and his entire family were killed in a massacre at the Narayanhiti Palace – the official residence of the Shah monarchs. Perpetrated by Prince Dipendra,[15] the heir apparent to the Nepalese throne, there were ten deaths and five injuries – four injured victims and one self-inflicted injury on Dipendra after shooting himself in the head in an apparent suicide attempt. Dipendra fell into a coma for three days before dying, during which he was crowned as the new king. On 25 July 2001, the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba and the Maoist insurgents declared a ceasefire, and held peace talks from August to November of that year.[13]: 335  The failure of these peace talks resulted in the return to armed conflict, beginning with the Maoist attack on an army barracks in Dang District in western Nepal, on 22 November.[13]: 335  The situation changed dramatically in 2002, as the number of attacks by both sides increased greatly, and more people died than in any other year of the war.[13]: 309 

The government responded by banning anti-monarchy statements,[16] imprisoning journalists, and shutting down newspapers accused of siding with the insurgents. Several rounds of negotiations, accompanied by temporary ceasefires, were held between the insurgents and the government. The government categorically rejected the insurgents' demand for constituent assembly elections. At the same time, the Maoists refused to recognize the continued survival of a constitutional monarchy. In November 2004, the government rejected both the Maoists' request to negotiate directly with King Gyanendra rather than via Prime Minister Deuba, and the Maoists' request for discussions to be mediated by a third party such as the United Nations.

Throughout the war, the government controlled the main cities and towns, while the Maoists dominated the rural areas. In August 2004, the Maoists declared a week-long blockade of Kathmandu city which was later called off.[17]

On 1 February 2005, in response to the inability of the relatively democratic government to restore order, King Gyanendra seized direct power and declared a state of emergency in an attempt to definitively end the insurgency. He proclaimed, "democracy and progress contradict one another...in pursuit of liberalism, we should never overlook an important aspect of our conduct, namely discipline."[18] As a result of this takeover, the United Kingdom and India both suspended their material support for Nepal.[13]: 337  According to reports by Nepali newspaper Kantipur, China supplied arms and military equipment to the Gyandera regime in November 2005; it was the first time China provided arms during the decade long conflict.[19] On 5 May 2005, in response to the takeover by King Gyanendra, seven political parties began talks to form a Seven Party Alliance (SPA).[13]: 338  On 22 November 2005, with support from the Indian government, Maoist rebels and the SPA jointly issued a 12-point resolution, which described autocratic monarchy as the main obstacle to "democracy, peace, prosperity, social upliftment and an independent and sovereign Nepal",[20] and included a commitment to hold elections to a constituent assembly and for the Maoist rebels to renounce violence.[13]: 339 

In 2006, violent conflict decreased significantly, and instead, resistance transformed into non-violent pro-democracy demonstrations.[13]: 339  The municipal elections held in February were boycotted by seven major parties. Instead, over 70 minor political parties promoted candidates.[21] Officially, voter turnaround was 20 percent.[22] Throughout April, pro-democracy demonstrations were held across Nepal, and 19 demonstrators were killed, over 400 protesters were arrested, while dozens of others were injured. On 21 April, King Gyanendra announced that he would return governance to the SPA, but this offer was rejected by both the Maoist rebels and the SPA.[13]: 339  On 24 April, King Gyanendra announced that he would also reinstate the House of Representatives, which satisfied the SPA, who formed the reinstated house.[13]: 339  On 9 August, the government and the Maoist rebels agreed to accept the United Nations to monitor the peace process and to manage the arms of both sides.[13]: 340  On 21 November, the government, the SPA, and the Maoist rebels signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord, which formally ended the civil war.[13]: 340 

The Civil War forced young workers to seek work abroad, predominantly in the Persian Gulf and south-east Asia. The economy of Nepal is still heavily dependent on the infusion of foreign income from these migrant workers. As a result of the civil war, Nepal's tourism industry suffered considerably.

 
Three Maoist rebels wait on top of a hill in the Rolpa District for orders to relocate.

Timeline

Early events

2001

  • January 2001: The government creates the Armed Police Force, a paramilitary force to fight the insurgents.
  • 28 May 2001 (15 Jestha 2058 BS, Monday): Chairman Prachanda gives an interview with the Communist journal A World to Win.[23]
  • 1 June 2001 (19 Jestha 2058 BS, Friday): King Birendra and most of the royal family were killed in the Nepalese royal massacre. Crown Prince Dipendra [24] was accused of the massacre by the Incident Inquiry Committee consisting of Chief Justice Keshav Prasad Upadhaya, and the speaker of the House of Representatives, Taranath Ranabhat. Dipendra, supposedly comatose after a suicide attempt, is crowned king, according to tradition. He supposedly died on 4 June 2001. Gyanendra is then crowned King.[25]
  • 3 August 2001 (19 Shrawn 2058 BS, Friday): The first round of peace talks begin.
  • 23 November 2001 (8 Mangshir 2058 BS, Friday): Peace talks collapse when the Maoists withdraw and launch a ferocious attack on Police and Army posts in 42 districts.
  • 26 November 2001 (11 Mangshir 2058 BS, Monday): The government of Sher Bahadur Deuba declares a nationwide State of Emergency[26] and deploys the Nepal Army.[27]
  • US State Department declares Maoist political party as a terrorist organization. The United States Congress approves US$12 million to train Royal Nepal Army officers and supply 5,000 M16 rifles.[4]

2002

  • May 2002: Peace talks collapse.[27]
  • May 2002: Large battles fought between Army and Maoist forces at Lisne Lekh along the boundary between Pyuthan and Rolpa districts, and in Gam village, Rolpa.
  • 22 May 2002 (8 Jestha 2059 BS, Wednesday): King Gyanendra, acting on the advice of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, dissolves Parliament and orders new elections. The reason given for the dissolution is opposition to the state of emergency.
  • 11 July 2002 (27 Ashad 2059 BS, Thursday): Information leaks out that the Belgian weapon manufacturer FN Herstal is allowed to deliver 5,500 M249 SAW light machine guns to the Nepali monarchy, a decision made by all coalition parties. Minister of External Affairs Louis Michel speaks of "a country in a pluralistic democracy."
  • 4 October 2002 (18 Ashwin 2059 BS, Friday): King Gyanendra deposes Prime Minister Deuba and the entire Council of Ministers, assumes executive power, and cancels the elections for the dissolved House of Representatives, which had been scheduled for 11 November 2002.
  • 11 October 2002 (25 Ashwin 2059 BS, Friday): King Gyanendra appoints Lokendra Bahadur Chand as Prime Minister.

