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Manchán of Mohill

April 10, 2024

Manchan[n 1] of Mohill,[n 2] (fl. AD 464–538), was an early Christian saint credited with founding many early Christian churches in Ireland. His life is obscured because many people named Manchan are found among the monastically-inclined Medieval Irish Christians, and the name is a diminutive of Irish: Manach Latin: Monachus, a monk.[5][n 3] Manchan probably died of famine during volcanic winters caused by the extreme weather events of 535–536, which preceded the 6th century Justinian plague of Mohill.

Saint Manchan
Detail of marginal image of a monk
Missionary, Monk
BornBefore AD 464
Ireland or Wales
Diedc. 535 – c. 538
probably Mohill, Ireland
Venerated in
Roman Catholic Church
Anglican Communion
Major shrine"Shrine of Manchan"
Feast14 February
PatronageSt. Manchan's school,
Monaghan day,
Mohill, County Leitrim
Monastery of Mohill *
monastery of Inisnag *
other churches *
invoked against plague
(* destroyed, or ruins)

The Shrine of Manchan is a remarkable and unique example of Irish Urnes style art, adapted to Ringerike style, skillful in design and execution.[7] Saint Manchan's feast day is celebrated 14 February by Orthodox Catholics, Roman Catholics, and Anglicans.[8]

Life edit

See also: Mainchín and Mawgan

The life of Manchan of Mohill is clouded by obscurity and his genealogy widely debated.[n 4] The multiplicity of Saints named Manchan suggests the name is a diminutive of Irish: Manach (Latin: Monachus, Im manchaine[n 3]) a monk.[13][14][15] Some sources identify him as Manchan of Mondrehid,[16][17][18][19][20][21] a claim challenged,[8][22] but many others identify him with Manchan of Lemanaghan (died A.D. 664).[2][9][11][16][23][24][25][26][27][n 5] An exiled "Manchan the Master" at the monastery of Mawgan[n 6] named in the "life of David of Wales"[35][36] flourished before Manchan of Mohill.[34] John Colgan decided "that for want of authentic documents to prove the contrary, he must consider them as different persons" as feasts and chronologies disagree.[37]

Colgan says that for want of authentic documents to prove the contrary, he must consider them as different persons.[37]

On the authority of Colgan, and the scribes of Iona Abbey who recorded his death as 538 AD in the Annals of Tigernach, Manchán of Mohill must be considered a distinct "Manchan",[16][38] born in Ireland or Wales and flourishing c. 464 – c. 538.[39] He belonged to the "first order of Patrician clergy", active missionary priests accompanying or following Saint Patrick, typically Britons or Irish ordained by him and his successors.[40][41][n 7] Chronologies of the earliest Irish christian tradition have Manchan allied to Saint Senan (died 544),[43][n 8] contemporary with Saint Berchan and Saint Sinchell the elder (died 549), and a successor of Caillín at Fenagh.[44][45]

Manchan of Mohill, uniquely among Mainchíns, founded many early Christian churches,[16][25][13][46][47][48][49][50] alluded to by the Martyrology of Donegal as "Latin: Manchani Maethla, cum sociis suis" (meaning Manchán of Mohill and his companions),[8] and the Martyrology of Gorman as "Latin: cum sociis" ("with allies").[51]

When or where he commenced his religious course is unknown.[16] However the translator of the Annals of Clonmacnoise disbelievingly recorded "the Coworbes of Saint Manchan [at Lemanaghan] say that he was a Welshman and came to this kingdom at one with Saint Patrick".[10][30][52][n 9] Persons of this name from Wales include Meugan (Maucan or Moucan) mentioned in the "11th-century life of Cadoc" of Llancarfan in Glamorganshire,[54][55] and Mannacus of Holyhead whose feast day falls on 14 October.

The sanctity of Manchán of Mohill is recorded.[44][56][4][57] The Mostyn Manuscript No. 88 in the National Library of Wales records several Meugan festivals including the 14 February festival of Manchan of Mohill.[57] The "Martyrology of Donegal" records "Latin: c. sexto decimo kal. martii. 14. Mainchein, of Moethail",[8] and the "Martyrology of Gorman" notes "Manchéin of Moethail, Feb. 14".[51] The Irish Annals identify Manchan of Mohill, uniquely among all Mainchíns, as the Saint whose relics are venerated by the "Shrine of Manchan of Moethail",[56] perhaps jointly.[58]

the Coworbes of Saint Manchan say that he was a Welshman and came to this kingdom at one with Saint Patrick.[59]

Churches edit

 
Well-defined Manchan route:- Mohill–Liathmore, County Tipperary–Inisnag–Wales?[n 10]

Confirmed Manchan of Mohill church sites are –

Probable church sites of Manchan of Mohill would include-

The twelve Conchennaighi with the two Sinchells in Cill Achidh, The Conchennaighi with Manchan of Leithmor, [I invoke],[n 14][75]

Conjectural church locations of Manchan of Mohill might include-

  • Mondrehid (Irish: Mion Droichid) in Laois- O'Hanlon, Ware, and Ussher claim Manchan of Mohill founded the church.
  • Wales- The "Coarbs of Lemanaghan" claimed Manchan was Welshman who arrived with Saint Patrick.

Famine and death edit

 
A man lying dead, from the plague, church and flames in background

The Irish Annals record a cluster of deaths for person(s) named Mochta (died 534 or 535), Mocta/Mauchteus (d. 537), and Manchán (d. 538). These entries could correlate to the one person,[n 17] but one entry is unequivocal- "AD 538: Manchán of Maethail fell (Irish: Manchan Maethla cecídit)".[39][77] Manchán probably died as a result of famines caused by the extreme weather events of 535-536. The Irish Annals cite the weather events, and resulting famine, as "the failure of bread" giving the years 536AD, 538AD, and 539AD.[78][79][80]

Christian veneration of Manchán edit

See also: Christianity, Saint, and plague of Mohill

The 6th-century events probably had significant impact on Christianity across Ireland, the dramatic events perhaps illustrating the sanctity of Manchán to his followers. The remains of Manchan were probably preserved for a long time in the Monastery of Maothail-Manachan before being enshrined.[81][82]

Protection from plague edit

Manchán was probably venerated for protection from plague considering his 538 death during worldwide famine, and preceded a deadly plague at Mohill.[p 1]

Kilkenny edit

In County Kilkenny, Manchan of Mohill is recorded as patron saint of the ancient monastery at Ennisnag. Nearby, Kilmanaheen townland preserves his name.

Leitrim edit

In county Leitrim, Manchán is venerated as patron saint of Mohill-Manchan parish since the foundation of the Monastery of Maothail-Manachan and the Justinian plague of Mohill. John O'Donovan visiting 19th century Mohill, claimed "Monahan's (or St. Manchan's) Well is still shown there",[3] though the location of his holy well is forgotten. From 1935 to 2015 the GAA football park in Mohill, which officially opened on 8 May 1939, was called after him.[65] Mohill GAA teams preserve his name. St Manchan's Primary School in Mohill, costing €2.5m was opened in 2010.[84]

Manchán's fair (Monaghan day) edit

Until the late 20th century, the renowned Monaghan day festival of Manchán, was held in Mohill each year on the feast day of the Saint,[3] or rather on the "Twenty fifth of February".[85][86] The date of the ancient fair of Manchán moved to February 25 in the New Calendar from 14 February in the Old Calendar, c. 1753. The plot of the acclaimed novel by John McGahern, titled "Amongst Women", revolves around "Monaghan day" in Mohill, county Leitrim. The fair day was also infamous as the backdrop for organized faction fights in the 19th century.[85]

Shrine of Manchán edit

Main article: Saint Manchan's Shrine
See also: Urnes style, Ringerike style, Olaf II of Norway, and Cross of Cong

In the 12th century, "Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair commenced his reign by creating shrines for the relics of St. Manchan of Moethail" and Saint Comman of Roscommon.[56][87] The Annals of the Four Masters states "AD 1166: The shrine of Manchan, of Maethail was covered by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, and an embroidering of gold was carried over it by him, in as good a style as a relic was ever covered in Ireland".[56][88][a 1] His shrine (Irish: Scrin-Manchain Maothla) could be a lost relic,[89] but is likely identical to the Shrine associated with Manchán of Lemanaghan[90] despite Manchán of Maethail being named as the saint being venerated.[16][91]

The shrine of Manchan is an impressive box of yew wood with gilted bronze and enamel fittings, a house-shaped shrine in the form of a gabled roof, originally covered with silver plates of which traces still remain. It stands 19 inches tall, covering a space dimensioned 24x16 inches, raised by short legs and clearing the ground surface by two and a half inches. The legs slot into metal shoes, attached to metal rings probably to be attached to carrying-poles when the shrine was leading a procession.[90] Animal patterns of beasts and serpent fill the bosses and borders of the shrine,[92] and one side has a decorative equal-armed cross with bosses.[93] The animal ornament on the principal faces of the relic reveals influences of Irish Urnes style adapted to Ringerike style.[90][94] The reincarnation of centuries-old Irish metalworking techniques, such as the juxtaposition of red and yellow enamel, is seen on the shrine, and the Cross of Cong.[95] Before the Vikings there were already varied ethnic types in Ireland, and a long disappearing "Mediterranean" stratum of architecture and costume identifiable as "Iberian" is evidenced by the Shrine of Manchan and the Book of Kells.[96] Hewson, referring to theories of Charles Piazzi Smyth, observed the two upper compartments would have held two groups of six figurines and the two lower compartments held two groups of seven figurines, and the total represented a monthly cycle of 26 days divided into two cycles.[97]

 
Shrine of Manchan, ten figures on front, incl. Olaf II of Norway, with axe
 
Detail of front

The ten figures adorning the shrine are newer, probably 13th century.[90] It is believed the half-round cast-bronze figure carrying an axe on the Manchan Shine, is an early representation of Olaf II of Norway (Saint Olaf), considering the sub-Viking context of the art, and iconographical association of a man with axe.[98] In 1861, an "appliqué" figure of gilt, cast copper-alloy, 13.7cm high, 2.75cm wide, and 1.7 cm thickness, was reportedly found at the grave-yard of Clonmacnoise, and presented with a short beard and moustache, a pointed decorated hat covering his ears, hands flat on his bare chest, with a pleated decorated kilt, one missing leg, and was very similar those remaining on the shrine of Manchan, so is assumed to have fallen off.[99] Margaret Stokes claimed a robed figurine holding a book, found buried near Saint John's Abbey at Thomas Street, Dublin, bears resemblance to the Manchan shrine figures, but "of much finer workmanship and evidently earlier date", but unfortunately she fails to expand further.[100]

The dress and personal adornment of lay and chieftain costume of 13th-century Irish people is reflected by the figures.[101] The wearing of the "celt" (anglicized "kilt", pron. 'kelt'[102]), similar to the present-day Scottish highland kilt, was very common in Ireland, and all figures on the shrine of Manchán have highly long ornamented, embroidered, or pleated, "kilts"[99][103][104] reaching below their knees, as kilts were probably worn by both ecclesiastical and laypersons.[105] The wearing of full beards (Irish: grenn, feasog) was only acceptable for the higher classes (nobles, chiefs, warriors),[105] and it was disgraceful to present with hair and beard trimmed short. Reflecting this, all the shrine of Manchán figures have beards cut rectangularly, or Assyrian style, usually with no moustache.[105]

 
shrine of Saint Manchan, front
 
shrine of Saint Manchan, back
 
shrine of Saint Manchan, end

The technical and stylistic similarities to the "Cross of Cong group",[a 2] confirms without doubt the shrine of Manchan was crafted at the "well-defined and original" fine-metal workshop active in twelfth century county Roscommon.[92][94][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] The shrine was likely commissioned by Bishop "Domnall mac Flannacain Ui Dubthaig", of Elphin,[113] one of the richest episcopal see's in Medieval Ireland,[110] and created by the master gold-craftsman named Irish: Mael Isu Bratain Ui Echach ("Mailisa MacEgan"), whom John O'Donovan believed was Abbot of Cloncraff in county Roscommon,[114][110] though firm evidence for this identification is lacking.[115] The founder and patron saint of this workshop, might have been St. Assicus of Elphin.[116] Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair was apparently patron of the relic,[56] though it was monasteries rather than dioceses which commissioned metal reliquaries.[93]

The pertinent question is the sacral function and spiritual identity underlying the shrine. Keane suggested the shrine represents a "miniature Ark", an object to be carried on "men's shoulders", an emblem of death to Noah, and those enclosed in the Ark, with their release, on delivery of the Ark, celebrated as Resurrection. Another thought-provoking theory proposes the shrine had a political context, representing an attempt by royal patrons to visually cementing political alliances through the purposeful conflation of two neighbouring saints, both conveniently named "Manchan".[58] Murray (2013) believes, the argument these reliquaries are multivalent is compelling, when necessary evidence is presented.[117]

