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Suicide attempt

January 26, 2023

For relatives of suicide victims, see suicide survivor. For information on prevention, see Suicide prevention.

A suicide attempt is an attempt to die by suicide that results in survival.[1][2] It may be referred to as a "failed" or "unsuccessful" suicide attempt, though these terms are discouraged by mental health professionals for implying that a suicide resulting in death is a successful and positive outcome.[3][4][5][6]

Epidemiology

In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health reports there are 11 nonfatal suicide attempts for every suicide death.[7] The American Association of Suicidology reports higher numbers, stating that there are 25 suicide attempts for every suicide completion.[8] The ratio of suicide attempts to suicide death is about 25:1 in youths, compared to about 4:1 in elderly.[9] A 2008 review found that nonfatal self-injury is more common in women,[10] and a separate study from 2008/2009 found suicidal thoughts higher among females, as well as significant differences between genders for suicide planning and suicide attempts.[11]

Suicide attempts are more common among adolescents in developing countries than developed ones. A 12-month prevalence of suicide attempt in developing countries between 2003 and 2015 was reported as 17%.[12]

Parasuicide and self-injury

Main article: Suicide terminology

Without commonly agreed-upon operational definitions, some suicidology researchers regard many suicide attempts as parasuicide (para=near)[13] or self harm behavior, rather than "true" suicide attempts, as in lacking suicidal intent.

Methods

Some suicide methods have higher rates of lethality than others. The use of firearms results in death 90% of the time. Wrist-slashing has a much lower lethality rate, comparatively. 75% of all suicide attempts are by drug overdose, a method that is often thwarted because the drug is nonlethal, or is used at a nonlethal dosage. These people survive 97% of the time.[14]

Repetition

A nonfatal suicide attempt is the strongest known clinical predictor of eventual suicide.[15] Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.[16] It is often estimated that about 10–15% of people who attempt suicide eventually die by suicide.[17] The mortality risk is highest during the first months and years after the attempt: almost 1% of individuals who attempt suicide will die by suicide if the attempt is repeated within one year.[18] Recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that the association between suicide attempt and suicidal death may not be as strong as it was thought before.[19]

Outcomes

Suicide attempts can result in serious and permanent injuries and/or disabilities. 700,000 (or more) Americans survive a suicide attempt each year. People who attempt either hanging or carbon monoxide poisoning and survive can face permanent brain damage due to cerebral anoxia. People who take a drug overdose and survive can face severe organ damage (e.g., liver failure). Individuals who jump from a height and survive may face irreversible damage to multiple organs, as well as the spine and brain.

While a majority sustain injuries that allow them to be released following emergency room treatment, a significant minority—about 116,000—are hospitalized, of whom 110,000 are eventually discharged alive. Their average hospital stay is 79 days. Some 89,000, 17% of these people, are permanently disabled.[20]

Criminalization of attempted suicide

Main article: Suicide legislation

Historically in the Christian church, people who attempted suicide were excommunicated because of the religiously polarizing nature of the topic.[21] While previously criminally punishable, attempted suicide no longer is in most Western countries. It remains a criminal offense in most Islamic countries.[22] In the late 19th century in Great Britain, attempted suicide was deemed to be equivalent to attempted murder and could be punished by hanging.[23] In the United States, suicide is not illegal and almost no country in Europe currently considers attempted suicide to be a crime.[21]

In India, attempted suicide was decriminalized by the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017,[24][25] while Singapore removed attempted suicide from their criminal code in 2020;[26] previously it had been punishable by up to one-year in prison.[27]

Many other countries still prosecute suicide attempts.[28] As of 2012, attempted suicide is a criminal offense in Uganda,[29] and as of 2013, it is criminalized in Ghana.[30]