2003

  • January 2003: The United States hold exercises with the Nepali army.[4] Maoist insurgents kill the Inspector General of Armed Police, Krishna Mohan Shrestha, his wife and his bodyguard, Head Constable Subhash Bahadur Gurung of the Armed Police Force, while on their morning walk, as they used to do on Sunday mornings, intending to represent general safety to fellow citizens. The Inspector General and his wife, who was a teacher at an international school in the capital, were both unarmed. They were riddled with bullets from Type 56 Rifles and G3 rifles used by the Maoists.
  • 29 January 2003 (15 Magh 2059 BS, Wednesday): A second ceasefire is established and peace talks begin.[27]
  • 13 May 2003 (30 Baishak 2060 BS, Tuesday): Code of conduct jointly declared by the government and the CPN-M for the mutually agreed period of cease-fire[28]
  • 17 August 2003 (32 Shrawn 2060 BS, Sunday): Nepali military and police forces kill 39 Maoist rebels in the Ramechhap district of central Nepal during an offensive launched jointly by the Army, Police, and Air Force of Nepal. 7 soldiers of the Nepali Army and 5 Constables of the Armed Police are also killed in the operation.[27]
  • 24 August 2003 (7 Bhadra 2060 BS, Sunday): The Maoists set an ultimatum, threatening to withdraw from the cease-fire if the government does not agree within 48 hours to include the question of the Maoists participating in the Constituent Assembly.[27]
  • 26 August 2003 (9 Bhadra 2060 BS, Tuesday): The Maoist ultimatum expires.[27]
  • 27 August 2003 (10 Bhadra 2060 BS, Wednesday):
    • Strike: The Maoist call for a three-day strike to denounce the Army's attacks on their cadres[27]
    • The Maoists unilaterally withdraw from 29 January ceasefire. Prachanda's statement revives the rebels' demand for an end to monarchic rule in favor of a "people's republic", stating, "Since the old regime has put an end to the forward-looking solution to all existing problems through the ceasefire and peace talks, we herein declare that the rationale behind ceasefire...and peace process has ended."[27]
  • 28 August 2003 (11 Bhadra 2060 BS, Thursday): Maoist hitmen shoot two colonels of the Royal Nepal Army in their homes in Kathmandu, killing one and injuring the other.[citation needed]
  • 29 August 2003 (12 Bhadra 2060 BS, Friday): Maoist insurgents unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Devendra Raj Kandel, a Nepali minister.[citation needed]
  • 31 August 2003 (14 Bhadra 2060 BS, Sunday): Maoist insurgents ambush a Nepalese police outpost in Rupandehi, killing 4 policemen.[citation needed]
  • 2 September 2003 (16 Bhadra 2060 BS, Tuesday): Maoist insurgents ambush a Nepalese police outpost in Siraha, killing 2 policemen and injuring four others.[citation needed]
  • 27 September 2003 (10 Ashwin 2060 BS, Saturday): "Fifteen people including 8 rebels and 4 policemen were killed and suspected Maoists bombed five government utilities despite the guerrillas' plans for a nine-day truce from 2 October 2003, officials said. Eight Maoists were killed in a gun battle with security forces at Chhita Pokhara in the Khotang district, 340 kilometres east of Kathmandu, a police officer said. 4 Policemen were also killed. Elsewhere in eastern Nepal, the Maoists killed two policemen, Constable Purna Prasad Sharma and Head Constable Radha Krishna Gurung, and a woman selling beetle nuts, Kali Tamang, in the Jaljale-Gaighat area, an official said. 'A group of seven Maoists descended from a public bus when police were checking the passengers and suddenly opened fire from an automatic pistol, killing the three and wounding two others,' said Sitaram Prasad Pokharel, the chief administrator for the region. In Janakpur, an industrial hub on the Indian border 260 kilometres south-east of Kathmandu, the Maoists under the direct command of Prachanda carried out five early morning bombings that disrupted telephone service and power, police said. No one was killed directly by the blasts but an elderly man died of a heart attack after hearing the explosions, Police Deputy Superintendent Bharat Chhetri said. He said the sites that were bombed included the offices of the roads department and the Nepal Electricity Authority and a telecommunications tower. Police personnel and Maoists traded fire for nearly 40 minutes after the blasts but the rebels escaped and 37 people were injured, Mr Khadka said."[29]
  • 13 October 2003 (26 Ashwin 2060 BS, Monday): At least 42 Police Recruits and 9 Maoists are killed when an estimated 3,000 Maoists attempt to storm a Police Training Center in Bhaluwang. "'The rebels had snapped telephone cables, set up roadblocks by felling trees or blowing up highway bridges to prevent reinforcements from coming,' a witness, Krishna Adhikary, told Reuters."[30]
  • 27 October 2003 (10 Kartik 2060 BS, Monday): " Colonel Adrian Griffith and six Nepali nationals were freed last week 42 hours after being taken captive in Baglung, 300 km (190 mi) west of Kathmandu, while on a drive to recruit young Gurkha soldiers to serve in the British army." Party chief Prachanda said, "We are sorry for the incident that took place against the policy of the party."[31]
  • 11 November 2003 (25 Kartik 2060 BS, Tuesday): The Ministry of Defence accuses the Maoists of abducting twenty-nine 9th- and 10th-grade students from Riva Secondary School in Mugu district, western Nepal during the previous week.[32]
  • 15 November 2003 (29 Kartik 2060 BS, Saturday): Four police officers, including Kamalapati Pant (Nepal Police Force), were shot dead from behind on a tea shop by two armed Maoist rebels who approached in a motorcycle and fled away immediately, in Nepalgunj.
  • 19 November 2003 (3 Mangshir 2060 BS, Wednesday): According to a Nepal army official, four people were caught at the Chinese Khasa border point, 114 kilometers northeast of Kathmandu, smuggling weapons from Tibet into Nepal. The official named Hirala Lal Shrestha and Gyaljen Sherpa and said they were taken for interrogation in the Tibetan town of Xigatse.[33]

2004

  • 5 February 2004 (22 Magh 2060 BS, Thursday): An Army raid is carried out by the Bhairavnath Battalion on a village in Bhimad, Makwanpur district. Reports emerge that 14 suspected Maoist rebels and two civilians were executed after being captured. Amnesty International later wrote a letter to Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa and Brigadier-General Nilendra Aryal, Head of the Royal Nepal Army (RNA) human rights cell, demanding an immediate inquiry.[34]
  • 10 February 2004 (27 Magh 2060 BS, Tuesday): Two central committee members of the CPN-M, Matrika Yadav and Suresh Paswan, are reported to have been handed over by India to Nepal. They were reportedly arrested in Lucknow after Nepal provided information.[35]
  • 13 February 2004 (1 Falgun 2060 BS, Friday): Ganesh Chilwal leads an anti-Maoist protest on this day, the eighth anniversary of the commencement of the revolution.[36]
  • 15 February 2004 (3 Falgun 2060 BS, Sunday): Ganesh Chilwal is shot dead in his Kathmandu office by two suspected Maoists.[36]
  • 15 February 2004 (3 Falgun 2060 BS, Sunday): Fighting erupts at a Maoist jungle base in Kalikot District, 360 km west of Kathmandu. The base is said to hold 5000 Maoist troops. On 17 February 2004, a security official says that a private helicopter flying troops to Kalikot was hit by Maoist fire but that it returned safely to Kathmandu. On 18 February 2004, 65 Maoists are reported to have been killed, though this conflicts with other reported death tolls of 35 and 48.[37]
  • 15 February and 16 2004: Nepalese state radio reports that 13 Maoist rebels were killed in seven separate small clashes with security forces across the country.[37]
  • 18 February 2004 (6 Falgun 2060 BS, Wednesday): Lawmaker Khem Narayan Faujdar, a member of the parliament dissolved by King Gyanendra in 2002, is shot dead by two suspected Maoists riding a motorcycle in the Nawalparasi District, 200 km southwest of the capital, according to the police.[38]
  • 2 April 2004 (20 Chaitra 2060 BS, Friday): The largest rallies since 1990 begin in Kathmandu. They are variously labelled "pro-democracy" and "anti-monarchy."[39][40]
  • 3 April 2004 (21 Chaitra 2060 BS, Saturday): More than 12 trucks are burnt while waiting at a western Nepal border post to pick up petrol from India. India condemns the attacks and vows to fight terrorism.[41]
  • 4 April 2004 (22 Chaitra 2060 BS, Sunday): "Some 150 demonstrators were struck during a police baton charge" during demonstrations in Kathmandu[42]
  • 4 April 2004 (22 Chaitra 2060 BS, Sunday): "Hundreds of Maoist rebels" attack a Police outpost in Yadukuwa, Jadukhola. 13 policemen are killed, 7 wounded, and 35 are listed as missing. 8–9 Maoists are also killed. "Witnesses said more than 500 rebels attacked the Police post and began firing Assault Rifles and RPG-7 rockets. at around 9 pm (1515 GMT) on Sunday night. The fighting lasted two to three hours." Other reports state 400 rebels.[41][43][44]
  • 4 April 2004 (22 Chaitra 2060 BS, Sunday): In the west of the country three Indian traders are shot and injured and have their vehicles burned.[41]
  • 5 April 2004 (23 Chaitra 2060 BS, Monday): A three-day national strike begins, called by CPN(M) and opposed by an "alliance of five political parties" who are protesting in Kathmandu against the monarchy and say the strike will hamper the movement of demonstrators in Kathmandu. Prachanda said, "The time has come to win a united struggle against the feudal forces as the king is trying to take the nation back to the 18th century."[45][46]
  • 5 April 2004 (23 Chaitra 2060 BS, Monday): In the morning, 3 soldiers are killed and 7 injured by a CPN(M) landmine activated by their vehicle at Dhalkhola, 50 km east of Kathmandu.[41]
  • 5 April 2004 (23 Chaitra 2060 BS, Monday): At least 140 people are injured in clashes in Kathmandu as "about 50,000" demonstrators confront the police. Demonstrators try to break through a police barricade close to the royal palace. The police respond with tear gas and protesters are reportedly injured by police batons. Rocks and bricks are thrown by both sides. Demonstrations also occur in Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Meanwhile, King Gyanendra has reportedly been away touring villages in western Nepal.[40]
  • 5 April 2004 (23 Chaitra 2060 BS, Monday): The Indian government announces that it will no longer provide police escorts to Indian officials shopping in Nepal, as a means to discourage such trips. Fears are based on the CPN(M) targeting Indians. "We are worried about possible reprisals here if the Maoists continue to target Indians inside Nepal," said a senior police official.[47]
  • 24 June 2004 (10 Ashad 2061 BS, Thursday): The nephew of former Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa is hacked to death by Maoist insurgents in Dhankuta district.[citation needed]
  • 16 August 2004 (32 Shrawn 2061 BS, Monday): The Soaltee Hotel, a popular luxury hotel in Kathmandu, is bombed, after refusing a demand from the Maoists that the hotel be closed.[48]
  • 18 August 2004 (2 Bhadra 2061 BS, Wednesday): A bomb explodes in a marketplace in southern Nepal. The blast kills a 12-year-old boy and wounds six others, including three policemen. In addition, Maoist rebels, demanding the release of captured guerrillas, stop all road traffic near Kathmandu by threatening to attack vehicles. Some Nepal businesses are shut down because of threats.
  • 10 September 2004 (25 Bhadra 2061 BS, Friday): A bomb explodes at the United States Information Service office in Kathmandu.
  • 13 September 2004 (28 Bhadra 2061 BS, Monday): U.S. Peace Corps suspends operations and non-essential U.S. Embassy personnel are evacuated from Nepal.
  • 9 November 2004 (24 Kartik 2061 BS, Tuesday): 36 people were injured when suspected Maoist rebels exploded a powerful bomb at an under-construction government office complex, the Karmachari Sanchaya Kosh Office Complex in the heart of Nepalese capital Kathmandu Tuesday.
 