  • The shrine of Saint Manchan "is inventive", drawing on "a variety of traditions, including the archaic forms of the tomb-shrines to create a new and powerful statement of the saint's significance in the twelfth century".[58]
  • "The crucified figure in the sculptures from a Persian Rock Temple may assist in explaining the mummy-like figures on the Irish shrine. The similarity of the design would seem to confirm the idea that the figures were intended to signify the inmates of the Ark, undergoing the process of mysterious death, which was supposed to be exhibited in Arkite ceremonies".[118]
  • "There is a case for the equation of tent and shrine. "papilio", whence "pupall", is primarily the word for butterfly and came to mean tent from a physical resemblance, i.e. from the fact that the wings in two planes meet at an angle. The term .. Piramis (pyramis), literally "pyramid", and .. the presence of a bearer at each angle, is surely intended to suggest the Ark of the Covenant, a proto-reliquary; pyramis has more than one meaning or connotation .. I suggest that tent-shaped slab shrines were pyramides too".[119]

There is doubt to which Irish saint the shrine is dedicated.[120] Stokes wondered if the Annals of the Four Masters identified the wrong Mainchín.[38] O'Hanlon and others felt a strong inference can be made that Manchan of Mohill and Manchán of Lemanaghan are identical.[2][9][11][16][23][24][25][n 13]

Graves suggested the shrine was transferred from Mohill for some unrecorded reason.[5][7] In support of this theory, the English were suppressing Monasteries in Ireland from 1540, and in 1590 Mohill was occupied by an "immense" English army.[56][113][121] Confused folklore credits Mohill priests saving the shrine from iconoclasts by fleeing the Monastery of Mohill-Manchan to County Offaly-

  • "In 1621 [sic], when St. Manchan's monastery was suppressed, some of the fugitive monks succeeded in bringing the shrine back to Le-Manchan".[65]
  • "When Mohill Abbey was destroyed in the twelfth century [sic], the holy Shrine would have been carried back to Leamonaghan".[64][26]

The association with Clonmacnoise and Clonfert might also be strong as the smaller heads on the shrine (figurines dated 13th century) are considered similar to those "on the underside of the abaci of the chancel arch at the Nun's church, Clonmacnoise, and the portal at clonfert".[122] Before 1590 the Shrine of Manchan was hidden somewhere in Ireland, and Mícheál Ó Cléirigh writing in 1630 recorded the shrine at Lemanaghan, then situated in an impassable bog.[123][28][66][124] Today the shrine is preserved at Boher Catholic church in County Offaly.[125]

when St. Manchan's monastery was suppressed, some of the fugitive monks succeeded in bringing the shrine back to Le-Manchan".[65]

Lost biography of Manchan edit

James Ussher claimed to have "Vita Manchan Mathail" (Life of St. Manchan of Mohill) written by Richard FitzRalph showing Manchan fl.c. 608, a member of Canons Regular of Augustinian, patron of seven churches, and granted various glebes, lands, fiefs, and tithe to the Monastery of Mohill-Manchan since 608.[42][14][126] However, there was no such thing as Canons Regular order of Augustinian, glebes, tithes back in the 5th–7th centuries, so these contemporary concepts would not illuminate the life of any Saint Manchan.[37][42] John O'Donovan, James Henthorn Todd, and others, tried unsuccessfully to locate this book.[42] Ussher's claims strongly influenced antiquarian speculation of his life story.[27][n 18]

See also edit

Notes edit

Manchan notes edit

  1. ^ a b Manchan name variants are: Irish: Manchán, Mancháin, Manchein, Mainchéin, Middle English: Manachain, Mainchin, Manachain, Managhan, Monahan, Latin: Manchianus, Mancenus, Manichchaeus,[1] [2] Monahan,[3] Welsh: Maucannus, Maucann, Mancan, Mancen, Maucan or Moucan.
  2. ^ Mohill name variants historically includes Irish: Maothail, Maethail, Middle English: Moithla, Moethla, Maethla, Moyghell, Moghill,[4] and Latin: Mathail, Nouella.[1]
  3. ^ a b "Im manchaine: Under monastic rule "Im manchaine"; lit. 'in monkship'. Manchaine (deriv. from manach: monachus) also means the duties or services rendered by monks."[6]
  4. ^ Plausible but objectionable pedigrees are assigned to Manchan of Mohill by both Cronnelly and O'Clery- "Manchan mac Siollan mac Conal mac Luchain mac Conal Anglonaig mac Feice mac Rosa mac Fachta mac Seanchada mac Aille Ceasdaig mac Rory (King of Ireland)".[9][10] Giraudon (2010) says "for some, he would be the son of Daga, for the others, of Innaoi. His mother's name was Mella and he had two sisters, Grealla and Greillseach".[11] The oldest genealogy from the Book of Leinster is ambiguous- "Manchan Léith m Sillain m Conaill m Luachain m Laga m Conaill Anglonnaig m Fheic m Rosa. Mella mater eius".[12] Léith refers to 'Leigh in Tipperary' or 'Lemanaghan in Offaly' both probable Manchan church-sites.
  5. ^ An alleged multiplicity of "Manchán's of Lemanaghan" confuses matters.[28] Colgan (1647) claimed two Manchán of Lemanaghan lived in the 7th century, one dying c. 664 and the other flourishing 694,[5] but Monahan and O'Donovan disputed the claim.[29][23]
  6. ^ [n 1] The similarity of "Welsh: Maucan" to "Maucen (of Whithern)" has been used to argue Candida Casa was in Wales, not Scotland.[30] Patrick Moran and William Skene claim a Manchan (Mancenus, Manchenius, "the Master") studied at Candida Casa,[31][32] but other sources say Manchan was the surname of "Nennio" or "Monen" (flourished 520), Bishop and "Master" of Candida Casa.[33][34]
  7. ^ Colgan conjectured Manchan of Mohill was contemporary with a Saint Menath (Monach? Mancen?) a disciple of St. Patrick.[42]
  8. ^ According to "The Miracles of Senan" poem, Saint Manchan and Saint Berchan were duty-bound to come avenge any wrong done to Senan's churches. The Miracles of Senan poem says- "Eralt comes thither with (good) augury, and a host of the saints of Luigne, Manchan comes by dear God's will, and Berchan with his companies".
  9. ^ The writer Thomas Cahill claimed Manchan of Offaly was a convert of Saint Patrick.[53]
  10. ^ In ancient times people preferred long distance travel by sea and inland-waterways because overland "conditions were difficult, often dangerous, and long-distance travel by road was generally slow and uncomfortable". The key rivers serving the Manchan route were the River Shannon, the Rinn river in county Leitrim, the Munster River and Kings River serving Tipperary/Kilkenny, and the River Nore serving County Waterford and the south-east generally.
  11. ^ One source claims "The patron saint of Ennisnag was St Mogue-Moling,"Mo'Aod Og" .. his feast day was celebrated here on the 14h of February",[63] but Máedócs feast day is 29 January. Manchan, patron of Inisnag, feast day is 14 February.[62]
  12. ^ Kilmanaheen in county Kilkenny must not be confused with "Kilmanach" (Irish: Manach Droichit) or "Kilnamanagh" in Kilkenny/ Tallaght.
  13. ^ a b John O'Donovan stated that "Manchan was an intimate friend of Caillín, the Executor of his Will and his successor in the Abbacy of Fenagh. He was the son of Innaoi and his Festival was celebrated at Liath-Manchain on 24 January".[23] Giraudon says- "[from french] Saint Manchàn lived in the sixth or seventh century of our era. He was born in Mohill, County Leitrim. He spent most of his life in Leamanachan".[11] O'Hanlon states- "a very strong inference might be drawn, that the St. Manchan of Mohill having so many churches subject to him was probably identical with the St. Manchan of Lemanagan; even, although, the places were somewhat apart, and although the festivals fell on different days."[16]
  14. ^ a b "Tuaim nEirc" is interpreted as Lemanaghan [67] but no evidence is presented for this identification. "Tuaim nEirc" could refer to "Irish: Baile Uí nEirc" townland adjacent to Léith Mhór in county Tipperary.
  15. ^ According to the Book of Fenagh an elderly Caillin (fl. AD464)[56] wished to die at Liath Mhór (24 km from the town named Callan) with Manchan returning his remains to Fenagh 12 years after his death. This text connects Manchan of Mohill with Liath-Mhoir in Tipperary long before Saint Mochaemhog of Leithmor (d. 646).
  16. ^ The 'Irish Litanies, described by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh as "an authoritative old ancient vellum book", includes a poem stanza stating- "the twelve Conchennaighi with the two Sinchells in Cill Achidh [I invoke], The Conchennaighi with Manchan of Leithmor, [I invoke]",.[73] "Conchennaighi", meaning "dog/hound headed",[74] could reference the Conmhaícne (Conmac, son of the hound). Conversely "Manchan of Mohill" and "Sinchell the Elder" are supposedly connected with "Conmhaícne Rein" of Leitrim, though Ó Concheanainn were supposedly a minor tribe of Corca Mogha around Kilkerrin in NE Galway. However, the meaning of the word 'Conchennaighi' is unclear.
  17. ^ The Annals of the Four Masters states- "A.D. 534, Saint Mochta, Bishop of Lughmhagh, disciple of St. Patrick, resigned his spirit to heaven on the nineteenth day of August."[56] The Annals of Ulster state- "A.D. 535, The falling alseep of Mochta, disciple of Saint Patrick, on the 13th of the Kalends of September. Thus he himself wrote in his epistle: Mauchteus, a sinner, priest, disciple of St Patrick, sends greetings in the Lord’ .....A.D. 537, Or here, the falling asleep of St Mochta, disciple of Patrick".[76]
  18. ^ Manchanus, founder of the monastery of regular canons at Mohil in the county of Leitrim, died in the year 652. His life is supposed to have been written by Richard, Archbishop of Armagh. The Ulster annals call him Manchenus; and others Manichaeus: Whereupon it is observed that the heretic Manichees and Menahem, (2 Kings xv. 14.) King of Israel have their names from the same original word, signifying The Comforter. Nazarenus begs of his Megaletor, to enquire among his learned acquaintance of the Irish college at Louvain, who is Manchanus, a writer who shines much in the margin of his famous four gospels; concerning whom, says he, though there be many of this name, I have my own conjectures. Having just learned what this fanciful writer thought of Marianus, Columbanus &c. I imagined that he was of opinion that Manchanus must have been a fervent or lover of the isle of Man: But his learned friend, and mine, Mr. Wanley, lately informed me, that he only guessed that Manchanus was a corruption of Monanchanus and that the man whose praises are in his four gospels, was a canon regular of Monaghan. The reader will judge, whether Archbishop Usher's conjectures, or Mr. Toland's are the more probable".[21]

Plague notes edit

  1. ^ From the mid-6th century, prayers to Saint Manchan would beg salvation from the horrors of plague and natural disaster. Ann Dooley noted "prayers of saints are a powerful factor in protecting their clients from harms such as the plague, and showing the ability of Irish tradition of sainthood to pick up on the social responsibilities for children left without any legal standing in a stricken community where normal family law has broken down".[83]