Despite having its own laws, Maryland still reserves the right to prosecute people under the English Common laws that were in place when America declared independence in 1776. These laws were used to convict a man for attempted suicide in 2018, resulting in a three-year suspended sentence and two years of supervised probation.[31][32][33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Danuta Wasserman (2016). Suicide: An unnecessary death. Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0191026843. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  2. ^ "Facts About Suicide". 7 September 2021.
  3. ^ Rory C. O'Connor, Jane Pirkis (2016). The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1118903230. Retrieved September 27, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ Sommer-Rotenberg, D (1998). "Suicide and language". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 159 (3): 239–240. PMC 1229556. PMID 9724978.
  5. ^ Beaton, Susan (2013). "Suicide and language: Why we shouldn't use the 'C' word". Australian Psychological Society. from the original on 1 May 2021.
  6. ^ Silverman, M. M. (2006). "The language of suicidology". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 36 (5): 519–532. doi:10.1521/suli.2006.36.5.519. PMID 17087631.
  7. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): https://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars
  8. ^ USA suicide 2006 Official final data: JL McIntosh for the American Association of Suicidology 2009. Many figures there taken from Reducing suicide: a national imperative, Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, editors.
  9. ^ . American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  10. ^ Nock, M. K.; Borges, G.; Bromet, E. J.; Cha, C. B.; Kessler, R. C.; Lee, S. (14 May 2008). "Suicide and Suicidal Behavior". Epidemiologic Reviews. 30 (1): 133–154. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn002. PMC 2576496. PMID 18653727.
  11. ^ Crosby, AE; Han, B; Ortega, LA; Parks, SE; Gfroerer, J; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC). (21 October 2011). "Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥18 years--United States, 2008-2009". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002). 60 (13): 1–22. PMID 22012169.
  12. ^ Uddin, R; Burton, NW; Maple, M; Khan, SR; Khan, A (2019). "Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based study". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 3 (4): 223–233. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6. hdl:10072/387579. PMID 30878117. S2CID 81982117.
  13. ^ "para- - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Allan N. (Apr 12, 2007), Guns and Suicide
  15. ^ Harris EC, Barraclough B: Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:205–228
  16. ^ Owens D, Horrocks J, House A: Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181:193–199
  17. ^ Suominen et al. (2004). Completed Suicide After a Suicide Attempt: A 37-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry, 161, 563–564.
  18. ^ Hawton K, Catalan J. Attempted suicide: a practical guide to its nature and management, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.
  19. ^ Ribeiro, JD; Franklin, JC; Fox, KR; Bentley, KH; Kleiman, EM; Chang, BP; Nock, MK (2016). "Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". Psychological Medicine. 46 (2): 225–236. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001804. PMC 4774896. PMID 26370729.
  20. ^ Stone, Geo (September 1, 2001). Suicide and Attempted Suicide. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-7867-0940-3.
  21. ^ a b McLaughlin, Columba (2007). Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-470-51241-8.
  22. ^ Aggarwal, N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis. 30 (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169.
  23. ^ "When suicide was illegal". BBC News. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  24. ^ Jain, Bharti (11 December 2014). "Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide, removes section 309". The Times of India. from the original on 8 January 2021.
  25. ^ "Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC; attempt to suicide no longer a crime". 2014-12-10.
  26. ^ Ng, Charmaine (27 December 2019). "Watch that cigarette butt and BBQ embers - firestarters to feel more heat from the law from Jan 1". The Straits Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  27. ^ Singapore Penal Code(Cap 224, Rev Ed 2008), s 309
  28. ^ Mishara, BL; Weisstub, DN (2016). "The legal status of suicide: a global review". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 44: 54–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.032. PMID 26375452.
  29. ^ Hjelmeland, Heidi; Kinyanda, Eugene; Knizek, Birthe Loa (2012). "Mental health workers' views on the criminalization of suicidal behaviour in Uganda". Medicine, Science and the Law. 52 (3): 148–151. doi:10.1258/msl.2012.011107. PMID 22528562. S2CID 7820312.
  30. ^ Hjelmeland, H; Osafo, J; Akotia, C. S.; Knizek, B. L. (2014). "The law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana: The views of clinical psychologists, emergency ward nurses, and police officers". Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 35 (2): 132–36. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000235. PMID 24197485.
  31. ^ Andrews, Abby (March 1, 2018). "Rare attempted suicide charge goes through Caroline court". Kent County News. from the original on December 2, 2020.
  32. ^ Dufour, Christine B. (March 7, 2018). . The Star Democrat. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  33. ^ Fenton, Justine (February 23, 2018). "Attempting suicide is not a crime under Maryland law. But an Eastern Shore man was convicted of it". The Baltimore Sun. from the original on June 24, 2021.