In the offensive: DSP Hem Raj Regmi was shot dead by Maoists, 11 November 2004.
  • 11 November 2004 (26 Kartik 2061 BS, Thursday): Maoists kill NID Deputy Superintendent of Police Hemraj Regmi in front of his office residence in Butwal-6 in Rupandehi district.
  • 15 December 2004 (30 Mangshir 2061 BS, Wednesday): Twenty government security personnel are killed in the western district of Arghakhanchi when the Maoists mount a surprise attack.
  • 16 December 2004 (1 Poush 2061 BS, Thursday): Sixteen Maoist rebels are killed in clashes with Nepali security forces in the western district of Dailekh.
  • 23 December 2004 (8 Poush 2061 BS, Thursday): Maoist forces launch blockade of Kathmandu.
  • 26 December 2004 (11 Poush 2061 BS, Sunday): Over 15,000 hold peace rally in Kathmandu.

2005

  • 2 January 2005 (18 Poush 2061 BS, Sunday): Nepali media reports two children being killed in Dailekh district by a Maoist bomb.
  • 4 January 2005 (20 Poush 2061 BS, Tuesday): Three government security personnel and between two and twenty-four Maoist rebels reported killed in fighting.
  • 8 January 2005 (24 Poush 2061 BS, Saturday): Maoists detain and later release 300 passengers from six buses that defy their blockade of Kathmandu.
  • 10 January 2005 (26 Poush 2061 BS, Monday): Prime Minister Deuba said he would increase defense spending to fight the Maoists unless they come forward for talks with the government.
  • 11 January 2005 (27 Poush 2061 BS, Tuesday): Protests and blockades over the government fuel price increases of between 10% and 25%.
  • 15 January 2005 (2 Magh 2061 BS, Saturday): Maoists allegedly detain 14 Indian Gurkhas from Chuha village in Kailali.
  • 29 January 2005 (16 Magh 2061 BS, Saturday): Government leader in the Lamjung district had been abducted and murdered with a gunshot to the head.[49]
  • 1 February 2005 (19 Magh 2061 BS, Tuesday): King Gyanendra dissolves the Deuba government and bans all news reports. The army begins arresting senior political leaders, journalists, trade unionists, human rights activists and civil society leaders. All telephone and internet connections are cut.
  • 7 April 2005 (25 Chaitra 2061 BS, Thursday): Maoists attack a army base in Khara, Rukum suffering 300 losses.
  • 6 June 2005 (24 Jestha 2062 BS, Monday): Badarmude bus explosion: Some 38 civilians are killed and over 70 injured after a packed passenger bus runs over a rebel landmine in Chitwan district.
  • 9 August 2005 (25 Shrawn 2062 BS, Tuesday): Maoist rebels kill 40 security men in midwestern Nepal.
  • 3 September 2005 (18 Bhadra 2062 BS, Saturday): The Maoists declare a three-month unilateral ceasefire to woo opposition political parties.
  • October 2005:: Chunbang Central Committee meeting in Rolpa decides to join hands with the political parties against the king
  • 19 November 2005 (4 Mangshir 2062 BS, Saturday): After negotiations, the Maoist rebels agree to work with opposition politicians in a common front against the rule of King Gyanendra.[50][51]

2006

 
Protesters during the 2006 Nepalese revolution
  • 2 January 2006 (18 Poush 2062 BS, Monday): Rebels decide not to extend a four-month ceasefire saying that the government had broken the ceasefire with numerous attacks on Maoist villages.[52]
  • 14 January 2006 (1 Magh 2062 BS, Saturday): Maoists launch coordinated attacks on five military and paramilitary targets in the Kathmandu valley, the first demonstration of their ability to organize violence within the Valley, prompting curfews at night for the next several days.
  • 14 March 2006 (1 Chaitra 2062 BS, Tuesday): Nepali rebels extend road blockade; nationwide strike called for 3 April 2006.[53]
  • 5 April 2006 (23 Chaitra 2062 BS, Wednesday): General strike begins with Maoist forces promising to refrain from violence.
  • 6 April 7, 2006: Protesters clash with police, hundreds arrested, dozens injured.
  • 8 April 2006 (26 Chaitra 2062 BS, Saturday): A curfew is imposed in Kathmandu from 10 pm to 9 am The king orders protesters violating the curfew to be "shot on sight."[54]
  • 9 April 2006 (27 Chaitra 2062 BS, Sunday): General strike scheduled to end. Government extends curfew, BBC reports. Three dead in two days of unrest, as thousands of demonstrators defy curfews.[55]
  • 26 April 2006 (13 Baishak 2063 BS, Wednesday): The Maoists start to unblock streets and roads, but put forth some conditions.
  • 27 April 2006 (14 Baishak 2063 BS, Thursday): Maoist insurgents, responding to a demand by the newly appointed prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, announce a unilateral three-month truce after weeks of pro-democracy protests in Kathmandu, and encourage the formation of a new constituent assembly to rewrite the nation's constitution.[56][57]
  • 3 May 2006 (20 Baishak 2063 BS, Wednesday): Nepal's new cabinet declares a ceasefire. This was not taken very seriously. The cabinet also announces that the Maoist rebels will no longer be considered a terrorist group. Rebels are also encouraged to open peace talks.[58]
  • 21 November 2006 (5 Mangshir 2063 BS, Tuesday): Peace talks end with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord between Prime Minister Koirala and Maoist leader Prachanda. The deal allows the Maoists to take part in government, and places their weapons under UN monitoring.[59]

Aftermath

More than 17,000 people (including both civilians and armed forces) were killed during the conflict, including over 4,000 Nepalese killed by Maoists from 1996 to 2005, and over 8,200 Nepalese killed by government forces from 1996 to 2005.[7] In addition, an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people were internally displaced as a result of the conflict. Furthermore, this conflict disrupted most rural development activities. The revolution resulted in political, social and cultural change in Nepal.[60][61][62]

Transitional justice bodies

As a transitional justice mechanism, in July 2007, the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction proposed legislation that would establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Nepal.[63] The parliament set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate:

"Murder, abduction and taking of hostage, causing mutilation and disability, physical or mental torture, rape and sexual violence, looting, possession, damage or arson of private or public property, forced eviction from house and land or any other kind of displacement, and any kind of inhuman acts inconsistent with the international human rights or humanitarian law or other crimes against humanity."[10]

Also another commission to investigate on forced disappearances and debated proposals to grant an amnesty for abuses by government and rebel forces.[10] Both commissions were established in 2013. However, the government led by the NCP, did not extend the tenure of the working commission, dismissed it, and allegedly formed a new commission in its favor.

In 2016, commissioner Madhabi Bhatta of the TRC, a hardliner advocating that amnesty will not be given to perpetrators of serious crimes and that no one has immunity, said on national television that even Prachanda, the then-Prime Minister and former supreme commander of the guerrillas, will be questioned by the commission, reporting that she felt security threats from the former extremists.[64][65][66]

Army integration

The Nepalese Army took final control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the armed wing of the CPN (Maoist), on 10 April 2012.[67] Then Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai, who also headed the Army Integration Special Committee (AISC), told the committee on 10 April 2012, that the NA was going to move into all 15 PLA cantonments, take full control, and take control of more than 3,000 weapons locked in containers there.[67] A total of 6,576 combatants chose the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), that promised cheques in the range of NPR 500,000 to NPR 800,000, depending on their rank.[67]

In the first phase (18 November – 1 December 2011) of regrouping, 9,705 former combatants had chosen integration into the NA.[67] In a landmark achievement, the AISC had initiated the process of integration following a 1 November 2011, seven-point deal signed by three major political parties – UCPN-M, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN-UML) and Nepali Congress (NC) – and the umbrella formation of several Madheshi groups, the United Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF).[67] The deal provided three options to former PLA combatants – integration, voluntary retirement and rehabilitation.[67] 9,705 combatants opted for integration, 7,286 chose voluntary discharge, and six combatants registered their names for rehabilitation packages.[67] The United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) had registered 19,602 combatants in the second verification conducted on 26 May 2007.[67] Leaked footage of Prachanda was later telecasted by Image Channel on 5 May 2009, in which Parchanda claims to have given the UNMIN an inflated number of Maoist fighters.[68]

On 14 April 2012, AISC decision laid down that the ranks of the integrated combatants would be determined according to the NA's, and not the PLA's, standards.[67] A selection committee would be headed by the chairman of Nepal's Public Service Commission (PSC) or by a member appointed by him, and a General Directorate would be created under the NA, headed by a Lieutenant General, to absorb the integrated combatants.[67] The combatants will have to undergo between three and nine months of training, depending on their ranks.[67] The Directorate would only be deployed for disaster relief, industrial security, development, and forest and environment conservation.[67] On 17 April, the NA stated that it could not start the recruitment process of former Maoist combatants until the structure—leadership and size—of the General Directorate had been finalised at the political level.[67] On 19 April 2012, the three major political parties agreed to merge two separate proposed commissions on Truth and Reconciliation, and on Disappearances, into one.[67]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nepalese Civil War.