Shrine notes edit

  1. ^ And the Annals of the Four Masters states "AD 1170: The relics of Comman, son of Faelchu, were removed from the earth by Gilla-Iarlaithe Ua Carmacain, successor of Comman, and they were enclosed in a shrine with a covering of gold and silver.[56][88][37]
  2. ^ The 'Cross of Cong', 'the Aghadoe crosier', 'shrine of the Book of Dimma' and the 'shrine of Manchan' are grouped as originating at the same Roscommon workshop. The "Smalls Sword", dating to c. 664, recently discovered in Wales and shows similar Urnes ornamentation.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Twemlow 1955, pp. 1081–1145.
  2. ^ a b c Reynolds 1932, pp. 65–69.
  3. ^ a b c Ó Donnabháin 1828, p. 12, n. 5.
  4. ^ a b Catholic Record Society of Ireland 1912, p. 345.
  5. ^ a b c Graves 1874, p. 136.
  6. ^ Skene 1877, p. 492.
  7. ^ a b Jewitt 1876, p. 134.
  8. ^ a b c d O'Clery et al. 1864, p. 516.
  9. ^ a b c Cronnelly 1864, p. 99.
  10. ^ a b O'Clery et al. 1856a, p. 277.
  11. ^ a b c d e Giraudon 2010, p. 1.
  12. ^ Mac Domhnaill & Färber 2015, p. 1555.
  13. ^ a b Lanigan 1829, p. 31.
  14. ^ a b Harleian Trustees 1759, p. 66.
  15. ^ Wall 1905, p. 83.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i O'Hanlon 1875, p. 521.
  17. ^ Mac Geoghegan & O'Kelly 1844, p. 171.
  18. ^ Lewis 1837, p. 376.
  19. ^ Monahan 1886, p. 380.
  20. ^ Wenman-Seward 1795, p. 99.
  21. ^ a b Nicolson 1776, p. 36.
  22. ^ Colgan 1647, pp. 14 February.
  23. ^ a b c d e O'Donovan 1838, Letter 25.
  24. ^ a b Healy 1912, p. 565.
  25. ^ a b c Monahan 1865, p. 212.
  26. ^ a b c d St. Manchan's School Tubber 2010, history.
  27. ^ a b Mc Hugh 1938, pp. 280–381.
  28. ^ a b O'Clery et al. 1864, p. 27.
  29. ^ Monahan 1886, p. 353.
  30. ^ a b Harris Slover 1927, p. 91.
  31. ^ Moran 1879, p. 138.
  32. ^ Skene 1877, p. 49.
  33. ^ Scott 1918, pp. 94, 163.
  34. ^ a b O'Hanlon 1869, p. 21.
  35. ^ Harris Slover 1927, p. 109.
  36. ^ Baring-Gould & Fisher 1907, p. 288.
  37. ^ a b c d Lanigan 1829, pp. 30–32.
  38. ^ a b Stokes 1868, p. 287.
  39. ^ a b Mac Niocaill 2010.
  40. ^ Joyce 1906, pp. 135–136.
  41. ^ Harris Slover 1927.
  42. ^ a b c d O'Hanlon 1875, p. 520.
  43. ^ Plummer 2008, p. 27.
  44. ^ a b Ó Donnabháin 1828, p. 307.
  45. ^ Ganly 1865, p. 439.
  46. ^ Mears 1722, p. 379.
  47. ^ Comerford 1755, p. 138.
  48. ^ Cobbett 1827, p. 213.
  49. ^ Cobbett 1834, p. 230.
  50. ^ Walsh 1854, p. 519.
  51. ^ a b Gormáin & Stokes 1895, p. 380.
  52. ^ Kehnel 1997, p. 310.
  53. ^ Cahill 1995, p. 152.
  54. ^ Baring-Gould & Fisher 1907, p. 481.
  55. ^ Farmer 2011, p. 281.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i John O'Donovan 1856.
  57. ^ a b Baring-Gould & Fisher 1907, p. 480.
  58. ^ a b c Overbey 2012, p. 41.
  59. ^ Harris Slover 1927, p. [page needed].
  60. ^ Jennings 1959, p. 52, n. 295.
  61. ^ MacNamee 1954, pp. 120–122.
  62. ^ a b O'Hanlon 1875, pp. 522, 524.
  63. ^ Sheridan & Kirwan 2011, pp. kk–spen.
  64. ^ a b c St. Manchan's School Tubber-Moate 2006, manchan.
  65. ^ a b c d e Irish Press & 8 May 1939, p. 7.
  66. ^ a b Mc Dermott 2001, p. 23.
  67. ^ O'Clery et al. 1864, p. 261.
  68. ^ Ó Donnabháin 1828, pp. 13, 291.
  69. ^ O' Rian 2016, p. 27.
  70. ^ Lanigan 1829, p. 57.
  71. ^ Nugent 2009, p. 133.
  72. ^ Plummer 2010, Sources.
  73. ^ Plummer 2010, p. 64.
  74. ^ "s.v. coinchenn". eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language.
  75. ^ Plummer 2010, p. [page needed].
  76. ^ Bambury & Beechinor 2000, pp. U535.1, U537.3.
  77. ^ Stokes 1895, p. 136.
  78. ^ Mac Niocaill 2010, pp. T538.1.
  79. ^ Bambury & Beechinor 2000, pp. U536.3, U539.1.
  80. ^ Mac Airt 2000–2008, pp. AI537.1.
  81. ^ O'Hanlon 1875, p. 522.
  82. ^ Mark Redknap 2001, p. 12.
  83. ^ Dooley 2007, p. 225.
  84. ^ St. Manchan's School Mohill 2010.
  85. ^ a b Boyd 1938, p. 226.
  86. ^ St. Manchan's School Mohill 2016.
  87. ^ Lynch 1848, p. 75.
  88. ^ a b O'Clery et al. 1856a, p. 1157.
  89. ^ Lucas 1986, p. 12.
  90. ^ a b c d Corkery 1961, pp. 6–8.
  91. ^ Harbison 1999, p. 50.
  92. ^ a b De Paor 1979, pp. 49–50.
  93. ^ a b Harbison 2001, p. 113.
  94. ^ a b Ó Floinn 1987, pp. 179–187.
  95. ^ Harbison 2001, p. 106.
  96. ^ Allen 1960, p. 37.
  97. ^ Hewson 1870, pp. 98, xcviii.
  98. ^ Wilson 2014, pp. 141–145.
  99. ^ a b Murray 2003, p. 177.
  100. ^ Stokes 1894, p. 113.
  101. ^ Graves 1874, p. 146.
  102. ^ Edmondston Scott 1934, p. 126.
  103. ^ Stokes 1868, p. 285, quoting a Petrie manuscript
  104. ^ Obadiah Westwood 1879, p. 37.
  105. ^ a b c Joyce 1903, pp. 182, 183, 203.
  106. ^ Murray 2003, p. 178.
  107. ^ Hourihane 2012, p. 225.
  108. ^ Edwards 2013, p. 147.
  109. ^ Karkov, Ryan & Farrell 1997, p. 269.
  110. ^ a b c Kelly 1909, p. 1.
  111. ^ Herbermann 1909, p. 394.
  112. ^ Royal Irish Academy 1983, p. 68.
  113. ^ a b Hennessy 2008.
  114. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) 1977, p. 190.
  115. ^ Murray 2006, p. 53.
  116. ^ Kelly 1902, pp. 291–292.
  117. ^ Murray 2013, p. 280.
  118. ^ Keane 1867, p. 348.
  119. ^ Bourke 2012, p. 5.
  120. ^ Chicago Tribune 1894, p. 30.
  121. ^ Hynes 1931, pp. 45–46.
  122. ^ Franklin 2012, p. 118.
  123. ^ Graves 1874, p. 137.
  124. ^ Kendrick & Senior 1937.
  125. ^ Costello 1909, p. 152.
  126. ^ O'Donovan & O'Flanagan 1929, p. 82.

Sources edit

Manchan edit

  • Corkery, Sean (1961). "The Shrine of Saint Manchan". The Furrow. 12 (3): 6–8. JSTOR 27658066.
  • Giraudon, Daniel (7 March 2010). "La vache merveilleuse de Saint Manchàn" (PDF). Center for Breton and Celtic Research.
  • Graves, James (1874). "The Church and Shrine of St. Manchán". The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland. 3 (18): 134–50. JSTOR 25506649.
  • Reynolds, D (1932). Journal Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Antiquaties Society I. Vol. iii (St. Manchan (Managhan) of Mohill and Lemanaghan (Offaly) ed.). pp. 65–69.

Martyrologies edit

  • O'Hanlon, John (1875). Lives of the Irish Saints : with special festivals, and the commemorations of holy persons (PDF). Dublin: J. Duffy. p. 1. Retrieved 1 October 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  • Harleian Trustees (1759). Harleian collection, No. 1802 (Irish MS of the Four Gospels). A Catalogue of the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts, purchased by authority of the Parliament, for the use of the Publick, and preserved in the British Museum. Vol. I (Digitized 2016, original in Austrian National Library ed.). Original published by Order of the Trustees. London: Printed by Dryden Leach.
  • Moran, Patrick (1879). Irish Saints in Great Britain (PDF). Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son; Brown and Nolan.
  • Plummer, Charles (2010). "Irish Litanies by unknown Irish authors. Date range: 900–1500" (2008, 2nd draft 2010, "an old ancient vellum book" ed.) – via CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College, Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland.
  • Baring-Gould, Sabine; Fisher, John (1907). Lives of British Saints: The Saints of Wales and Cornwall, and such Irish Saints as have decidations in Britain (PDF). Vol. III. London: The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorian by C.J. Clark.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Donovan, John; Reeves, William; Todd, James Henthorn (1864). The martyrology of Donegal : a calendar of the saints of Ireland (PDF). Dublin: Printed for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society by A. Thom. p. 516. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  • Gormáin, Félire Húi; Stokes, Whitley (1895). The martyrology of Gorman : edited from a manuscript in the Royal Library Brussels (PDF). London : [Henry Bradshaw Society]. p. 380. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Nicolson, William (1776). The English, Scotch and Irish historical libraries: Giving a short view and character of most of our historians, either in print or manuscript. With an account of our records, lawbooks, coins, &c. by W. Nicolson, late bishop of Carlisle. To which is added, A letter to the Reverend White Kennet ... Printed for T. Evans.

Ecclesiastical edit

  • Healy, John (1912). Insula Sanctorum Et Doctorum Or Ireland's Ancient Schools And Scholars (PDF). Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker; New York: Benziger. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Herbermann, Charles (1909). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church (digitized 2013 from original in Lyon Public Library ed.). Robert Appleton.
  • Lynch, John (1848). Matthew Kelly (ed.). Cambrensis Eversus, the history of ancient Ireland vindicated : the religion, laws and civilization of her people exhibited in the lives and actions of her kings, princes, saints, bishops, bards, and other learned men ... (PDF) (Volume 1: 1870 ed.). Dublin: Printed for the Celtic Society by Goodwin, son, and Wethercott. p. 75. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Monahan, John (1865). The Irish Ecclesiastical Record (PDF) (Volume 7 ed.). Dublin: John F. Fowler. p. 212. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Kelly, J. J. (1902). The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, A monthly journal, under Episcopal Sanction (PDF) (Volume 11 ed.). Dublin: Browne & Nolan. pp. 291–292. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Kelly, J. J. (1909). Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version (ed.). "Elphin. In the Catholic Encyclopedia" (Volume 5 ed.). Robert Appleton Company New York. p. 1. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Mears, William (1722). Monasticon Hibernicum: Or, The Monastical History of Ireland ... London: Lamb without Temple-bar. p. 379.
  • Monahan, John (1886). Records relating to the dioceses of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise (PDF) (Forgotten Books, copyright 2016 FB&c Ltd. ed.). Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son. pp. 353, 380.
  • Colgan, John (1647). Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae. Vol. III. p. a, n. 67.
  • Costello, Michael (1909). De annatis Hiberniæ : a calendar of the first fruits' fees levied on papal appointments to benefices in Ireland A.D. 1400 to 1535 extracted from the Vatican and other roman archives with copious topographical notes together with summaries of papal rescripts relating to benefices in Ireland and biographical notes of the bishops of Irish sees during the same period (PDF). Dundalk : Printed and published by W. Tempest.
  • Ganly, William (1865). The Holy Places of Connemara (PDF). Vol. The Irish ecclesiastical record, Volume 10. Dublin: John F. Fowler. pp. 432–440.
  • Twemlow, J A (1955). "'Index of Persons and Places: M, N, O', in Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland". London: British History Online. pp. 1081–1145. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  • Lanigan, John (1829). The Irish Church (ed.). An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, from the first introduction of Christianity among the Irish, to the beginning of the thirteenth century. Vol. III (second ed.). Dublin: J. Cumming; London: Simpkin and Marshall; Edinburgh: R. Cadell and Co. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Jennings, Brendan (1959). "Ecclesiastical Appointments in Ireland, Aug. 1643 – Dec. 1649". Collectanea Hibernica. Collectanea Hibernica No. 2 (2). Franciscan Province of Ireland: 18–65. JSTOR 30004525.
  • Cobbett, William (1827). A History of the Protestant "Reformation", in England and Ireland: Showing how that Event Has Impoverished and Degraded the Main Body of the People in Those Countries, in a Series of Letters, Addressed to All Sensible and Just Englishmen. Containing a list of the abbeys, priories ... Vol. 2 (Digitized 2010 (original from the Bavarian State Library) ed.). Clement.
  • Cobbett, William (1834). A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland ... in a Series of Letters ... to which is Now Added, Three Letters. Vol. 2. J. Doyle. p. 230.
  • Walsh, Thom (1854). History of the Irish Hierarchy: With the Monasteries of Each County, Biographical Notices of the Irish Saints, Prelates, and Religious (Digitized 2008 (original from the Bavarian State Library) ed.). Sadlier. p. 519.
  • Wenman-Seward, William (1795). Topographia Hibernica: Or The Topography of Ireland, Antient and Modern. Giving a Complete View of the Civil and Ecclesiastical State of that Kingdom; with Its Antiquities, Natural Curiosities, Trade, Manufactures, Extent and Population (Digitized 2007 (original from the New York Public Library) ed.). Dublin: Alex Steward.
  • Kehnel, Annette (1997). Clonmacnois – the Church and Lands of St. Ciar'an: Change and Continuity in an Irish Monastic Foundation (6th to 16th Century). Vol. 8 of Vita regularis. Ordnungen und Deutungen religiosen Lebens im Mittelalter. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3825834425.
  • Skene, William F. (1877). Celtic Scotland, A history of Ancient Alban (PDF). Vol. II. Church and Culture. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 9 Castle Street.
  • Scott, Archibald B. (1918). The Pictish Nation, Its people and Its church (PDF) (first ed.). Edinburgh & London: T. N. Foulis.
  • Catholic Record Society of Ireland (1912). Archivium hibernicum; or, Irish historical records (PDF). Vol. I. Shannon : Irish University Press for the Catholic Record Society of Ireland.
  • O'Hanlon, John (1869). The life of St. David: Archbishop of Menebia, chief patron of Wales, and titular patron of Naas church and parish, in Ireland (PDF). Dublin: J. Mullany.