January 26, 2023
suicide, attempt, relatives, suicide, victims, suicide, survivor, information, prevention, suicide, prevention, suicide, attempt, attempt, suicide, that, results, survival, referred, failed, unsuccessful, suicide, attempt, though, these, terms, discouraged, me. For relatives of suicide victims see suicide survivor For information on prevention see Suicide prevention A suicide attempt is an attempt to die by suicide that results in survival 1 2 It may be referred to as a failed or unsuccessful suicide attempt though these terms are discouraged by mental health professionals for implying that a suicide resulting in death is a successful and positive outcome 3 4 5 6 Contents 1 Epidemiology 2 Parasuicide and self injury 3 Methods 4 Repetition 5 Outcomes 6 Criminalization of attempted suicide 7 See also 8 ReferencesEpidemiology EditThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the United States the National Institute of Mental Health reports there are 11 nonfatal suicide attempts for every suicide death 7 The American Association of Suicidology reports higher numbers stating that there are 25 suicide attempts for every suicide completion 8 The ratio of suicide attempts to suicide death is about 25 1 in youths compared to about 4 1 in elderly 9 A 2008 review found that nonfatal self injury is more common in women 10 and a separate study from 2008 2009 found suicidal thoughts higher among females as well as significant differences between genders for suicide planning and suicide attempts 11 Suicide attempts are more common among adolescents in developing countries than developed ones A 12 month prevalence of suicide attempt in developing countries between 2003 and 2015 was reported as 17 12 Parasuicide and self injury EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2016 Main article Suicide terminology Without commonly agreed upon operational definitions some suicidology researchers regard many suicide attempts as parasuicide para near 13 or self harm behavior rather than true suicide attempts as in lacking suicidal intent Methods EditSome suicide methods have higher rates of lethality than others The use of firearms results in death 90 of the time Wrist slashing has a much lower lethality rate comparatively 75 of all suicide attempts are by drug overdose a method that is often thwarted because the drug is nonlethal or is used at a nonlethal dosage These people survive 97 of the time 14 Repetition EditA nonfatal suicide attempt is the strongest known clinical predictor of eventual suicide 15 Suicide risk among self harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population 16 It is often estimated that about 10 15 of people who attempt suicide eventually die by suicide 17 The mortality risk is highest during the first months and years after the attempt almost 1 of individuals who attempt suicide will die by suicide if the attempt is repeated within one year 18 Recent meta analytic evidence suggests that the association between suicide attempt and suicidal death may not be as strong as it was thought before 19 Outcomes EditSuicide attempts can result in serious and permanent injuries and or disabilities 700 000 or more Americans survive a suicide attempt each year People who attempt either hanging or carbon monoxide poisoning and survive can face permanent brain damage due to cerebral anoxia People who take a drug overdose and survive can face severe organ damage e g liver failure Individuals who jump from a height and survive may face irreversible damage to multiple organs as well as the spine and brain While a majority sustain injuries that allow them to be released following emergency room treatment a significant minority about 116 000 are hospitalized of whom 110 000 are eventually discharged alive Their average hospital stay is 79 days Some 89 000 17 of these people are permanently disabled 20 Criminalization of attempted suicide EditThis article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2014 Main article Suicide legislation Historically in the Christian church people who attempted suicide were excommunicated because of the religiously polarizing nature of the topic 21 While previously criminally punishable attempted suicide no longer is in most Western countries It remains a criminal offense in most Islamic countries 22 In the late 19th century in Great Britain attempted suicide was deemed to be equivalent to attempted murder and could be punished by hanging 23 In the United States suicide is not illegal and almost no country in Europe currently considers attempted suicide to be a crime 21 In India attempted suicide was decriminalized by the Mental Healthcare Act 2017 24 25 while Singapore removed attempted suicide from their criminal code in 2020 26 previously it had been punishable by up to one year in prison 27 Many other countries still prosecute suicide attempts 28 As of 2012 attempted suicide is a criminal offense in Uganda 29 and as of 2013 it is criminalized in Ghana 30 Despite having its own laws Maryland still reserves the right to prosecute people under the English Common laws that were in place when America declared independence in 1776 These laws were used to convict a man for attempted suicide in 2018 resulting in a three year suspended sentence and two years of supervised probation 31 32 33 See also EditInternational Survivors of Suicide Loss Day Suicidal ideation World