References

  1. ^ Pradhan, Gyan. "Nepal's civil war and its economic costs" (PDF). Publisher: Center for International and Global Studies, Lindenwood University Press: 118. (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ "Une polémique éclate en Belgique sur une vente d'armes au Népal". La Croix. 26 August 2002. from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019 – via www.la-croix.com.
  3. ^ "Chinese Deliver Arms to Nepal 2005". 25 November 2005. from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Miglani, Sanjeev (18 August 2003). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018.
  5. ^ "CCP Maoist support". from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b Times, Nepali (15 March 2019). "Biplav is just following the footsteps of mentors". from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Ed Douglas. "Inside Nepal's Revolution". National Geographic Magazine, p. 54, November 2005.
  8. ^ "17,800 people died during conflict period, says Ministry of Peace – Nepal". ReliefWeb. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  9. ^ "ICMP Nepal". www.icmp.int. from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b c "Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Nepal". from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  11. ^ "'At least three more years needed to complete task'- Roshan S Nepal's Oped on Transitional Justice". nepalmonitor.org. from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  12. ^ Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K. Pahadi, ed. (2010). The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the twenty-first century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77717-9.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K. Pahari, ed. (2010). The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the twenty-first century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77717-9.
  14. ^ Manesh Sreshtha and Bishnu Adhikari (2005). Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles. Sage. ISBN 0-7619-3313-1.
  15. ^ "Why Nepal's Crown Prince Went on a Killing Spree". The World from PRX. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  16. ^ . NepalNews: The Kathmandu Post. 20 December 2003. Archived from the original on 14 November 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  17. ^ "Maoist rebels call off Kathmandu blockade". The Guardian. 24 August 2004. from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  18. ^ . Nepal Monarchy. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  19. ^ "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Chinese 'deliver arms to Nepal'". BBC. 25 November 2005. from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  20. ^ "12-point Maoist MoU". Nepali Times. 25 November 2005. from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  21. ^ (PDF). Nepal News. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  22. ^ Sunil, W.A.; Jayasekera, Deepal. "Farcical municipal elections intensify political instability in Nepal". World Socialist Web Site. from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  23. ^ . Human Rights Server. 28 May 2001. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016.
  24. ^ "Mysteries behind the Nepalese royal massacre | Trips@Asia". www.tripsatasia.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  25. ^ Greenwald, Jeff (13 June 2001). . World Tibet Network News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  26. ^ "Prime Minister's Address to the Nation after imposition of Emergency, November 28,2001". www.satp.org. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h Pokharel, Tilak P (27 August 2003). "Nepali Rebels Walk Away from Peace Talks". World Press. from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  28. ^ Adhikari, Bipin (19 March 2003). . The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 19 June 2005.
  29. ^ . ABC News Online. 28 September 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2003.
  30. ^ . The Telegraph. 14 October 2003. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  31. ^ Sharma, Sushil (27 October 2003). "Maoists 'sorry' UK officer held". BBC News. from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  32. ^ "How anti-monarchy movement took shape". The Independent. from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  33. ^ . Daily News. 20 November 2003. Archived from the original on 6 December 2003.
  34. ^ "Nepal: Extra-judicial killings inquiry urgent". Scoop. 18 February 2004. from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  35. ^ . The Times of India. 10 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
  36. ^ a b "Nepal anti-rebel leader shot dead". BBC News. 15 February 2004. from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2004.
  37. ^ a b "48 Maoist rebels killed in Nepal army attacks". KuraKani. 17 February 2004. from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  38. ^ "Chronology of decade-long conflict". ReliefWeb. 22 November 2006. from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  39. ^ Sharma, Gopal (9 April 2004). "Nepal parties plan anti-monarchy rally". Independent Online.
  40. ^ a b . INDOlink. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  41. ^ a b c d "Maoist rebels storm police post in Nepal, kill 9". Utusan Online. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2004.
  42. ^ "9 policemen dead as Maoists storm post in Nepal". INQ7. 5 April 2004. from the original on 11 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  43. ^ . Gulfnews. 6 April 2004. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  44. ^ . The Telegraph. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  45. ^ Singh, Kedar Man (3 April 2004). "Anti-monarchy protesters pack streets of Kathmandu". INQ7. from the original on 11 November 2005. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  46. ^ . The Hindu. 14 March 2004. Archived from the original on 25 March 2005.
  47. ^ . The Statesman. India. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  48. ^ "Maoist bicycle bomber attacks luxury hotel in capital of Nepal". www.irishtimes.com. from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  49. ^ "2005-01-29 – incident – Lamjung district | २०६१-१०-१६ – घटना – लमजुङ जिल्ला". nepalconflictreport.ohchr.org. from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  50. ^ "Nepal rebels ready to surrender under UN supervision". The Times of India. 20 November 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  51. ^ Sharma, Nagendar (18 November 2005). "Nepal opposition in Maoist talks". BBC News. from the original on 4 December 2005. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  52. ^ Pasricha, Anjana (2 January 2006). "Nepal Rebels Call Off Four-Month Truce". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  53. ^ . The Boston Globe. 18 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012.
  54. ^ Gurubacharya, Binaj (8 April 2006). "Anti-monarchy rallies spread in Nepal". The Boston Globe.[dead link]
  55. ^ "Violent clashes amid Nepal curfew". BBC News. 10 April 2006. from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  56. ^ "Nepal Maoist rebels declare truce". BBC News. 27 April 2006. from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  57. ^ "Nepal's Maoists Declare Ceasefire". Voice of America. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  58. ^ "Nepal calls ceasefire with rebels". BBC News. 3 May 2006. from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  59. ^ "Peace deal ends Nepal's civil war". BBC News. 21 November 2006. from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  60. ^ "The Rising Nepal: The Maoist Movement on Terminal Decline?: Ritu Raj Subedi". therisingnepal.org.np. from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  61. ^ "क्रमभङ्ग, धुलिखेल र तरङ्ग- विचार - कान्तिपुर समाचार". from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  62. ^ "नेपाली संस्कृतिमा क्रमभङ्ग". ehimalayatimes.com. 12 August 2017. from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  63. ^ Selecting Commissioners for Nepal's Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)
  64. ^ Radio, Kantor Berita. "Doubts abound over Nepal's truth and reconciliation commission". kbr.id (in Indonesian). from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  65. ^ TRIPATHI, AKHILESH. "My Republica – TRC member Madhabi Bhatta says she feels security threat". archive.myrepublica.com. from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  66. ^ "TRC member Bhatta complains of threat to her security". The Himalayan Times. 21 February 2016. from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Nepal: Consolidating The Peace – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 24 April 2012. from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  68. ^ "Nepal PM defends leaked tape, says he has over 100,000 fighters". Deccan Herald. 6 May 2009. from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

Further reading

External links

  • Nepal's civil war and its subsequent democratic transition by Al Jazeera
  • International Center for Transitional Justice, Nepal
  • Text of all peace accords for Nepal
  • Crisis briefing on Nepal 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters Alertnet 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • , a book by Olof Jarlbro
  • , archive of reports on the Nepalese war and peace processes from the ICG.
  • Between Two Stones – Nepal's decade of conflict
  • Insight on Conflict: Peacebuilding database
  • Nepal: The Improbable Maoists, Foreign Policy Journal
  • Ten Years of Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Human Rights Situation 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, National Human Rights Commission, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur

October 21, 2023
nepalese, civil, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, 2015, lear. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Nepalese Civil War news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Nepalese Civil War was a protracted armed conflict that took place in the former Kingdom of Nepal from 1996 to 2006 It saw countrywide fighting between the Nepalese royal government and the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist with the latter making significant use of guerrilla warfare 10 The conflict began on 13 February 1996 when the CPN Maoist initiated an insurgency with the stated purpose of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people s republic it ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord on 21 November 2006 Nepalese Civil WarA Maoist rebel speaks to villagers in the area around PiskarDate13 February 1996 21 November 2006 10 years 9 months 1 week and 1 day LocationNepalResultComprehensive Peace AccordBelligerentsKingdom of Nepal Nepalese Armed Forces Royal Nepali Army Nepal PoliceSupported by India 1 Belgium 2 China 3 United Kingdom 4 United States 4 Communist Party of Nepal Maoist People s Liberation Army NepalSupported by Communist Party of India Maoist Ceylon Communist Party Maoist 5 Commanders and leadersKing of Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev 1972 2001 Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev 2001 2008 Prime Minister of Nepal Sher Bahadur Deuba 1995 1997 2001 2002 2004 2005 Lokendra Bahadur Chand 1997 1997 2002 2003 Surya Bahadur Thapa 1997 1998 2003 2004 Girija Prasad Koirala 1998 1999 2000 2001 2006 2008 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai 1999 2000 COAS of the Nepalese Army Dharmapaal Barsingh Thapa 1995 1999 Prajwalla Shumsher JBR 1999 2003 Pyar Jung Thapa 2003 2006 Rookmangud Katawal 2006 2009 IGP of Nepal Police Moti Lal Bohora 1992 1996 Achyut Krishna Kharel 1996 1996 1996 1999 Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan 1996 1996 Pradip Shumsher J B R 1999 2002 Shyam Bhakta Thapa 2002 2006 Om Bikram Rana 2006 2008 Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda Baburam Bhattarai Laldhwaj Mohan Baidya Kiran Nanda Kishor Pun Pasang Ram Bahadur Thapa Badal 6 Netra Bikram Chand Biplav 6 Strength95 00050 000Casualties and losses4 500 killed 7 8 200 killed guerrillas 7 17 800 killed overall 8 1 300 missing 9 The civil war was characterized by numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity including summary executions massacres purges kidnappings and mass rapes It resulted in the deaths of over 17 000 people including civilians insurgents and army and police personnel and the internal displacement of hundreds of thousands of people mostly throughout rural Nepal The Truth and Reconciliation Commission has received about 63 000 complaints as reported by commissioner Madhabi Bhatta while the Commission for Investigation of Enforced Disappearances has received around 3 000 11 Contents 1 Overview 2 Timeline 2 1 Early events 2 2 2001 2 3 2002 2 4 2003 2 5 2004 2 6 2005 2 7 2006 3 Aftermath 4 Transitional justice bodies 4 1 Army integration 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksOverview nbsp Communist graffiti in Kathmandu It reads Long Live Marxism Leninism Maoism and Prachanda Path On 10 January 1990 the United Left Front ULF was formed 12 331 which together with the Nepali Congress was the backbone of the movement for democratic change However communist groups uncomfortable with the alliance between the ULF and the Congress formed a parallel front the United National People s Movement UNPM The UNPM called for elections to a constituent assembly and rejected compromises made by the ULF and the Congress party with the palace In November 1990 the Communist Party of Nepal Unity Centre or CPN UC was formed and included key elements of the UNPM On 21 January 1991 the CPN UC set up the United People s Front of Nepal UPFN with Baburam Bhattarai as its head as an open front to contest elections 13 332 The CPN UC held its first convention on 25 November 1991 13 332 it adopted a line of protracted armed struggle on the route to a new democratic revolution 14 and decided that the party would remain an underground party In the 1991 election the UPFN became the third largest party in the Nepali parliament However disagreements within the UPFN surged regarding which tactics were to be used by the party One group led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda argued for immediate armed revolution while the other group led by Nirmal Lama claimed that Nepal was not yet ripe for armed struggle 13 332 On 22 May 1994 the CPN UC UPFN was split in two The militant faction later renamed itself the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist or CPN M This faction described the government forces mainstream political parties and the monarchy as feudal forces The armed struggle began on 13 February 1996 when the CPN M carried out seven simultaneous attacks over six districts 13 333 Initially the government mobilized the Nepal Police to contain the insurgency The Royal Nepal Army was not involved in direct fighting because the conflict was regarded as a policing matter On Friday 1 June 2001 King Birendra and his entire family were killed in a massacre at the Narayanhiti Palace the official residence of the Shah monarchs Perpetrated by Prince Dipendra 15 the heir apparent to the Nepalese throne there were ten deaths and five injuries four injured victims and one self inflicted injury on Dipendra after shooting himself in the head in an apparent suicide attempt Dipendra fell into a coma for three days before dying during which he was crowned as the new king On 25 July 2001 the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba and the Maoist insurgents declared a ceasefire and held peace talks from August to November of that year 13 335 The failure of these peace talks resulted in the return to armed conflict beginning with the Maoist attack on an army barracks in Dang District in western Nepal on 22 November 13 335 The situation changed dramatically in 2002 as the number of attacks by both sides increased greatly and more people died than in any other year of the war 13 309 The government responded by banning anti monarchy statements 16 imprisoning journalists and shutting down newspapers accused of siding with the insurgents Several rounds of negotiations accompanied by temporary ceasefires were held between the insurgents and the government The government categorically rejected the insurgents demand for constituent assembly elections At the same time the Maoists refused to recognize the continued survival of a constitutional monarchy In November 2004 the government rejected both the Maoists request to negotiate directly with King Gyanendra rather than via Prime Minister Deuba and the Maoists request for discussions to be mediated by a third party such as the United Nations Throughout the war the government controlled the main cities and towns while the Maoists dominated the rural areas In August 2004 the Maoists declared a week long blockade of Kathmandu city which was later called off 17 On 1 February 2005 in response to the inability of the relatively democratic government to restore order King Gyanendra seized direct power and declared a state of emergency in an attempt to definitively end the insurgency He proclaimed democracy and progress contradict one another in pursuit of liberalism we should never overlook an important aspect of our conduct namely discipline 18 As a result of this takeover the United Kingdom and India both suspended their material support for Nepal 13 337 According to reports by Nepali newspaper Kantipur China supplied arms and military equipment to the Gyandera regime in November 2005 it was the first time China provided arms during the decade long conflict 19 On 5 May 2005 in response to the takeover by King Gyanendra seven political parties began talks to form a Seven Party Alliance SPA 13 338 On 22 November 2005 with support from the Indian government Maoist rebels and the SPA jointly issued a 12 point resolution which described autocratic monarchy as the main obstacle to democracy peace prosperity social upliftment and an independent and sovereign Nepal 20 and included a commitment to hold elections to a constituent assembly and for the Maoist rebels to renounce violence 13 339 In 2006 violent conflict decreased significantly and instead resistance transformed into non violent pro democracy demonstrations 13 339 The municipal elections held in February were boycotted by seven major parties Instead over 70 minor political parties promoted candidates 21 Officially voter turnaround was 20 percent 22 Throughout April pro democracy demonstrations were held across Nepal and 19 demonstrators were killed over 400 protesters were arrested while dozens of others were injured On 21 April King Gyanendra announced that he would return governance to the SPA but this offer was rejected by both the Maoist rebels and the SPA 13 339 On 24 April King Gyanendra announced that he would also reinstate the House of Representatives which satisfied the SPA who formed the reinstated house 13 339 On 9 August the government and the Maoist rebels agreed to accept the United Nations to monitor the peace process and to manage the arms of both sides 13 340 On 21 November the government the SPA and the Maoist rebels signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord which formally ended the civil war 13 340 The Civil War forced young workers to seek work abroad predominantly in the Persian Gulf and south east Asia The economy of Nepal is still heavily dependent on the infusion of foreign income from these migrant workers As a result of the civil war Nepal s tourism industry suffered considerably nbsp Three Maoist rebels wait on top of a hill in the Rolpa District for orders to relocate TimelineThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available February 2021 Early events 13 February 1996 1 Falgun 2052 BS Tuesday Initiation of the people s war by the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist 2001 January 2001 The government creates the Armed Police Force a paramilitary force to fight the insurgents 28 May 2001 15 Jestha 2058 BS Monday Chairman Prachanda gives an interview with the Communist journal A World to Win 23 1 June 2001 19 Jestha 2058 BS Friday King Birendra and most of the royal family were killed in the Nepalese royal massacre Crown Prince Dipendra 24 was accused of the massacre by the Incident Inquiry Committee consisting of Chief Justice Keshav Prasad Upadhaya and the speaker of the House of Representatives Taranath Ranabhat Dipendra supposedly comatose after a suicide attempt is crowned king according to tradition He supposedly died on 4 June 2001 Gyanendra is then crowned King 25 3 August 2001 19 Shrawn 2058 BS Friday The first round of peace talks begin 23 November 2001 8 Mangshir 2058 BS Friday Peace talks collapse when the Maoists withdraw and launch a ferocious attack on Police and Army posts in 42 districts 26 November 2001 11 Mangshir 2058 BS Monday The government of Sher Bahadur Deuba declares a nationwide State of Emergency 26 and deploys the Nepal Army 27 US State Department declares Maoist political party as a terrorist organization The United