Annals edit

  • Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (2010). The Annals of Tigernach. Dublin: Printed for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society by A. Thom. p. 1. Retrieved 1 October 2016 – via CELT online at University College, Cork, Ireland.
  • Stokes, Whitley (1895). The annals of Tigernach [being annals of Ireland, 807 B.C. to A.D. 1178] (PDF). Paris : Librairie Émile Bouillon.
  • Hennessy, William M. (2008). "Annals of Lough Ce" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2002)(2008) ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland. pp. LC1137.10.
  • Mac Domhnaill, Dara; Färber, Beatrix (2015). "Book of Leinster, formerly Lebar na Núachongbála" (online ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a Project of University College, Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
  • Bambury, Pádraig; Beechinor, Stephen (2000). "The Annals of Ulster" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2000) ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland. pp. U536.3, U539.1, U545.1.
  • Plummer, Charles (2008). Benjamin Hazard (ed.). "The Miracles of Senan" (Digital edition from "Charles Plummer, The Miracles of Senan in Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie. Volume 10, Halle/Saale, Max Niemeyer (1914) page 1–35", 2nd Draft ed.).
  • Mac Airt, Seán (2000–2008). Annals of Inisfallen (Electronic edition compiled by Beatrix Färber ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland.
  • John O'Donovan, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry (1856a). John O'Donovan (ed.). Annala Rioghachta Eireann : Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 1. Dublin: Hodges, Smith.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry (1856b). John O'Donovan (ed.). Annala Rioghachta Eireann : Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 2. Dublin: Hodges, Smith.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry (1856c). John O'Donovan (ed.). Annala Rioghachta Eireann : Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 3. Dublin: Hodges, Smith.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry (1856d). John O'Donovan (ed.). Annala Rioghachta Eireann : Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 4. Dublin: Hodges, Smith.
  • O'Clery, Michael; O'Clery, Cucogry; O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa; O'Duigenan, Cucogry (1856e). John O'Donovan (ed.). Annala Rioghachta Eireann : Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 5. Dublin: Hodges, Smith.

Art and relics edit

  • Wall, James Charles (1905). J. Charles Cox (ed.). Shrines of British Saints, with numerous illustrations (PDF). Methuen & Co., 36 Essex Street WC, London, England. p. 83. Retrieved 10 October 2016. (subscription required)
  • Murray, Griffin (2006). "The Cross of Cong and some aspects of goldsmithing in pre-Norman Ireland". The Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 40, Part 1 (The Art of the Early Medieval Goldsmith ed.): 53. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  • Ó Floinn, Raghnall (1987). Michael Ryan (ed.). In Ireland and Insular Art A.D. 500–1200: Proceedings of a Conference at University College Cork, 31 October–3 November 1985 (Schools of Metalworking in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Ireland ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, International Specialized Book Service Incorporated. pp. 179–187. ISBN 9780901714541.
  • Murray, Griffin (2003). "Lost and Found: The Eleventh Figure on St Manchan's Shrine". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 133. London: Lamb without Temple-bar: 177–181. JSTOR 25509113.
  • Bourke, Cormac (2012). Defining sacred space (PDF). Iona Research Conference. Vol. How did influence spread across Scotland and Ireland?. Belfast. p. 5.
  • Lucas, A. T. (1986). "The Social Role of Relics and Reliquaries in Ancient Ireland". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol. 116. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 5–37. JSTOR 25508904.
  • Mark Redknap, ed. (2001). Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art Held at the National Museum & Gallery, Cardiff 3–6 September 1998 (illustrated, Digitized 2009(Original from the University of Michigan) ed.). Oxbow. p. 12. ISBN 978-1842170588.
  • Stokes, William (1868). The Life and Labours in Art and Archaeology, of George Petrie (Reprinted 2014 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 9781108075701. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Karkov, Catherine E.; Ryan, Michael; Farrell, Robert T. (1997). The Insular Tradition: Theory and Practice in Transpersonal Psychotherapy. SUNY Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780791434567. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Keane, Marcus (1867). The towers and temples of ancient Ireland; their origin and history discussed from a new point of view (PDF). Dublin: Hodges, Smith. p. 348. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Jewitt, LLewellynn (1876). Ancient Irish Art, The shrine of St. Manchan (PDF). Vol. XV (The Art Journal ed.). London: Virtue & Company, Limited. p. 134. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Wilson, D. M. (2014). D. A. Pearsall; R. A. Waldron (eds.). An Early Representation of St Olaf. Vol. Medieval Literature and Civilization: Studies in Memory of G.N. Garmonsway (Bloomsbury Academic Collections: English Literary ed.). A&C Black. pp. 141–145. ISBN 978-1472512512.
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), ed. (1977). Treasures of Early Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.: From the Collections of the National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, Dublin (illustrated, reprint ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 190. ISBN 978-0870991646.
  • Stokes, Margaret (1894). Early Christian Art in Ireland (PDF). Vol. Part I. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 113.
  • De Paor, Marie (1979). Early Irish Art. Vol. Aspects of Ireland 3 (reprinted 1983 ed.). Department of Foreign Affairs. ISBN 978-0906404034.
  • Overbey, Karen (2012). Sacral Geographies: Saints, Shrines, and Territory in Medieval Ireland. Brepols Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 9782503527673.
  • Murray, Griffin (2013). "Review, Karen Eileen Overbey, Sacral geographies: saints, shrines, and territory in medieval Ireland. Studies in the Visual Cultures of the Middle Ages 2". Peritia. (24-25): 375–380. doi:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.102758.
  • Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. OUP USA. p. 225. ISBN 9780195395365. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  • Harbison, Peter (2001). Colum Hourihane (ed.). From Ireland Coming: Irish Art from the Early Christian to the Late Gothic Period and Its European Context. Vol. 4 of Index of Christian Art occasional papers (illustrated ed.). Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691088259.
  • Chicago Tribune (1894). "With Gold and Gems, Antiquities of Irish Art shown at the Columbian Museum" (19 August 1894, with Art Supplement ed.).
  • Obadiah Westwood, John (1879). Lapidarium Walliae: The Early Inscribed and Sculptured Stones of Wales (PDF). Cambrian Archaeological Association.
  • Hewson, William (1870). The Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, Compared with Oriental History, Dialling, Science, and Mythology: Also, the History of the Cross, Gathered from Many Countries (digitized 2008 ed.). Harvard University.
  • Franklin, Jill (2012). Jill Franklin; T. A. Heslop; Christine Stevenson (eds.). Architecture and Interpretation: Essays for Eric Fernie (illustrated ed.). Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843837817.
  • Royal Irish Academy (1983). Treasures of Ireland: Irish Art 3000 B.C.-1500 A.D. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 9780901714282.
  • Harbison, Peter (1999). "The Oliver Davies Lecture: Regal (and other) Patronage in Irish Inscriptions of the Pre-Norman Period". Ulster Journal of Archaeology. Third Series, Vol. 58. Ulster Archaeological Society: 43–54. JSTOR 20568229.

Local folklore edit

  • Mc Hugh, Marion E. (1938). "Saint Manchan and Lemanaghan of Mohill". Drumlara, Co. Leitrim: Duchas. pp. 380–381.
  • Sheridan, Donal; Kirwan, Bernie (2011). "Graveyward of St. Peters Church, Ennisnag" (Online, www.historicgraves.com ed.). Historic Graves project.
  • Boyd, D (1938). "Fighting". duchas.ie. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  • St. Manchan's School Mohill (2010). "St. Manchan's Primary School, Mohill". Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • St. Manchan's School Mohill (2016). "February 25th – St. Manchan's Day". Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • St. Manchan's School Tubber-Moate (2006). "St. Manchan, Patron Saint of Tubber Moate". Eircom. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  • St. Manchan's School Tubber (2010). "St Manchan, our Patron Saint". Scoilnet. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  • "Mohill Parish". Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  • . Irish Press. 8 May 1939. p. 7. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016.[dead link]

Miscellaneous edit

  • Allen, W. E. D. (1960). The Poet and the Spae-Wife, an attempt to reconstruct Al-Ghazal's embassy to the vikings (PDF). Kendal, Great Britain: Titus Wilson and Son.
  • Cahill, Thomas (1995). How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe. Hinges of history. Vol. 1 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Anchor Books, Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385418492.
  • Comerford, T. (1755). The History of Ireland: From the Earliest Account of Time, to the Invasion ... Laurence Flin. p. 138. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  • Cronnelly, Richard Francis (1864). Irish Family History. Vol. 1 (Digitized 2008 ed.). Goodwin, son, and Nethercott.
  • Dooley, Ann (2007). "The Plague and Its Consequences in Ireland". In Lester K. Little (ed.). Plague and the End of Antiquity, The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–230. ISBN 978-0511335266.
  • Edmondston Scott, W J, ed. (1934). Celtic Forum: A Journal of Celtic Opinion. Vol. 1. Toronto, Canada: Celtic Historical Society. p. 126.
  • Edwards, Nancy (2013). The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 9781135951498. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199596607.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-1995-9660-7.
  • Harris Slover, Clarke (1927). "Early Literary Channels Between Ireland and Britain". Studies in English. 7 (7). University of Texas Press: 5–111. JSTOR 20779377.
  • Hynes, John (1931). "St. Caillin". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 1 (1). Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1931: 39–54. JSTOR 25513584.
  • Joyce, Patrick Weston (1903). A social history of ancient Ireland : treating of the government, military system, and law ; religion, learning, and art ; trades, industries, and commerce ; manners, customs, and domestic life, of the ancient Irish people (PDF). Vol. II. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son; London; New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 182, 183, 203. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  • Joyce, Patrick Weston (1906). A smaller social history of ancient Ireland, treating of the government, military system, and law; religion, learning, and art; trades, industries, and commerce; manners, customs, and domestic life, of the ancient Irish people (PDF) (An abridgement of my larger work, 'A social history of ancient Ireland' ed.). London ; New York : Longmans, Green, and Co. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  • Kendrick, T. D.; Senior, Elizabeth (1937). "VI.—St. Manchan's Shrine". Archaeologia. 86: 105–118. doi:10.1017/S0261340900015381.
  • Lewis, Samuel (1837). A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. Vol. 1. London: S. Lewis & Co.
  • Mac Geoghegan, James; O'Kelly, Patrick (1844). The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern: Taken from the Most Authentic Records, and Dedicated to the Irish Brigade. Dublin: James Duffy. p. 171. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  • MacNamee, James Joseph (1954). History of the Diocese of Ardagh. Dublin: Browne and Nolan.
  • Mc Dermott, Conor (2001). "Chapter 2, Treckers through time: recent archaeological survey results from Co. Offaly, Ireland". In Raftery, B; Hickey, J (eds.). Recent Developments in Wetland Research. Belfield, Dublin, Ireland: Department of Archaeology, UCD. hdl:10197/4500. ISBN 978-0-9519117-7-8. Occasional paper 14.
  • Nugent, Brian (2009). An Creideamh. Brian Nugent. ISBN 978-0955681233.
  • O'Donovan, John (1838). "Letter no. 25, Ordnance Survey Letters King's County".
  • O'Donovan, John; O'Flanagan, Michael (1929). Cavan and Leitrim. Letters Containing Information Relative to the Antiquities of the Counties of Ireland. Vol. 3. Great Britain: Ordnance Survey.
  • Ó Donnabháin, Sean (1828). Book of Fenagh, Translation and Copious Notes (PDF). Fenagh, Leitrim, Ireland: Maolmhordha Mac Dubhghoill Uí Raghailligh. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  • O' Rian, Padraig (2016). "Saint Caillin and the book of Fenagh, 1516–2016" (PDF) (14 September 2016 ed.). Royal Irish Academy. p. 27.

Further reading edit

  • Debretts (1824). Debrett's baronetage, knightage, and companionage (PDF). Vol. 2 (5 ed.). London, Odhams Press. p. 986.
  • Rees, Elizabeth (2003). Celtic Sites and Their Saints: A Guidebook. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441113443. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  • Allen, J. Romilly (2001). Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times (reprint ed.). Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0486416083.
  • Kilduff, Bishop (1863). "No. 899. Shrine of St. Manchan, or St. Monaghan" (PDF). In J. C. Robinson (ed.). Catalogue of the special exhibition of works of art of the mediæval, renaissance, and more recent periods : on loan at the South Kensington museum, June 1862. South Kensington Museum.
  • Robinson, J. C., ed. (1869). "Celtic and Anglo Saxon – Contributed by Bishop Butler of Limerick" (PDF). National Exhibition of Works of Art, at Leeds, 1868 : official catalogue by National Exhibition of Works of Art (1868 : Leeds, England) (digitized 2015 ed.). Leeds: Printed by Edward Baines and Sons.
  • Colgan, John (1645). Acta sanctorum veteris et maioris Scotiæ, seu Hiberniæ sanctorum insulae, partim ex variis per Europam MS. Codd. exscripta, partim ex antiquis monumentis & probatis authoribus eruta & congesta; omnia notis & appendicibus illustrata, per R. P. F. Ioannem Colganum ... Nunc primum de eisdem actis iuxta ordinem mensium & dierum prodit tomus primus, qui de sacris Hiberniæ antiquitatibus est tertius ianuarium, febrarium, & martium complectens (Digital version ed.). Alessandrina Library, Rome: apud Euerardum de Witte, 1645.
  • Henry, Françoise (1902). "Notes and sketches relating to St. Manchan's Shrine, Roscommon and Clonmacnoise, and the Shrine of St. Meodhoc". Papers of Françoise Henry – via UCD Digital Library.
  • Mac Phaidín Uí Mhaoil Chonaire, Muirgheas (1516). Leabar Chaillín / Leabar Fidhnacha. Dublin, Ireland: Tadhg Ó Rodaighe. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  • Wilson, David M.; Klindt-Jensen, Ole (1966). Viking Art. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. ISBN 978-1135803841.
  • Hughes, Kathleen (1966). The Church in Early Irish Society. Methuen & Co Ltd, London.
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  • "Saint Manchan aka Managhan of Mohill and Lemanaghan, bio. and churches, c. 645+". Ardagh & Clonmacnoise Antiquarian Society. 1 (3). James Duffy & Co. 1932.
  • Harbison, Peter; H. Potterton; J. Sheehy, eds. (1978). Irish Art and Architecture: From Prehistory to the Present. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
  • Breen, Aidan (2010). "Manchán, Manchianus, Manchíne". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.