Suicide Prevention DayReferences Edit Danuta Wasserman 2016 Suicide An unnecessary death Oxford University Press p 63 ISBN 978 0191026843 Retrieved September 27 2017 Facts About Suicide 7 September 2021 Rory C O Connor Jane Pirkis 2016 The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention John Wiley amp Sons pp 13 14 ISBN 978 1118903230 Retrieved September 27 2017 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Sommer Rotenberg D 1998 Suicide and language Canadian Medical Association Journal 159 3 239 240 PMC 1229556 PMID 9724978 Beaton Susan 2013 Suicide and language Why we shouldn t use the C word Australian Psychological Society Archived from the original on 1 May 2021 Silverman M M 2006 The language of suicidology Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 36 5 519 532 doi 10 1521 suli 2006 36 5 519 PMID 17087631 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Web based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System WISQARS https www cdc gov ncipc wisqars USA suicide 2006 Official final data JL McIntosh for the American Association of Suicidology 2009 Many figures there taken from Reducing suicide a national imperative Goldsmith SK Pellmar TC Kleinman AM Bunney WE editors Suicide Statistics AFSP American Foundation for Suicide Prevention Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 Retrieved 3 September 2016 Nock M K Borges G Bromet E J Cha C B Kessler R C Lee S 14 May 2008 Suicide and Suicidal Behavior Epidemiologic Reviews 30 1 133 154 doi 10 1093 epirev mxn002 PMC 2576496 PMID 18653727 Crosby AE Han B Ortega LA Parks SE Gfroerer J Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 21 October 2011 Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged 18 years United States 2008 2009 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries Washington D C 2002 60 13 1 22 PMID 22012169 Uddin R Burton NW Maple M Khan SR Khan A 2019 Suicidal ideation suicide planning and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low income and middle income countries a population based study The Lancet Child amp Adolescent Health 3 4 223 233 doi 10 1016 S2352 4642 18 30403 6 hdl 10072 387579 PMID 30878117 S2CID 81982117 para Wiktionary en wiktionary org Retrieved 2020 08 18 Schwartz Allan N Apr 12 2007 Guns and Suicide Harris EC Barraclough B Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders a meta analysis Br J Psychiatry 1997 170 205 228 Owens D Horrocks J House A Fatal and non fatal repetition of self harm systematic review Br J Psychiatry 2002 181 193 199 Suominen et al 2004 Completed Suicide After a Suicide Attempt A 37 Year Follow Up Study Am J Psychiatry 161 563 564 Hawton K Catalan J Attempted suicide a practical guide to its nature and management 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press 1987 Ribeiro JD Franklin JC Fox KR Bentley KH Kleiman EM Chang BP Nock MK 2016 Self injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation attempts and death a meta analysis of longitudinal studies Psychological Medicine 46 2 225 236 doi 10 1017 S0033291715001804 PMC 4774896 PMID 26370729 Stone Geo September 1 2001 Suicide and Attempted Suicide Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 7867 0940 3 a b McLaughlin Columba 2007 Suicide related behaviour understanding caring and therapeutic responses Chichester England John Wiley amp Sons p 24 ISBN 978 0 470 51241 8 Aggarwal N 2009 Rethinking suicide bombing Crisis 30 2 94 7 doi 10 1027 0227 5910 30 2 94 PMID 19525169 When suicide was illegal BBC News 2011 08 03 Retrieved 2021 12 08 Jain Bharti 11 December 2014 Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide removes section 309 The Times of India Archived from the original on 8 January 2021 Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC attempt to suicide no longer a crime 2014 12 10 Ng Charmaine 27 December 2019 Watch that cigarette butt and BBQ embers firestarters to feel more heat from the law from Jan 1 The Straits Times Retrieved 31 December 2019 Singapore Penal Code Cap 224 Rev Ed 2008 s 309 Mishara BL Weisstub DN 2016 The legal status of suicide a global review International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 44 54 74 doi 10 1016 j ijlp 2015 08 032 PMID 26375452 Hjelmeland Heidi Kinyanda Eugene Knizek Birthe Loa 2012 Mental health workers views on the criminalization of suicidal behaviour in Uganda Medicine Science and the Law 52 3 148 151 doi 10 1258 msl 2012 011107 PMID 22528562 S2CID 7820312 Hjelmeland H Osafo J Akotia C S Knizek B L 2014 The law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana The views of clinical psychologists emergency ward nurses and police officers Crisis The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 35 2 132 36 doi 10 1027 0227 5910 a000235 PMID 24197485 Andrews Abby March 1 2018 Rare attempted suicide charge goes through Caroline court Kent County News Archived from the original on December 2 2020 Dufour Christine B March 7 2018 Attempted suicide likely not a crime The Star Democrat Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Fenton Justine February 23 2018 Attempting suicide is not a crime under Maryland law But an Eastern Shore man was convicted of it The Baltimore Sun Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Suicide attempt amp oldid 1122348733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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