States Congress approves US 12 million to train Royal Nepal Army officers and supply 5 000 M16 rifles 4 2002 May 2002 Peace talks collapse 27 May 2002 Large battles fought between Army and Maoist forces at Lisne Lekh along the boundary between Pyuthan and Rolpa districts and in Gam village Rolpa 22 May 2002 8 Jestha 2059 BS Wednesday King Gyanendra acting on the advice of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba dissolves Parliament and orders new elections The reason given for the dissolution is opposition to the state of emergency 11 July 2002 27 Ashad 2059 BS Thursday Information leaks out that the Belgian weapon manufacturer FN Herstal is allowed to deliver 5 500 M249 SAW light machine guns to the Nepali monarchy a decision made by all coalition parties Minister of External Affairs Louis Michel speaks of a country in a pluralistic democracy 4 October 2002 18 Ashwin 2059 BS Friday King Gyanendra deposes Prime Minister Deuba and the entire Council of Ministers assumes executive power and cancels the elections for the dissolved House of Representatives which had been scheduled for 11 November 2002 11 October 2002 25 Ashwin 2059 BS Friday King Gyanendra appoints Lokendra Bahadur Chand as Prime Minister 2003 January 2003 The United States hold exercises with the Nepali army 4 Maoist insurgents kill the Inspector General of Armed Police Krishna Mohan Shrestha his wife and his bodyguard Head Constable Subhash Bahadur Gurung of the Armed Police Force while on their morning walk as they used to do on Sunday mornings intending to represent general safety to fellow citizens The Inspector General and his wife who was a teacher at an international school in the capital were both unarmed They were riddled with bullets from Type 56 Rifles and G3 rifles used by the Maoists 29 January 2003 15 Magh 2059 BS Wednesday A second ceasefire is established and peace talks begin 27 13 May 2003 30 Baishak 2060 BS Tuesday Code of conduct jointly declared by the government and the CPN M for the mutually agreed period of cease fire 28 17 August 2003 32 Shrawn 2060 BS Sunday Nepali military and police forces kill 39 Maoist rebels in the Ramechhap district of central Nepal during an offensive launched jointly by the Army Police and Air Force of Nepal 7 soldiers of the Nepali Army and 5 Constables of the Armed Police are also killed in the operation 27 24 August 2003 7 Bhadra 2060 BS Sunday The Maoists set an ultimatum threatening to withdraw from the cease fire if the government does not agree within 48 hours to include the question of the Maoists participating in the Constituent Assembly 27 26 August 2003 9 Bhadra 2060 BS Tuesday The Maoist ultimatum expires 27 27 August 2003 10 Bhadra 2060 BS Wednesday Strike The Maoist call for a three day strike to denounce the Army s attacks on their cadres 27 The Maoists unilaterally withdraw from 29 January ceasefire Prachanda s statement revives the rebels demand for an end to monarchic rule in favor of a people s republic stating Since the old regime has put an end to the forward looking solution to all existing problems through the ceasefire and peace talks we herein declare that the rationale behind ceasefire and peace process has ended 27 28 August 2003 11 Bhadra 2060 BS Thursday Maoist hitmen shoot two colonels of the Royal Nepal Army in their homes in Kathmandu killing one and injuring the other citation needed 29 August 2003 12 Bhadra 2060 BS Friday Maoist insurgents unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate Devendra Raj Kandel a Nepali minister citation needed 31 August 2003 14 Bhadra 2060 BS Sunday Maoist insurgents ambush a Nepalese police outpost in Rupandehi killing 4 policemen citation needed 2 September 2003 16 Bhadra 2060 BS Tuesday Maoist insurgents ambush a Nepalese police outpost in Siraha killing 2 policemen and injuring four others citation needed 27 September 2003 10 Ashwin 2060 BS Saturday Fifteen people including 8 rebels and 4 policemen were killed and suspected Maoists bombed five government utilities despite the guerrillas plans for a nine day truce from 2 October 2003 officials said Eight Maoists were killed in a gun battle with security forces at Chhita Pokhara in the Khotang district 340 kilometres east of Kathmandu a police officer said 4 Policemen were also killed Elsewhere in eastern Nepal the Maoists killed two policemen Constable Purna Prasad Sharma and Head Constable Radha Krishna Gurung and a woman selling beetle nuts Kali Tamang in the Jaljale Gaighat area an official said A group of seven Maoists descended from a public bus when police were checking the passengers and suddenly opened fire from an automatic pistol killing the three and wounding two others said Sitaram Prasad Pokharel the chief administrator for the region In Janakpur an industrial hub on the Indian border 260 kilometres south east of Kathmandu the Maoists under the direct command of Prachanda carried out five early morning bombings that disrupted telephone service and power police said No one was killed directly by the blasts but an elderly man died of a heart attack after hearing the explosions Police Deputy Superintendent Bharat Chhetri said He said the sites that were bombed included the offices of the roads department and the Nepal Electricity Authority and a telecommunications tower Police personnel and Maoists traded fire for nearly 40 minutes after the blasts but the rebels escaped and 37 people were injured Mr Khadka said 29 13 October 2003 26 Ashwin 2060 BS Monday At least 42 Police Recruits and 9 Maoists are killed when an estimated 3 000 Maoists attempt to storm a Police Training Center in Bhaluwang The rebels had snapped telephone cables set up roadblocks by felling trees or blowing up highway bridges to prevent reinforcements from coming a witness Krishna Adhikary told Reuters 30 27 October 2003 10 Kartik 2060 BS Monday Colonel Adrian Griffith and six Nepali nationals were freed last week 42 hours after being taken captive in Baglung 300 km 190 mi west of Kathmandu while on a drive to recruit young Gurkha soldiers to serve in the British army Party chief Prachanda said We are sorry for the incident that took place against the policy of the party 31 11 November 2003 25 Kartik 2060 BS Tuesday The Ministry of Defence accuses the Maoists of abducting twenty nine 9th and 10th grade students from Riva Secondary School in Mugu district western Nepal during the previous week 32 15 November 2003 29 Kartik 2060 BS Saturday Four police officers including Kamalapati Pant Nepal Police Force were shot dead from behind on a tea shop by two armed Maoist rebels who approached in a motorcycle and fled away immediately in Nepalgunj 19 November 2003 3 Mangshir 2060 BS Wednesday According to a Nepal army official four people were caught at the Chinese Khasa border point 114 kilometers northeast of Kathmandu smuggling weapons from Tibet into Nepal The official named Hirala Lal Shrestha and Gyaljen Sherpa and said they were taken for interrogation in the Tibetan town of Xigatse 33 2004 5 February 2004 22 Magh 2060 BS Thursday An Army raid is carried out by the Bhairavnath Battalion on a village in Bhimad Makwanpur district Reports emerge that 14 suspected Maoist rebels and two civilians were executed after being captured Amnesty International later wrote a letter to Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa and Brigadier General Nilendra Aryal Head of the Royal Nepal Army RNA human rights cell demanding an immediate inquiry 34 10 February 2004 27 Magh 2060 BS Tuesday Two central committee members of the CPN M Matrika Yadav and Suresh Paswan are reported to have been handed over by India to Nepal They were reportedly arrested in Lucknow after Nepal provided information 35 13 February 2004 1 Falgun 2060 BS Friday Ganesh Chilwal leads an anti Maoist protest on this day the eighth anniversary of the commencement of the revolution 36 15 February 2004 3 Falgun 2060 BS Sunday Ganesh Chilwal is shot dead in his Kathmandu office by two suspected Maoists 36 15 February 2004 3 Falgun 2060 BS Sunday Fighting erupts at a Maoist jungle base in Kalikot District 360 km west of Kathmandu The base is said to hold 5000 Maoist troops On 17 February 2004 a security official says that a private helicopter flying troops to Kalikot was hit by Maoist fire but that it returned safely to Kathmandu On 18 February 2004 65 Maoists are reported to have been killed though this conflicts with other reported death tolls of 35 and 48 37 15 February and 16 2004 Nepalese state radio reports that 13 Maoist rebels were killed in seven separate small clashes with security forces across the country 37 18 February 2004 6 Falgun 2060 BS Wednesday Lawmaker Khem Narayan Faujdar a member of the parliament dissolved by King Gyanendra in 2002 is shot dead by two suspected Maoists riding a motorcycle in the Nawalparasi District 200 km southwest of the capital according to the police 38 2 April 2004 20 Chaitra 2060 BS Friday The largest rallies since 1990 begin in Kathmandu They are variously labelled pro democracy and anti monarchy 39 40 3 April 2004 21 Chaitra 2060 BS Saturday More than 12 trucks are burnt while waiting at a western Nepal border post to pick up petrol from India India condemns the attacks and vows to fight terrorism 41 4 April 2004 22 Chaitra 2060 BS Sunday Some 150 demonstrators were struck during a police baton charge during demonstrations in Kathmandu 42 4 April 2004 22 Chaitra 2060 BS Sunday Hundreds of Maoist rebels attack a Police outpost in Yadukuwa Jadukhola 13 policemen are killed 7 wounded and 35 are listed as missing 8 9 Maoists are also killed Witnesses said more than 500 rebels attacked the Police post and began firing Assault Rifles and RPG 7 rockets at around 9 pm 1515 GMT on Sunday night The fighting lasted two to three hours Other reports state 400 rebels 41 43 44 4 April 2004 22 Chaitra 2060 BS Sunday In the west of the country three Indian traders are shot and injured and have their vehicles burned 41 5 April 2004 23 Chaitra 2060 BS Monday A three day national strike begins called by CPN M and opposed by an alliance of five political parties who are protesting in Kathmandu against the monarchy and say the strike will hamper the movement of demonstrators in Kathmandu Prachanda said The time has come to win a united struggle against the feudal forces as the king is trying to take the nation back to the 18th century 45 46 5 April 2004 23 Chaitra 2060 BS Monday In the morning 3 soldiers are killed and 7 injured by a CPN M landmine activated by their vehicle at Dhalkhola 50 km east of Kathmandu 41 5 April 2004 23 Chaitra 2060 BS Monday At least 140 people are injured in clashes in Kathmandu as about 50 000 demonstrators confront the police Demonstrators try to break through a police barricade close to the royal palace The police respond with tear gas and protesters are reportedly injured by police batons Rocks and bricks are thrown by both sides Demonstrations also occur in Lalitpur and Bhaktapur Meanwhile King Gyanendra has reportedly been away touring villages in western Nepal 40 5 April 2004 23 Chaitra 2060 BS Monday The Indian government announces that it will no longer provide police escorts to Indian officials shopping in Nepal as a means to discourage such trips Fears are based on the CPN M targeting Indians We are worried about possible reprisals