April 10, 2024
manchán, mohill, manchan, mohill, early, christian, saint, credited, with, founding, many, early, christian, churches, ireland, life, obscured, because, many, people, named, manchan, found, among, monastically, inclined, medieval, irish, christians, name, dimi. Manchan n 1 of Mohill n 2 fl AD 464 538 was an early Christian saint credited with founding many early Christian churches in Ireland His life is obscured because many people named Manchan are found among the monastically inclined Medieval Irish Christians and the name is a diminutive of Irish Manach Latin Monachus a monk 5 n 3 Manchan probably died of famine during volcanic winters caused by the extreme weather events of 535 536 which preceded the 6th century Justinian plague of Mohill Saint ManchanDetail of marginal image of a monkMissionary MonkBornBefore AD 464Ireland or WalesDiedc 535 c 538 probably Mohill IrelandVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchAnglican CommunionMajor shrine Shrine of Manchan Feast14 FebruaryPatronageSt Manchan s school Monaghan day Mohill County LeitrimMonastery of Mohill monastery of Inisnag other churches invoked against plague destroyed or ruins The Shrine of Manchan is a remarkable and unique example of Irish Urnes style art adapted to Ringerike style skillful in design and execution 7 Saint Manchan s feast day is celebrated 14 February by Orthodox Catholics Roman Catholics and Anglicans 8 Contents 1 Life 2 Churches 3 Famine and death 4 Christian veneration of Manchan 4 1 Protection from plague 4 2 Kilkenny 4 3 Leitrim 4 3 1 Manchan s fair Monaghan day 4 4 Shrine of Manchan 4 5 Lost biography of Manchan 5 See also 6 Notes 6 1 Manchan notes 6 2 Plague notes 6 3 Shrine notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 7 2 1 Manchan 7 2 2 Martyrologies 7 2 3 Ecclesiastical 7 2 4 Annals 7 2 5 Art and relics 7 2 6 Local folklore 7 2 7 Miscellaneous 7 3 Further readingLife editSee also Mainchin and Mawgan The life of Manchan of Mohill is clouded by obscurity and his genealogy widely debated n 4 The multiplicity of Saints named Manchan suggests the name is a diminutive of Irish Manach Latin Monachus Im manchaine n 3 a monk 13 14 15 Some sources identify him as Manchan of Mondrehid 16 17 18 19 20 21 a claim challenged 8 22 but many others identify him with Manchan of Lemanaghan died A D 664 2 9 11 16 23 24 25 26 27 n 5 An exiled Manchan the Master at the monastery of Mawgan n 6 named in the life of David of Wales 35 36 flourished before Manchan of Mohill 34 John Colgan decided that for want of authentic documents to prove the contrary he must consider them as different persons as feasts and chronologies disagree 37 Colgan says that for want of authentic documents to prove the contrary he must consider them as different persons 37 On the authority of Colgan and the scribes of Iona Abbey who recorded his death as 538 AD in the Annals of Tigernach Manchan of Mohill must be considered a distinct Manchan 16 38 born in Ireland or Wales and flourishing c 464 c 538 39 He belonged to the first order of Patrician clergy active missionary priests accompanying or following Saint Patrick typically Britons or Irish ordained by him and his successors 40 41 n 7 Chronologies of the earliest Irish christian tradition have Manchan allied to Saint Senan died 544 43 n 8 contemporary with Saint Berchan and Saint Sinchell the elder died 549 and a successor of Caillin at Fenagh 44 45 Manchan of Mohill uniquely among Mainchins founded many early Christian churches 16 25 13 46 47 48 49 50 alluded to by the Martyrology of Donegal as Latin Manchani Maethla cum sociis suis meaning Manchan of Mohill and his companions 8 and the Martyrology of Gorman as Latin cum sociis with allies 51 When or where he commenced his religious course is unknown 16 However the translator of the Annals of Clonmacnoise disbelievingly recorded the Coworbes of Saint Manchan at Lemanaghan say that he was a Welshman and came to this kingdom at one with Saint Patrick 10 30 52 n 9 Persons of this name from Wales include Meugan Maucan or Moucan mentioned in the 11th century life of Cadoc of Llancarfan in Glamorganshire 54 55 and Mannacus of Holyhead whose feast day falls on 14 October The sanctity of Manchan of Mohill is recorded 44 56 4 57 The Mostyn Manuscript No 88 in the National Library of Wales records several Meugan festivals including the 14 February festival of Manchan of Mohill 57 The Martyrology of Donegal records Latin c sexto decimo kal martii 14 Mainchein of Moethail 8 and the Martyrology of Gorman notes Manchein of Moethail Feb 14 51 The Irish Annals identify Manchan of Mohill uniquely among all Mainchins as the Saint whose relics are venerated by the Shrine of Manchan of Moethail 56 perhaps jointly 58 the Coworbes of Saint Manchan say that he was a Welshman and came to this kingdom at one with Saint Patrick 59 Churches edit nbsp Well defined Manchan route Mohill Liathmore County Tipperary Inisnag Wales n 10 Confirmed Manchan of Mohill church sites are Mohill Monastery of Maothail Manachan in county Leitrim founded by Manchan in the 6th century 60 61 Ennisnag Irish Inish Snaig County Kilkenny Founded by Manchan in the 5th or 6th century 62 n 11 Probable church sites of Manchan of Mohill would include Kilmanaheen Irish Cill Mhainchin Manchan s church in County Kilkenny is 10km east of the Monastery of Inis Snaig n 12 Lemanaghan Irish Liath Manchain Grey place of Manchan in County Offaly Persistent claims Manchan of Mohill moved to Lemanaghan in folklore 26 64 65 is made more plausible by dendrochronological dating suggesting a possibility of an earlier 5th or 6th century church here at Lemanaghan 66 O Donovan and others believed Manchan of Mohill founded Lemanaghan church 16 23 11 n 13 n 14 Kilmanaghan Irish Cill Mhanchain Manchan s church in County Offaly is associated with Manchan of Mohill Lemanaghan by folklore 26 64 65 Leighmore Irish Leith Mhoir great grey place in County Tipperary The Book of Fenagh claims Manchan of Mohill went here 68 69 n 15 and the Irish Litanies names a Manchan Leithmor 70 71 72 n 16 Kilmanahan Irish Cill Mainchin Manchan s church in County Waterford lies 40km south west of Inisnag in Kilkenny and Liath Mhoir in Tipperary The twelve Conchennaighi with the two Sinchells in Cill Achidh The Conchennaighi with Manchan of Leithmor I invoke n 14 75 Conjectural church locations of Manchan of Mohill might include Mondrehid Irish Mion Droichid in Laois O Hanlon Ware and Ussher claim Manchan of Mohill founded the church Wales The Coarbs of Lemanaghan claimed Manchan was Welshman who arrived with Saint Patrick Famine and death edit nbsp A man lying dead from the plague church and flames in backgroundThe Irish Annals record a cluster of deaths for person s named Mochta died 534 or 535 Mocta Mauchteus d 537 and Manchan d 538 These entries could correlate to the one person n 17 but one entry is unequivocal AD 538 Manchan of Maethail fell Irish Manchan Maethla cecidit 39 77 Manchan probably died as a result of famines caused by the extreme weather events of 535 536 The Irish Annals cite the weather events and resulting famine as the failure of bread giving the years 536AD 538AD and 539AD 78 79 80 Christian veneration of Manchan editSee also Christianity Saint and plague of Mohill The 6th century events probably had significant impact on Christianity across Ireland the dramatic events perhaps illustrating the sanctity of Manchan to his followers The remains of Manchan were probably preserved for a long time in the Monastery of Maothail Manachan before being enshrined 81 82 Protection from plague edit Manchan was probably venerated for protection from plague considering his 538 death during worldwide famine and preceded a deadly plague at Mohill p 1 Kilkenny edit In County Kilkenny Manchan of Mohill is recorded as patron saint of the ancient monastery at Ennisnag Nearby Kilmanaheen townland preserves his name Leitrim edit In county Leitrim Manchan is venerated as patron saint of Mohill Manchan parish since the foundation of the Monastery of Maothail Manachan and the Justinian plague of Mohill John O Donovan visiting 19th century Mohill claimed Monahan s or St Manchan s Well is still shown there 3 though the location of his holy well is forgotten From 1935 to 2015 the GAA football park in Mohill which officially opened on 8 May 1939 was called after him 65 Mohill GAA teams preserve his name St Manchan s Primary School in Mohill costing 2 5m was opened in 2010 84 Manchan s fair Monaghan day edit Until the late 20th century the renowned Monaghan day festival of Manchan was held in Mohill each year on the feast day of the Saint 3 or rather on the Twenty fifth of February 85 86 The date of the ancient fair of Manchan moved to February 25 in the New Calendar from 14 February in the Old Calendar c 1753 The plot of the acclaimed novel by John McGahern titled Amongst Women revolves around Monaghan day in Mohill county Leitrim The fair day was also infamous as the backdrop for organized faction fights in the 19th century 85 Shrine of Manchan edit Main article Saint Manchan s Shrine See also Urnes style Ringerike style Olaf II of Norway and Cross of Cong In the 12th century Ruaidri Ua Conchobair commenced his reign by creating shrines for the relics of St Manchan of Moethail and Saint Comman of Roscommon 56 87 The Annals of the Four Masters states AD 1166 The shrine of Manchan of Maethail was covered by Ruaidri Ua Conchobair and an embroidering of gold was carried over it by him in as good a style as a relic was ever covered in Ireland 56 88 a 1 His shrine Irish Scrin Manchain Maothla could be a lost relic 89 but is likely identical to the Shrine associated with Manchan of Lemanaghan 90 despite Manchan of Maethail being named as the saint being venerated 16 91 The shrine of Manchan is an impressive box of yew wood with gilted bronze and enamel fittings a house shaped shrine in the form of a gabled roof originally covered with silver plates of which traces still remain It stands 19 inches tall covering a space dimensioned 24x16 inches raised by short legs and clearing the ground surface by two and a half inches The legs slot into metal shoes attached to metal rings probably to be attached to carrying poles when the shrine was leading a procession 90 Animal patterns of beasts and serpent fill the bosses and borders of the shrine 92 and one side has a decorative equal armed cross with bosses 93 The animal ornament on the principal faces of the relic reveals influences of Irish Urnes style adapted to Ringerike style 90 94 The reincarnation of centuries old Irish metalworking techniques such as the juxtaposition of red and yellow enamel is seen on the shrine and the Cross of Cong 95 Before the Vikings there were already varied ethnic types in Ireland and a long disappearing Mediterranean stratum of architecture and costume identifiable as Iberian is evidenced by the Shrine of Manchan and the Book of Kells 96 Hewson referring to theories of Charles Piazzi Smyth observed the two upper compartments would have held two groups of six figurines and the two lower compartments held two groups of seven figurines and the total represented a monthly cycle of 26 days divided into two cycles 97 nbsp Shrine of Manchan ten figures on front incl Olaf II of Norway with axe nbsp Detail of frontThe ten figures adorning the shrine are newer probably 13th century 90 It is believed the half round cast bronze figure carrying an axe on the Manchan Shine is an early representation of Olaf II of Norway Saint Olaf considering the sub Viking context of the art and iconographical association of a man with axe 98 In 1861 an applique figure of gilt cast copper alloy 13 7cm high 2 75cm wide and 1 7 cm thickness was reportedly found at the grave yard of Clonmacnoise and presented with a short beard and moustache a pointed decorated hat covering his ears hands flat on his bare chest with a pleated decorated kilt one missing leg and was very similar those remaining on the shrine of Manchan so is assumed to have fallen off 99 Margaret Stokes claimed a robed figurine holding a book found buried near Saint John s Abbey at Thomas Street Dublin bears resemblance to the Manchan shrine figures but of much finer workmanship and evidently earlier date but unfortunately she fails to expand further 100 The dress and personal adornment of lay and chieftain costume of 13th century Irish people is reflected by the figures 101 The wearing of the celt anglicized kilt pron kelt 102 similar to the present day Scottish highland kilt was very common in Ireland and all figures on the shrine of Manchan have highly long ornamented embroidered or pleated kilts 99 103 104 reaching below their knees as kilts were probably worn by both ecclesiastical and laypersons 105 The wearing of full beards Irish grenn feasog was only acceptable for the higher classes nobles chiefs warriors 105 and it was disgraceful to present with hair and beard trimmed short Reflecting this all the shrine of Manchan figures have beards cut rectangularly or Assyrian style usually with no moustache 105 nbsp shrine of Saint Manchan front nbsp shrine of Saint Manchan back nbsp shrine of Saint Manchan endThe technical and stylistic similarities to the Cross of Cong group a 2 confirms without doubt the shrine of Manchan was crafted at the well defined and original fine metal workshop active in twelfth century county Roscommon 92 94 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 The shrine was likely commissioned by Bishop Domnall mac Flannacain Ui Dubthaig of Elphin 113 one of the richest episcopal see s in Medieval Ireland 110 and created by the master gold craftsman named Irish Mael Isu Bratain Ui Echach Mailisa MacEgan whom John O Donovan believed was Abbot of Cloncraff in county Roscommon 114 110 though firm evidence for this identification is lacking 115 The founder and patron saint of this workshop might have been St Assicus of Elphin 116 Ruaidri Ua Conchobair was apparently patron of the relic 56 though it was monasteries rather than dioceses which commissioned metal reliquaries 93 The pertinent question is the sacral function and spiritual identity underlying the shrine Keane suggested the shrine represents a miniature Ark an object to be carried on men s shoulders an emblem of death to Noah and those enclosed in the Ark with their release on delivery of the Ark celebrated as Resurrection Another thought provoking theory proposes the shrine had a political context representing an attempt by royal patrons to visually cementing political alliances through the purposeful conflation of two neighbouring saints both conveniently named Manchan 58 Murray 2013 believes the argument these reliquaries are multivalent is compelling when necessary evidence is presented 117 The shrine of Saint Manchan is inventive drawing on a variety of traditions including the archaic forms of the tomb shrines to create a new and powerful statement of the saint s significance in the twelfth century 58 The crucified figure in the sculptures from a Persian Rock Temple may assist in explaining the mummy like figures on the Irish shrine The similarity of the design would seem to confirm the idea that the figures were intended to signify the inmates of the Ark undergoing the process of mysterious death which was supposed to be exhibited in Arkite ceremonies 118 There is a case for the equation of tent and shrine papilio whence pupall is primarily the word for butterfly and came to mean tent from a physical resemblance i e from the fact that the wings in two planes meet at an angle The term Piramis pyramis literally pyramid and the presence of a bearer at each angle is surely intended to suggest the Ark of the Covenant a proto reliquary pyramis has more than one meaning or connotation I suggest that tent shaped slab shrines were pyramides too 119 There is doubt to which Irish saint the shrine is dedicated 120 Stokes wondered if the Annals of the Four Masters identified the wrong Mainchin 38 O Hanlon and others felt a strong inference can be made that Manchan of Mohill and Manchan of Lemanaghan are identical 2 9 11 16 23 24 25 n 13 Graves suggested the shrine was transferred from Mohill for some unrecorded reason 5 7 In support of this theory the English were suppressing Monasteries in Ireland from 1540 and in 1590 Mohill was occupied by an immense English army 56 113 121 Confused folklore credits Mohill priests saving the shrine from iconoclasts by fleeing the Monastery of Mohill Manchan to County Offaly In 1621 sic when St Manchan s monastery was suppressed some of the fugitive monks succeeded in bringing the shrine back to Le Manchan 65 When Mohill Abbey was destroyed in the twelfth century sic the holy Shrine would have been carried back to Leamonaghan 64 26 The association with Clonmacnoise and Clonfert might also be strong as the smaller heads on the shrine figurines dated 13th century are considered similar to those on the underside of the abaci of the chancel arch at the Nun s church Clonmacnoise and the portal at clonfert 122 Before 1590 the Shrine of Manchan was hidden somewhere in Ireland and Micheal o Cleirigh writing in 1630 recorded the shrine at Lemanaghan then situated in an impassable bog 123 28 66 124 Today the shrine is preserved at Boher Catholic church in County Offaly 125 when St Manchan s monastery was suppressed some of the fugitive monks succeeded in bringing the shrine back to Le Manchan 65 Lost biography of Manchan edit James Ussher claimed to have Vita Manchan Mathail Life of St Manchan of Mohill written by Richard FitzRalph showing Manchan fl c 608 a member of Canons Regular of Augustinian patron of seven churches and granted various glebes lands fiefs and tithe to the Monastery of Mohill Manchan since 608 42 14 126 However there was no such thing as Canons Regular order of Augustinian glebes tithes back in the 5th 7th centuries so these contemporary concepts would not illuminate the life of any Saint Manchan 37 42 John O Donovan James Henthorn Todd and others tried unsuccessfully to locate this book 42 Ussher s claims strongly influenced antiquarian speculation of his life story 27 n 18 See also edit nbsp Europe portal nbsp Ireland portal nbsp Christianity portal nbsp Catholicism portal nbsp History portalMainchin and Mawgan for various Saint Manchans Saint Berchan Saint Caillin Saint Senan Saint Finnian are Irish contemporaries Mannacus of Holyhead Saint David Cadoc Saint Patrick Saint Teilo Cybi are Welsh contemporaries Notes editManchan notes edit a b Manchan name variants are Irish Manchan Manchain Manchein Mainchein Middle English Manachain Mainchin Manachain Managhan Monahan Latin Manchianus Mancenus Manichchaeus 1 2 Monahan 3 Welsh Maucannus Maucann Mancan Mancen Maucan or Moucan Mohill name variants historically includes Irish Maothail Maethail Middle English Moithla Moethla Maethla Moyghell Moghill 4 and Latin Mathail Nouella 1 a b Im manchaine Under monastic rule Im manchaine lit in monkship Manchaine deriv from manach monachus also means the duties or services rendered by monks 6 Plausible but objectionable pedigrees are assigned to Manchan of Mohill by both Cronnelly and O Clery Manchan mac Siollan mac Conal mac Luchain mac Conal Anglonaig mac Feice mac Rosa mac Fachta mac Seanchada mac Aille Ceasdaig mac Rory King of Ireland 9 10 Giraudon 2010 says for some he would be the son of Daga for the others of Innaoi His mother s name was Mella and he had two sisters Grealla and Greillseach 11 The oldest genealogy from the Book of Leinster is ambiguous Manchan Leith m Sillain m Conaill m Luachain m Laga m Conaill Anglonnaig m Fheic m Rosa Mella mater eius 12 Leith refers to Leigh in Tipperary or Lemanaghan in Offaly both probable Manchan church sites An alleged multiplicity of Manchan s of Lemanaghan confuses matters 28 Colgan 1647 claimed two Manchan of Lemanaghan lived in the 7th century one dying c 664 and the other flourishing 694 5 but Monahan and O Donovan disputed the claim 29 23 n 1 The similarity of Welsh Maucan to Maucen of Whithern has been used to argue Candida Casa was in Wales not Scotland 30 Patrick Moran and William Skene claim a Manchan Mancenus Manchenius the Master studied at Candida Casa 31 32 but other sources say Manchan was the surname of Nennio or Monen flourished 520 Bishop and Master of Candida Casa 33 34 Colgan conjectured Manchan of Mohill was contemporary with a Saint Menath Monach Mancen a disciple of St Patrick 42 According to The Miracles of Senan poem Saint Manchan and Saint Berchan were duty bound to come avenge any wrong done to Senan s churches The Miracles of Senan poem says Eralt comes thither with good augury and a host of the saints of Luigne Manchan comes by dear God s will and Berchan with his companies The writer Thomas Cahill claimed Manchan of Offaly was a convert of Saint Patrick 53 In ancient times people preferred long distance travel by sea and inland waterways because overland conditions were difficult often dangerous and long distance travel by road was generally slow and uncomfortable The key rivers serving the Manchan route were the River Shannon the Rinn river in county Leitrim the Munster River and Kings River serving Tipperary Kilkenny and the River Nore serving County Waterford and the south east generally One source claims The patron saint of Ennisnag was St Mogue Moling Mo Aod Og his feast day was celebrated here on the 14h of February 63 but Maedocs feast day is 29 January Manchan patron of Inisnag feast day is 14 February 62 Kilmanaheen in county Kilkenny must not be confused with Kilmanach Irish Manach Droichit or Kilnamanagh in Kilkenny Tallaght a b John O Donovan stated that Manchan was an intimate friend of Caillin the Executor of his Will and his successor in the Abbacy of Fenagh He was the son of Innaoi and his Festival was celebrated at Liath Manchain on 24 January 23 Giraudon says from french Saint Manchan lived in the sixth or seventh century of our era He was born in Mohill County Leitrim He spent most of his life in Leamanachan 11 O Hanlon states a very strong inference might be drawn that the St Manchan of Mohill having so many churches subject to him was probably identical with the St Manchan of Lemanagan even although the places were somewhat apart and although the festivals fell on different days 16 a b Tuaim nEirc is interpreted as Lemanaghan 67 but no evidence is presented for this identification Tuaim nEirc could refer to Irish Baile Ui nEirc townland adjacent to Leith Mhor in county Tipperary According to the Book of Fenagh an elderly Caillin fl AD464 56 wished to die at Liath Mhor 24 km from the town named Callan with Manchan returning his remains to Fenagh 12 years after his death This text connects Manchan of Mohill with Liath Mhoir in Tipperary long before Saint Mochaemhog of Leithmor d 646 The Irish Litanies described by Micheal o Cleirigh as an authoritative old ancient vellum book includes a poem stanza stating the twelve Conchennaighi with the two Sinchells in Cill Achidh I invoke The Conchennaighi with Manchan of Leithmor I invoke 73 Conchennaighi meaning dog hound headed 74 could reference the Conmhaicne Conmac son of the hound Conversely Manchan of Mohill and Sinchell the Elder are supposedly connected with Conmhaicne Rein of Leitrim thougho Concheanainnwere supposedly a minor tribe of Corca Mogha around Kilkerrin in NE Galway However the meaning of the word Conchennaighi is unclear The Annals of the Four Masters states A D 534 Saint Mochta Bishop of Lughmhagh disciple of St Patrick resigned his spirit to heaven on the nineteenth day of August 56 The Annals of Ulster state A D 535 The falling alseep of Mochta disciple of Saint Patrick on the 13th of the Kalends of September Thus he himself wrote in his epistle Mauchteus a sinner priest disciple of St Patrick sends greetings in the Lord A D 537 Or here the falling asleep of St Mochta disciple of Patrick 76 Manchanus founder of the monastery of regular canons at Mohil in the county of Leitrim died in the year 652 His life is supposed to have been written by Richard Archbishop of Armagh The Ulster annals call him Manchenus and others Manichaeus Whereupon it is observed that the heretic Manichees and Menahem 2 Kings xv 14 King of Israel have their names from the same original word signifying The Comforter Nazarenus begs of his Megaletor to enquire among his learned acquaintance of the Irish college at Louvain who is Manchanus a writer who shines much in the margin of his famous four gospels concerning whom says he though there be many of this name I have my own conjectures Having just learned what this fanciful writer thought of Marianus Columbanus amp c I imagined that he was of opinion that Manchanus must have been a fervent or lover of the isle of Man But his learned friend and mine Mr Wanley lately informed me that he only guessed that Manchanus was a corruption of Monanchanus and that the man whose praises are in his four gospels was a canon regular of Monaghan The reader will judge whether Archbishop Usher s conjectures or Mr Toland s are the more probable 21 Plague notes edit From the mid 6th century prayers to Saint Manchan would beg salvation from the horrors of plague and natural disaster Ann Dooley noted prayers of saints are a powerful factor in protecting their clients from harms such as the plague and showing the ability of Irish tradition of sainthood to pick up on the social responsibilities for children left without any legal standing in a stricken community where normal family law has broken down 83 Shrine notes edit And the Annals of the Four Masters states AD 1170 The relics of Comman son of Faelchu were removed from the earth by Gilla Iarlaithe Ua Carmacain successor of Comman and they were enclosed in a shrine with a covering of gold and silver 56 88 37 The Cross of Cong the Aghadoe crosier shrine of the Book of Dimma and the shrine of Manchan are grouped as originating at the same Roscommon workshop The Smalls Sword dating to c 664 recently discovered in Wales and shows similar Urnes ornamentation References editCitations edit a b Twemlow 1955 