here if the Maoists continue to target Indians inside Nepal said a senior police official 47 24 June 2004 10 Ashad 2061 BS Thursday The nephew of former Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa is hacked to death by Maoist insurgents in Dhankuta district citation needed 16 August 2004 32 Shrawn 2061 BS Monday The Soaltee Hotel a popular luxury hotel in Kathmandu is bombed after refusing a demand from the Maoists that the hotel be closed 48 18 August 2004 2 Bhadra 2061 BS Wednesday A bomb explodes in a marketplace in southern Nepal The blast kills a 12 year old boy and wounds six others including three policemen In addition Maoist rebels demanding the release of captured guerrillas stop all road traffic near Kathmandu by threatening to attack vehicles Some Nepal businesses are shut down because of threats 10 September 2004 25 Bhadra 2061 BS Friday A bomb explodes at the United States Information Service office in Kathmandu 13 September 2004 28 Bhadra 2061 BS Monday U S Peace Corps suspends operations and non essential U S Embassy personnel are evacuated from Nepal 9 November 2004 24 Kartik 2061 BS Tuesday 36 people were injured when suspected Maoist rebels exploded a powerful bomb at an under construction government office complex the Karmachari Sanchaya Kosh Office Complex in the heart of Nepalese capital Kathmandu Tuesday nbsp In the offensive DSP Hem Raj Regmi was shot dead by Maoists 11 November 2004 11 November 2004 26 Kartik 2061 BS Thursday Maoists kill NID Deputy Superintendent of Police Hemraj Regmi in front of his office residence in Butwal 6 in Rupandehi district 15 December 2004 30 Mangshir 2061 BS Wednesday Twenty government security personnel are killed in the western district of Arghakhanchi when the Maoists mount a surprise attack 16 December 2004 1 Poush 2061 BS Thursday Sixteen Maoist rebels are killed in clashes with Nepali security forces in the western district of Dailekh 23 December 2004 8 Poush 2061 BS Thursday Maoist forces launch blockade of Kathmandu 26 December 2004 11 Poush 2061 BS Sunday Over 15 000 hold peace rally in Kathmandu 2005 2 January 2005 18 Poush 2061 BS Sunday Nepali media reports two children being killed in Dailekh district by a Maoist bomb 4 January 2005 20 Poush 2061 BS Tuesday Three government security personnel and between two and twenty four Maoist rebels reported killed in fighting 8 January 2005 24 Poush 2061 BS Saturday Maoists detain and later release 300 passengers from six buses that defy their blockade of Kathmandu 10 January 2005 26 Poush 2061 BS Monday Prime Minister Deuba said he would increase defense spending to fight the Maoists unless they come forward for talks with the government 11 January 2005 27 Poush 2061 BS Tuesday Protests and blockades over the government fuel price increases of between 10 and 25 15 January 2005 2 Magh 2061 BS Saturday Maoists allegedly detain 14 Indian Gurkhas from Chuha village in Kailali 29 January 2005 16 Magh 2061 BS Saturday Government leader in the Lamjung district had been abducted and murdered with a gunshot to the head 49 1 February 2005 19 Magh 2061 BS Tuesday King Gyanendra dissolves the Deuba government and bans all news reports The army begins arresting senior political leaders journalists trade unionists human rights activists and civil society leaders All telephone and internet connections are cut 7 April 2005 25 Chaitra 2061 BS Thursday Maoists attack a army base in Khara Rukum suffering 300 losses 6 June 2005 24 Jestha 2062 BS Monday Badarmude bus explosion Some 38 civilians are killed and over 70 injured after a packed passenger bus runs over a rebel landmine in Chitwan district 9 August 2005 25 Shrawn 2062 BS Tuesday Maoist rebels kill 40 security men in midwestern Nepal 3 September 2005 18 Bhadra 2062 BS Saturday The Maoists declare a three month unilateral ceasefire to woo opposition political parties October 2005 Chunbang Central Committee meeting in Rolpa decides to join hands with the political parties against the king 19 November 2005 4 Mangshir 2062 BS Saturday After negotiations the Maoist rebels agree to work with opposition politicians in a common front against the rule of King Gyanendra 50 51 2006 nbsp Protesters during the 2006 Nepalese revolution2 January 2006 18 Poush 2062 BS Monday Rebels decide not to extend a four month ceasefire saying that the government had broken the ceasefire with numerous attacks on Maoist villages 52 14 January 2006 1 Magh 2062 BS Saturday Maoists launch coordinated attacks on five military and paramilitary targets in the Kathmandu valley the first demonstration of their ability to organize violence within the Valley prompting curfews at night for the next several days 14 March 2006 1 Chaitra 2062 BS Tuesday Nepali rebels extend road blockade nationwide strike called for 3 April 2006 53 5 April 2006 23 Chaitra 2062 BS Wednesday General strike begins with Maoist forces promising to refrain from violence 6 April 7 2006 Protesters clash with police hundreds arrested dozens injured 8 April 2006 26 Chaitra 2062 BS Saturday A curfew is imposed in Kathmandu from 10 pm to 9 am The king orders protesters violating the curfew to be shot on sight 54 9 April 2006 27 Chaitra 2062 BS Sunday General strike scheduled to end Government extends curfew BBC reports Three dead in two days of unrest as thousands of demonstrators defy curfews 55 26 April 2006 13 Baishak 2063 BS Wednesday The Maoists start to unblock streets and roads but put forth some conditions 27 April 2006 14 Baishak 2063 BS Thursday Maoist insurgents responding to a demand by the newly appointed prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala announce a unilateral three month truce after weeks of pro democracy protests in Kathmandu and encourage the formation of a new constituent assembly to rewrite the nation s constitution 56 57 3 May 2006 20 Baishak 2063 BS Wednesday Nepal s new cabinet declares a ceasefire This was not taken very seriously The cabinet also announces that the Maoist rebels will no longer be considered a terrorist group Rebels are also encouraged to open peace talks 58 21 November 2006 5 Mangshir 2063 BS Tuesday Peace talks end with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord between Prime Minister Koirala and Maoist leader Prachanda The deal allows the Maoists to take part in government and places their weapons under UN monitoring 59 AftermathMore than 17 000 people including both civilians and armed forces were killed during the conflict including over 4 000 Nepalese killed by Maoists from 1996 to 2005 and over 8 200 Nepalese killed by government forces from 1996 to 2005 7 In addition an estimated 100 000 to 150 000 people were internally displaced as a result of the conflict Furthermore this conflict disrupted most rural development activities The revolution resulted in political social and cultural change in Nepal 60 61 62 Transitional justice bodiesAs a transitional justice mechanism in July 2007 the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction proposed legislation that would establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Nepal 63 The parliament set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate Murder abduction and taking of hostage causing mutilation and disability physical or mental torture rape and sexual violence looting possession damage or arson of private or public property forced eviction from house and land or any other kind of displacement and any kind of inhuman acts inconsistent with the international human rights or humanitarian law or other crimes against humanity 10 Also another commission to investigate on forced disappearances and debated proposals to grant an amnesty for abuses by government and rebel forces 10 Both commissions were established in 2013 However the government led by the NCP did not extend the tenure of the working commission dismissed it and allegedly formed a new commission in its favor In 2016 commissioner Madhabi Bhatta of the TRC a hardliner advocating that amnesty will not be given to perpetrators of serious crimes and that no one has immunity said on national television that even Prachanda the then Prime Minister and former supreme commander of the guerrillas will be questioned by the commission reporting that she felt security threats from the former extremists 64 65 66 Army integration The Nepalese Army took final control over the People s Liberation Army PLA the armed wing of the CPN Maoist on 10 April 2012 67 Then Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai who also headed the Army Integration Special Committee AISC told the committee on 10 April 2012 that the NA was going to move into all 15 PLA cantonments take full control and take control of more than 3 000 weapons locked in containers there 67 A total of 6 576 combatants chose the Voluntary Retirement Scheme VRS that promised cheques in the range of NPR 500 000 to NPR 800 000 depending on their rank 67 In the first phase 18 November 1 December 2011 of regrouping 9 705 former combatants had chosen integration into the NA 67 In a landmark achievement the AISC had initiated the process of integration following a 1 November 2011 seven point deal signed by three major political parties UCPN M Communist Party of Nepal Unified Marxist Leninist CPN UML and Nepali Congress NC and the umbrella formation of several Madheshi groups the United Democratic Madhesi Front UDMF 67 The deal provided three options to former PLA combatants integration voluntary retirement and rehabilitation 67 9 705 combatants opted for integration 7 286 chose voluntary discharge and six combatants registered their names for rehabilitation packages 67 The United Nations Mission in Nepal UNMIN had registered 19 602 combatants in the second verification conducted on 26 May 2007 67 Leaked footage of Prachanda was later telecasted by Image Channel on 5 May 2009 in which Parchanda claims to have given the UNMIN an inflated number of Maoist fighters 68 On 14 April 2012 AISC decision laid down that the ranks of the integrated combatants would be determined according to the NA s and not the PLA s standards 67 A selection committee would be headed by the chairman of Nepal s Public Service Commission PSC or by a member appointed by him and a General Directorate would be created under the NA headed by a Lieutenant General to absorb the integrated combatants 67 The combatants will have to undergo between three and nine months of training depending on their ranks 67 The Directorate would only be deployed for disaster relief industrial security development and forest and environment conservation 67 On 17 April the NA stated that it could not start the recruitment process of former Maoist combatants until the structure leadership and size of the General Directorate had been finalised at the political level 67 On 19 April 2012 the three major political parties agreed to merge two separate proposed commissions on Truth and Reconciliation and on Disappearances into one 67 See also nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nepalese Civil War Women in the Nepalese Civil War Military of Nepal 2002 Achham incident Pir a controversial song about the warReferences Pradhan Gyan Nepal s civil war and its economic costs PDF Publisher Center for International and Global Studies Lindenwood University Press 118 Archived PDF