pp 1081 1145 a b c Reynolds 1932 pp 65 69 a b c o Donnabhain 1828 p 12 n 5 a b Catholic Record Society of Ireland 1912 p 345 a b c Graves 1874 p 136 Skene 1877 p 492 a b Jewitt 1876 p 134 a b c d O Clery et al 1864 p 516 a b c Cronnelly 1864 p 99 a b O Clery et al 1856a p 277 a b c d e Giraudon 2010 p 1 Mac Domhnaill amp Farber 2015 p 1555 a b Lanigan 1829 p 31 a b Harleian Trustees 1759 p 66 Wall 1905 p 83 a b c d e f g h i O Hanlon 1875 p 521 Mac Geoghegan amp O Kelly 1844 p 171 Lewis 1837 p 376 Monahan 1886 p 380 Wenman Seward 1795 p 99 a b Nicolson 1776 p 36 Colgan 1647 pp 14 February a b c d e O Donovan 1838 Letter 25 a b Healy 1912 p 565 a b c Monahan 1865 p 212 a b c d St Manchan s School Tubber 2010 history a b Mc Hugh 1938 pp 280 381 a b O Clery et al 1864 p 27 Monahan 1886 p 353 a b Harris Slover 1927 p 91 Moran 1879 p 138 Skene 1877 p 49 Scott 1918 pp 94 163 a b O Hanlon 1869 p 21 Harris Slover 1927 p 109 Baring Gould amp Fisher 1907 p 288 a b c d Lanigan 1829 pp 30 32 a b Stokes 1868 p 287 a b Mac Niocaill 2010 Joyce 1906 pp 135 136 Harris Slover 1927 a b c d O Hanlon 1875 p 520 Plummer 2008 p 27 a b o Donnabhain 1828 p 307 Ganly 1865 p 439 Mears 1722 p 379 Comerford 1755 p 138 Cobbett 1827 p 213 Cobbett 1834 p 230 Walsh 1854 p 519 a b Gormain amp Stokes 1895 p 380 Kehnel 1997 p 310 Cahill 1995 p 152 Baring Gould amp Fisher 1907 p 481 Farmer 2011 p 281 a b c d e f g h i John O Donovan 1856 a b Baring Gould amp Fisher 1907 p 480 a b c Overbey 2012 p 41 Harris Slover 1927 p page needed Jennings 1959 p 52 n 295 MacNamee 1954 pp 120 122 a b O Hanlon 1875 pp 522 524 Sheridan amp Kirwan 2011 pp kk spen a b c St Manchan s School Tubber Moate 2006 manchan a b c d e Irish Press amp 8 May 1939 p 7 a b Mc Dermott 2001 p 23 O Clery et al 1864 p 261 o Donnabhain 1828 pp 13 291 O Rian 2016 p 27 Lanigan 1829 p 57 Nugent 2009 p 133 Plummer 2010 Sources Plummer 2010 p 64 s v coinchenn eDIL Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language Plummer 2010 p page needed Bambury amp Beechinor 2000 pp U535 1 U537 3 Stokes 1895 p 136 Mac Niocaill 2010 pp T538 1 Bambury amp Beechinor 2000 pp U536 3 U539 1 Mac Airt 2000 2008 pp AI537 1 O Hanlon 1875 p 522 Mark Redknap 2001 p 12 Dooley 2007 p 225 St Manchan s School Mohill 2010 a b Boyd 1938 p 226 St Manchan s School Mohill 2016 Lynch 1848 p 75 a b O Clery et al 1856a p 1157 Lucas 1986 p 12 a b c d Corkery 1961 pp 6 8 Harbison 1999 p 50 a b De Paor 1979 pp 49 50 a b Harbison 2001 p 113 a b o Floinn 1987 pp 179 187 Harbison 2001 p 106 Allen 1960 p 37 Hewson 1870 pp 98 xcviii Wilson 2014 pp 141 145 a b Murray 2003 p 177 Stokes 1894 p 113 Graves 1874 p 146 Edmondston Scott 1934 p 126 Stokes 1868 p 285 quoting a Petrie manuscript Obadiah Westwood 1879 p 37 a b c Joyce 1903 pp 182 183 203 Murray 2003 p 178 Hourihane 2012 p 225 Edwards 2013 p 147 Karkov Ryan amp Farrell 1997 p 269 a b c Kelly 1909 p 1 Herbermann 1909 p 394 Royal Irish Academy 1983 p 68 a b Hennessy 2008 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y 1977 p 190 Murray 2006 p 53 Kelly 1902 pp 291 292 Murray 2013 p 280 Keane 1867 p 348 Bourke 2012 p 5 Chicago Tribune 1894 p 30 Hynes 1931 pp 45 46 Franklin 2012 p 118 Graves 1874 p 137 Kendrick amp Senior 1937 Costello 1909 p 152 O Donovan amp O Flanagan 1929 p 82 Sources edit Manchan edit Corkery Sean 1961 The Shrine of Saint Manchan The Furrow 12 3 6 8 JSTOR 27658066 Giraudon Daniel 7 March 2010 La vache merveilleuse de Saint Manchan PDF Center for Breton and Celtic Research Graves James 1874 The Church and Shrine of St Manchan The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland 3 18 134 50 JSTOR 25506649 Reynolds D 1932 Journal Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Antiquaties Society I Vol iii St Manchan Managhan of Mohill and Lemanaghan Offaly ed pp 65 69 Martyrologies edit O Hanlon John 1875 Lives of the Irish Saints with special festivals and the commemorations of holy persons PDF Dublin J Duffy p 1 Retrieved 1 October 2016 via Internet Archive Harleian Trustees 1759 Harleian collection No 1802 Irish MS of the Four Gospels A Catalogue of the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts purchased by authority of the Parliament for the use of the Publick and preserved in the British Museum Vol I Digitized 2016 original in Austrian National Library ed Original published by Order of the Trustees London Printed by Dryden Leach Moran Patrick 1879 Irish Saints in Great Britain PDF Dublin M H Gill amp Son Brown and Nolan Plummer Charles 2010 Irish Litanies by unknown Irish authors Date range 900 1500 2008 2nd draft 2010 an old ancient vellum book ed via CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts a project of University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland Baring Gould Sabine Fisher John 1907 Lives of British Saints The Saints of Wales and Cornwall and such Irish Saints as have decidations in Britain PDF Vol III London The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorian by C J Clark O Clery Michael O Donovan John Reeves William Todd James Henthorn 1864 The martyrology of Donegal a calendar of the saints of Ireland PDF Dublin Printed for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society by A Thom p 516 Retrieved 1 October 2016 Gormain Felire Hui Stokes Whitley 1895 The martyrology of Gorman edited from a manuscript in the Royal Library Brussels PDF London Henry Bradshaw Society p 380 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Nicolson William 1776 The English Scotch and Irish historical libraries Giving a short view and character of most of our historians either in print or manuscript With an account of our records lawbooks coins amp c by W Nicolson late bishop of Carlisle To which is added A letter to the Reverend White Kennet Printed for T Evans Ecclesiastical edit Healy John 1912 Insula Sanctorum Et Doctorum Or Ireland s Ancient Schools And Scholars PDF Dublin Sealy Bryers amp Walker New York Benziger Retrieved 10 October 2016 Herbermann Charles 1909 The Catholic Encyclopedia An International Work of Reference on the Constitution Doctrine Discipline and History of the Catholic Church digitized 2013 from original in Lyon Public Library ed Robert Appleton Lynch John 1848 Matthew Kelly ed Cambrensis Eversus the history of ancient Ireland vindicated the religion laws and civilization of her people exhibited in the lives and actions of her kings princes saints bishops bards and other learned men PDF Volume 1 1870 ed Dublin Printed for the Celtic Society by Goodwin son and Wethercott p 75 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Monahan John 1865 The Irish Ecclesiastical Record PDF Volume 7 ed Dublin John F Fowler p 212 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Kelly J J 1902 The Irish Ecclesiastical Record A monthly journal under Episcopal Sanction PDF Volume 11 ed Dublin Browne amp Nolan pp 291 292 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Kelly J J 1909 Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version ed Elphin In the Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 5 ed Robert Appleton Company New York p 1 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Mears William 1722 Monasticon Hibernicum Or The Monastical History of Ireland London Lamb without Temple bar p 379 Monahan John 1886 Records relating to the dioceses of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise PDF Forgotten Books copyright 2016 FB amp c Ltd ed Dublin M H Gill and Son pp 353 380 Colgan John 1647 Acta Triadis Thaumaturgae Vol III p a n 67 Costello Michael 1909 De annatis Hiberniae a calendar of the first fruits fees levied on papal appointments to benefices in Ireland A D 1400 to 1535 extracted from the Vatican and other roman archives with copious topographical notes together with summaries of papal rescripts relating to benefices in Ireland and biographical notes of the bishops of Irish sees during the same period PDF Dundalk Printed and published by W Tempest Ganly William 1865 The Holy Places of Connemara PDF Vol The Irish ecclesiastical record Volume 10 Dublin John F Fowler pp 432 440 Twemlow J A 1955 Index of Persons and Places M N O in Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland London British History Online pp 1081 1145 Retrieved 12 November 2016 Lanigan John 1829 The Irish Church ed An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland from the first introduction of Christianity among the Irish to the beginning of the thirteenth century Vol III second ed Dublin J Cumming London Simpkin and Marshall Edinburgh R Cadell and Co pp 30 32 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Jennings Brendan 1959 Ecclesiastical Appointments in Ireland Aug 1643 Dec 1649 Collectanea Hibernica Collectanea Hibernica No 2 2 Franciscan Province of Ireland 18 65 JSTOR 30004525 Cobbett William 1827 A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland Showing how that Event Has Impoverished and Degraded the Main Body of the People in Those Countries in a Series of Letters Addressed to All Sensible and Just Englishmen Containing a list of the abbeys priories Vol 2 Digitized 2010 original from the Bavarian State Library ed Clement Cobbett William 1834 A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland in a Series of Letters to which is Now Added Three Letters Vol 2 J Doyle p 230 Walsh Thom 1854 History of the Irish Hierarchy With the Monasteries of Each County Biographical Notices of the Irish Saints Prelates and Religious Digitized 2008 original from the Bavarian State Library ed Sadlier p 519 Wenman Seward William 1795 Topographia Hibernica Or The Topography of Ireland Antient and Modern Giving a Complete View of the Civil and Ecclesiastical State of that Kingdom with Its Antiquities Natural Curiosities Trade Manufactures Extent and Population Digitized 2007 original from the New York Public Library ed Dublin Alex Steward Kehnel Annette 1997 Clonmacnois the Church and Lands of St Ciar an Change and Continuity in an Irish Monastic Foundation 6th to 16th Century Vol 8 of Vita regularis Ordnungen und Deutungen religiosen Lebens im Mittelalter LIT Verlag Munster ISBN 978 3825834425 Skene William F 1877 Celtic Scotland A history of Ancient Alban PDF Vol II Church and Culture Edinburgh David Douglas 9 Castle Street Scott Archibald B 1918 The Pictish Nation Its people and Its church PDF first ed Edinburgh amp London T N Foulis Catholic Record Society of Ireland 1912 Archivium hibernicum or Irish historical records PDF Vol I Shannon Irish University Press for the Catholic Record Society of Ireland O Hanlon John 1869 The life of St David Archbishop of Menebia chief patron of Wales and titular patron of Naas church and parish in Ireland PDF Dublin J Mullany Annals edit Mac Niocaill Gearoid 2010 The Annals of Tigernach Dublin Printed for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society by A Thom p 1 Retrieved 1 October 2016 via CELT online at University College Cork Ireland Stokes Whitley 1895 The annals of Tigernach being annals of Ireland 807 B C to A D 1178 PDF Paris Librairie Emile Bouillon Hennessy William M 2008 Annals of Lough Ce Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team 2002 2008 ed CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts a project of University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland pp LC1137 10 Mac Domhnaill Dara Farber Beatrix 2015 Book of Leinster formerly Lebar na Nuachongbala online ed CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts a Project of University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland Bambury Padraig Beechinor Stephen 2000 The Annals of Ulster Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team 2000 ed CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts a project of University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland pp U536 3 U539 1 U545 1 Plummer Charles 2008 Benjamin Hazard ed The Miracles of Senan Digital edition from Charles Plummer The Miracles of Senan in Zeitschrift fur Celtische Philologie Volume 10 Halle Saale Max Niemeyer 1914 page 1 35 2nd Draft ed Mac Airt Sean 2000 2008 Annals of Inisfallen Electronic edition compiled by Beatrix Farber ed CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts a project of University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland John O Donovan ed 1856 Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters with a Translation and Copious Notes 7 vols Translated by O Donovan 2nd ed Dublin Royal Irish Academy CELT editions Full scans at Internet Archive Vol 1 Vol 2 Vol 3 Vol 4 Vol 5 Vol 6 Indices O Clery Michael O Clery Cucogry O Mulconry Ferfeasa O Duigenan Cucogry 1856a John O Donovan ed Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the kingdom of Ireland PDF Vol 1 Dublin Hodges Smith O Clery Michael O Clery Cucogry O Mulconry Ferfeasa O Duigenan Cucogry 1856b John O Donovan ed Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the kingdom of Ireland PDF Vol 2 Dublin Hodges Smith O Clery Michael O Clery Cucogry O Mulconry Ferfeasa O Duigenan Cucogry 1856c John O Donovan ed Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the kingdom of Ireland PDF Vol 3 Dublin Hodges Smith O Clery Michael O Clery Cucogry O Mulconry Ferfeasa O Duigenan Cucogry 1856d John O Donovan ed Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the kingdom of Ireland PDF Vol 4 Dublin Hodges Smith O Clery Michael O Clery Cucogry O Mulconry Ferfeasa O Duigenan Cucogry 1856e John O Donovan ed Annala Rioghachta Eireann Annals of the kingdom of Ireland PDF Vol 5 Dublin Hodges Smith Art and relics edit Wall James Charles 1905 J Charles Cox ed Shrines of British Saints with numerous illustrations PDF Methuen amp Co 36 Essex Street WC London England p 83 Retrieved 10 October 2016 subscription required Murray Griffin 2006 The Cross of Cong and some aspects of goldsmithing in pre Norman Ireland The Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 40 Part 1 The Art of the Early Medieval Goldsmith ed 53 Retrieved 16 October 2016 o Floinn Raghnall 1987 Michael Ryan ed In Ireland and Insular Art A D 500 1200 Proceedings of a Conference at University College Cork 31 October 3 November 1985 Schools of Metalworking in Eleventh and Twelfth Century Ireland ed Dublin Royal Irish Academy International Specialized Book Service Incorporated pp 179 187 ISBN 9780901714541 Murray Griffin 2003 Lost and Found The Eleventh Figure on St Manchan s Shrine The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 133 London Lamb without Temple bar 177 181 JSTOR 25509113 Bourke Cormac 2012 Defining sacred space PDF Iona Research Conference Vol How did influence spread across Scotland and Ireland Belfast p 5 Lucas A T 1986 The Social Role of Relics and Reliquaries in Ancient Ireland The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Vol 116 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 5 37 JSTOR 25508904 Mark Redknap ed 2001 Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art Held at the National Museum amp Gallery Cardiff 3 6 September 1998 illustrated Digitized 2009 Original from the University of Michigan ed Oxbow p 12 ISBN 978 1842170588 Stokes William 1868 The Life and Labours in Art and Archaeology of George Petrie Reprinted 2014 ed Cambridge University Press p 287 ISBN 9781108075701 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Karkov Catherine E Ryan Michael Farrell Robert T 1997 The Insular Tradition Theory and Practice in Transpersonal Psychotherapy SUNY Press p 269 ISBN 9780791434567 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Keane Marcus 1867 The towers and temples of ancient Ireland their origin and history discussed from a new point of view PDF Dublin Hodges Smith p 348 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Jewitt LLewellynn 1876 Ancient Irish Art The shrine of St Manchan PDF Vol XV The Art Journal ed London Virtue amp Company Limited p 134 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Wilson D M 2014 D A Pearsall R A Waldron eds An Early Representation of St Olaf Vol Medieval Literature and Civilization Studies in Memory of G N Garmonsway Bloomsbury Academic Collections English Literary ed A amp C Black pp 141 145 ISBN 978 1472512512 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y ed 1977 Treasures of Early Irish Art 1500 B C to 1500 A D From the Collections of the National Museum of Ireland Royal Irish Academy Trinity College Dublin illustrated reprint ed Metropolitan Museum of Art p 190 ISBN 978 0870991646 Stokes Margaret 1894 Early Christian Art in Ireland PDF Vol Part I London Chapman and Hall p 113 De Paor Marie 1979 Early Irish Art Vol Aspects of Ireland 3 reprinted 1983 ed Department of Foreign Affairs ISBN 978 0906404034 Overbey Karen 2012 Sacral Geographies Saints Shrines and Territory in Medieval Ireland Brepols Publishers p 41 ISBN 9782503527673 Murray Griffin 2013 Review Karen Eileen Overbey Sacral geographies saints shrines and territory in medieval Ireland Studies in the Visual Cultures of the Middle Ages 2 Peritia 24 25 375 380 doi 10 1484 J PERIT 5 102758 Hourihane Colum 2012 The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture Vol 2 OUP USA p 225 ISBN 9780195395365 Retrieved 12 October 2016 Harbison Peter 2001 Colum Hourihane ed From Ireland Coming Irish Art from the Early Christian to the Late Gothic Period and Its European Context Vol 4 of Index of Christian Art occasional papers illustrated ed Department of Art and Archaeology Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691088259 Chicago Tribune 1894 With Gold and Gems Antiquities of Irish Art shown at the Columbian Museum 19 August 1894 with Art Supplement ed Obadiah Westwood John 1879 Lapidarium Walliae The Early Inscribed and Sculptured Stones of Wales PDF Cambrian Archaeological Association Hewson William 1870 The Hebrew and Greek Scriptures Compared with Oriental History Dialling Science and Mythology Also the History of the Cross Gathered from Many Countries digitized 2008 ed Harvard University Franklin Jill 2012 Jill Franklin T A Heslop Christine Stevenson eds Architecture and Interpretation Essays for Eric Fernie illustrated ed Boydell Press ISBN 978 1843837817 Royal Irish Academy 1983 Treasures of Ireland Irish Art 3000 B C 1500 A D Royal Irish Academy ISBN 9780901714282 Harbison Peter 1999 The Oliver Davies Lecture Regal and other Patronage in Irish Inscriptions of the Pre Norman Period Ulster Journal of Archaeology Third Series Vol 58 Ulster Archaeological Society 43 54 JSTOR 20568229 Local folklore edit Mc Hugh Marion E 1938 Saint Manchan and Lemanaghan of Mohill Drumlara Co Leitrim Duchas pp 380 381 Sheridan Donal Kirwan Bernie 2011 Graveyward of St Peters Church Ennisnag Online www historicgraves com ed Historic Graves project Boyd D 1938 Fighting duchas ie Retrieved 11 October 2016 St Manchan s School Mohill 2010 St Manchan s Primary School Mohill Retrieved 10 October 2016 St Manchan s School Mohill 2016 February 25th St Manchan s Day Retrieved 10 October 2016 St Manchan s School Tubber Moate 2006 St Manchan Patron Saint of Tubber Moate Eircom Retrieved 7 December 2016 St Manchan s School Tubber 2010 St Manchan our Patron Saint Scoilnet Retrieved 7 December 2016 Mohill Parish Retrieved 20 August 2016 Mohill and Tubber Kilmonaghan parish folklore Irish Press 8 May 1939 p 7 Archived from the original on 3 November 2016 dead link Miscellaneous edit Allen W E D 1960 The Poet and the Spae Wife an attempt to reconstruct Al Ghazal s embassy to the vikings PDF Kendal Great Britain Titus Wilson and Son Cahill Thomas 1995 How the Irish Saved Civilization The Untold Story of Ireland s Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe Hinges of history Vol 1 illustrated reprint ed Anchor Books Doubleday ISBN 978 0385418492 Comerford T 1755 The History of Ireland From the Earliest Account of Time to the Invasion Laurence Flin p 138 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Cronnelly Richard Francis 1864 Irish Family History Vol 1 Digitized 2008 ed Goodwin son and Nethercott Dooley Ann 2007 The Plague and Its Consequences in Ireland In Lester K Little ed Plague and the End of Antiquity The Pandemic of 541 750 Cambridge University Press pp 215 230 ISBN 978 0511335266 Edmondston Scott W J ed 1934 Celtic Forum A Journal of Celtic Opinion Vol 1 Toronto Canada Celtic Historical Society p 126 Edwards Nancy 2013 The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland Routledge p 147 ISBN 9781135951498 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Farmer David 2011 The Oxford Dictionary of Saints 5th ed Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199596607 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 1995 9660 7 Harris Slover Clarke 1927 Early Literary Channels Between Ireland and Britain Studies in English 7 7 University of Texas Press 5 111 JSTOR 20779377 Hynes John 1931 St Caillin The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1 1 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1931 39 54 JSTOR 25513584 Joyce Patrick Weston 1903 A social history of ancient Ireland treating of the government military system and law religion learning and art trades industries and commerce manners customs and domestic life of the ancient Irish people PDF Vol II Dublin M H Gill amp Son London New York Longmans Green and Co pp 182 183 203 Retrieved 21 October 2016 Joyce Patrick Weston 1906 A smaller social history of ancient Ireland treating of the government military system and law religion learning and art trades industries and commerce manners customs and domestic life of the ancient Irish people PDF An abridgement of my larger work A social history of ancient Ireland ed London New York Longmans Green and Co Retrieved 21 October 2016 Kendrick T D Senior Elizabeth 1937 VI St Manchan s Shrine Archaeologia 86 105 118 doi 10 1017 S0261340900015381 Lewis Samuel 1837 A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland Vol 1 London S Lewis amp Co Mac Geoghegan James O Kelly Patrick 1844 The History of Ireland Ancient and Modern Taken from the Most Authentic Records and Dedicated to the Irish Brigade Dublin James Duffy p 171 Retrieved 10 October 2016 MacNamee James Joseph 1954 History of the Diocese of Ardagh Dublin Browne and Nolan Mc Dermott Conor 2001 Chapter 2 Treckers through time recent archaeological survey results from Co Offaly Ireland In Raftery B Hickey J eds Recent Developments in Wetland Research Belfield Dublin Ireland Department of Archaeology UCD hdl 10197 4500 ISBN 978 0 9519117 7 8 Occasional paper 14 Nugent Brian 2009 An Creideamh Brian Nugent ISBN 978 0955681233 O Donovan John 1838 Letter no 25 Ordnance Survey Letters King s County O Donovan John O Flanagan Michael 1929 Cavan and Leitrim Letters Containing Information Relative to the Antiquities of the Counties of Ireland Vol 3 Great Britain Ordnance Survey o Donnabhain Sean 1828 Book of Fenagh Translation and Copious Notes PDF Fenagh Leitrim Ireland Maolmhordha Mac Dubhghoill Ui Raghailligh Retrieved 20 August 2016 O Rian Padraig 2016 Saint Caillin and the book of Fenagh 1516 2016 PDF 14 September 2016 ed Royal Irish Academy p 27 Further reading edit Debretts 1824 Debrett s baronetage knightage and companionage PDF Vol 2 5 ed London Odhams Press p 986 Rees Elizabeth 2003 Celtic Sites and Their Saints A Guidebook Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 9781441113443 Retrieved 21 October 2016 Allen J Romilly 2001 Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times reprint ed Courier Corporation ISBN 978 0486416083 Kilduff Bishop 1863 No 899 Shrine of St Manchan or St Monaghan PDF In J C Robinson ed Catalogue of the special exhibition of works of art of the mediaeval renaissance and more recent periods on loan at the South Kensington museum June 1862 South Kensington Museum Robinson J C ed 1869 Celtic and Anglo Saxon Contributed by Bishop Butler of Limerick PDF National Exhibition of Works of Art at Leeds 1868 official catalogue by National Exhibition of Works of Art 1868 Leeds England digitized 2015 ed Leeds Printed by Edward Baines and Sons Colgan John 1645 Acta sanctorum veteris et maioris Scotiae seu Hiberniae sanctorum insulae partim ex variis per Europam MS Codd exscripta partim ex antiquis monumentis amp probatis authoribus eruta amp congesta omnia notis amp appendicibus illustrata per R P F Ioannem Colganum Nunc primum de eisdem actis iuxta ordinem mensium amp dierum prodit tomus primus qui de sacris Hiberniae antiquitatibus est tertius ianuarium febrarium amp martium complectens Digital version ed Alessandrina Library Rome apud Euerardum de Witte 1645 Henry Francoise 1902 Notes and sketches relating to St Manchan s Shrine Roscommon and Clonmacnoise and the Shrine of St Meodhoc Papers of Francoise Henry via UCD Digital Library Mac Phaidin Ui Mhaoil Chonaire Muirgheas 1516 Leabar Chaillin Leabar Fidhnacha Dublin Ireland Tadhg o Rodaighe Retrieved 20 August 2016 Wilson David M Klindt Jensen Ole 1966 Viking Art George Allen amp Unwin Ltd ISBN 978 1135803841 Hughes Kathleen 1966 The Church in Early Irish Society Methuen amp Co Ltd London Johnstone P K 1950 The Date of Camlann Antiquity 24 93 44 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00107197 S2CID 163982783 Cusack Mary Francis 1876 A History of the Irish Nation Social Ecclesiastical Biographical Industrial and Antiquarian Digitized 2013 Original from Pennsylvania State University ed J G Murdoch Whelan Fiona 2008 A Stylistic Analysis of the St Manchan Shrine Figures Thesis Department of History of Art and Architecture Trinity College Dublin Saint Manchan aka Managhan of Mohill and Lemanaghan bio and churches c 645 Ardagh amp Clonmacnoise Antiquarian Society 1 3 James Duffy amp Co 1932 Harbison Peter H Potterton J Sheehy eds 1978 Irish Art and Architecture From Prehistory to the Present London Thames and Hudson Ltd Breen Aidan 2010 Manchan Manchianus Manchine Dictionary of Irish Biography Cambridge University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manchan of Mohill amp oldid 1214256191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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