from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Une polemique eclate en Belgique sur une vente d armes au Nepal La Croix 26 August 2002 Archived from the original on 17 November 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2019 via www la croix com Chinese Deliver Arms to Nepal 2005 25 November 2005 Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Retrieved 7 June 2020 a b c d Miglani Sanjeev 18 August 2003 Nepal s Maoist cauldron draws foreign powers closer Reuters Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 CCP Maoist support Archived from the original on 6 September 2020 Retrieved 4 October 2020 a b Times Nepali 15 March 2019 Biplav is just following the footsteps of mentors Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 Retrieved 26 October 2019 a b c Ed Douglas Inside Nepal s Revolution National Geographic Magazine p 54 November 2005 17 800 people died during conflict period says Ministry of Peace Nepal ReliefWeb Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 31 January 2020 ICMP Nepal www icmp int Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 31 January 2020 a b c Truth and Reconciliation Commission Nepal Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 28 November 2020 At least three more years needed to complete task Roshan S Nepal s Oped on Transitional Justice nepalmonitor org Archived from the original on 2 September 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2020 Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K Pahadi ed 2010 The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal Revolution in the twenty first century Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 77717 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K Pahari ed 2010 The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal Revolution in the twenty first century Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 77717 9 Manesh Sreshtha and Bishnu Adhikari 2005 Internal Displacement in South Asia The Relevance of the UN s Guiding Principles Sage ISBN 0 7619 3313 1 Why Nepal s Crown Prince Went on a Killing Spree The World from PRX Retrieved 31 December 2022 Anti king remarks intolerable Lohani NepalNews The Kathmandu Post 20 December 2003 Archived from the original on 14 November 2004 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Maoist rebels call off Kathmandu blockade The Guardian 24 August 2004 Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 Retrieved 6 January 2018 Royal Proclamation of February 1 2005 Nepal Monarchy 4 May 2012 Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 Retrieved 6 January 2018 BBC NEWS South Asia Chinese deliver arms to Nepal BBC 25 November 2005 Archived from the original on 15 November 2019 Retrieved 14 November 2019 12 point Maoist MoU Nepali Times 25 November 2005 Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 Retrieved 6 January 2018 Political Parties PDF Nepal News Archived from the original PDF on 14 November 2006 Retrieved 18 September 2020 Sunil W A Jayasekera Deepal Farcical municipal elections intensify political instability in Nepal World Socialist Web Site Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 18 September 2020 However tortuous the road may be the victory of the world proletarian revolution is certain Human Rights Server 28 May 2001 Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 Mysteries behind the Nepalese royal massacre Trips Asia www tripsatasia com Retrieved 1 December 2022 Greenwald Jeff 13 June 2001 Murder and intrigue in Katmandu World Tibet Network News Archived from the original on 24 August 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Prime Minister s Address to the Nation after imposition of Emergency November 28 2001 www satp org Retrieved 1 December 2022 a b c d e f g h Pokharel Tilak P 27 August 2003 Nepali Rebels Walk Away from Peace Talks World Press Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Adhikari Bipin 19 March 2003 Code of conduct as a point of departure The Kathmandu Post Archived from the original on 13 April 2003 Retrieved 19 June 2005 More die in Nepal Maoist insurgency despite truce call ABC News Online 28 September 2003 Archived from the original on 3 October 2003 37 killed as Maoist army attacks camp The Telegraph 14 October 2003 Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Sharma Sushil 27 October 2003 Maoists sorry UK officer held BBC News Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 Retrieved 3 December 2006 How anti monarchy movement took shape The Independent Archived from the original on 22 October 2006 Retrieved 3 December 2006 China arrests four Nepali Maoists for arms smuggling Daily News 20 November 2003 Archived from the original on 6 December 2003 Nepal Extra judicial killings inquiry urgent Scoop 18 February 2004 Archived from the original on 30 August 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 India hands over two Maoist leaders to Nepal The Times of India 10 February 2004 Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 a b Nepal anti rebel leader shot dead BBC News 15 February 2004 Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2004 a b 48 Maoist rebels killed in Nepal army attacks KuraKani 17 February 2004 Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Chronology of decade long conflict ReliefWeb 22 November 2006 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Sharma Gopal 9 April 2004 Nepal parties plan anti monarchy rally Independent Online a b 140 Injured As Clashes Rock Nepal s Capital INDOlink 5 April 2004 Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 Retrieved 27 March 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b c d Maoist rebels storm police post in Nepal kill 9 Utusan Online 5 April 2004 Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 Retrieved 6 April 2004 9 policemen dead as Maoists storm post in Nepal INQ7 5 April 2004 Archived from the original on 11 November 2005 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Rebels storm police post kill nine officers Gulfnews 6 April 2004 Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 Maoists kill 9 policemen The Telegraph 5 April 2004 Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Singh Kedar Man 3 April 2004 Anti monarchy protesters pack streets of Kathmandu INQ7 Archived from the original on 11 November 2005 Retrieved 3 December 2006 Major parties take to the streets in Nepal The Hindu 14 March 2004 Archived from the original on 25 March 2005 Police want shopping trip slowdown in Nepal The Statesman India 5 April 2004 Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 Maoist bicycle bomber attacks luxury hotel in capital of Nepal www irishtimes com Archived from the original on 18 August 2020 Retrieved 31 July 2020 2005 01 29 incident Lamjung district २०६१ १० १६ घटन लमज ङ ज ल ल nepalconflictreport ohchr org Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 Retrieved 7 July 2017 Nepal rebels ready to surrender under UN supervision The Times of India 20 November 2005 Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Sharma Nagendar 18 November 2005 Nepal opposition in Maoist talks BBC News Archived from the original on 4 December 2005 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Pasricha Anjana 2 January 2006 Nepal Rebels Call Off Four Month Truce Voice of America Archived from the original on 7 February 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Nepal rebels call for indefinite strike against king The Boston Globe 18 February 2006 Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 Gurubacharya Binaj 8 April 2006 Anti monarchy rallies spread in Nepal The Boston Globe dead link Violent clashes amid Nepal curfew BBC News 10 April 2006 Archived from the original on 17 November 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Nepal Maoist rebels declare truce BBC News 27 April 2006 Archived from the original on 12 December 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Nepal s Maoists Declare Ceasefire Voice of America 27 April 2006 Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Nepal calls ceasefire with rebels BBC News 3 May 2006 Archived from the original on 13 December 2006 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Peace deal ends Nepal s civil war BBC News 21 November 2006 Archived from the original on 23 November 2020 Retrieved 22 November 2006 The Rising Nepal The Maoist Movement on Terminal Decline Ritu Raj Subedi therisingnepal org np Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 Retrieved 16 October 2018 क रमभङ ग ध ल ख ल र तरङ ग व च र क न त प र सम च र Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 Retrieved 16 October 2018 न प ल स स क त म क रमभङ ग ehimalayatimes com 12 August 2017 Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 Retrieved 20 February 2019 Selecting Commissioners for Nepal s Truth and Reconciliation Commission Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine International Center for Transitional Justice ICTJ Radio Kantor Berita Doubts abound over Nepal s truth and reconciliation commission kbr id in Indonesian Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2020 TRIPATHI AKHILESH My Republica TRC member Madhabi Bhatta says she feels security threat archive myrepublica com Archived from the original on 19 June 2020 Retrieved 28 November 2020 TRC member Bhatta complains of threat to her security The Himalayan Times 21 February 2016 Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 Retrieved 28 November 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nepal Consolidating The Peace Analysis Eurasia Review 24 April 2012 Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 Nepal PM defends leaked tape says he has over 100 000 fighters Deccan Herald 6 May 2009 Archived from the original on 2 September 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2020 Further readingHutt Michael Himalayan People s War Nepal s Maoist Rebellion London Hurst and Co 2004 ISBN 978 0 253 21742 4 Jackson Paul 2019 Intelligence in a modern insurgency the case of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal Intelligence and National Security Karki Arjun and David Seddon eds The People s War in Nepal Left Perspectives New Delhi Adroit 2003 Thapa Deepak with Bandita Sijapati A Kingdom Under Siege Nepal s Maoist Insurgency 1996 2003 Kathmandu The Printhouse 2003 ISBN 978 1 842 77571 4 External linksNepal s civil war and its subsequent democratic transition by Al Jazeera International Center for Transitional Justice Nepal Text of all peace accords for Nepal Crisis briefing on Nepal Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Reuters Alertnet Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Falling Kingdom a book by Olof Jarlbro International Crisis Group Nepal archive of reports on the Nepalese war and peace processes from the ICG Between Two Stones Nepal s decade of conflict Maoists of Nepal International Freedom of Expression eXchange Insight on Conflict Peacebuilding database Nepal The Improbable Maoists Foreign Policy Journal Ten Years of Comprehensive Peace Agreement Human Rights Situation Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine National Human Rights Commission Harihar Bhawan Lalitpur Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nepalese Civil War amp oldid 1180364862, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.